South Sinai Governorate Research Articles

Epidemiological exploration of fleas and molecular identification of flea-borne viruses in Egyptian small ruminants

The study aimed to investigate molecularly the presence of flea-borne viruses in infested small ruminants with fleas. It was carried out in Egypt’s Northern West Coast (NWC) and South Sinai Governorate (SSG). Three specific primers were used targeting genes, ORF103 (for Capripoxvirus and Lumpy skin disease virus), NS3 (for Bluetongue virus), and Rdrp (for Coronavirus), followed by gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. The results revealed that 78.94% of sheep and 65.63% of goats were infested in the NWC area, whereas 49.76% of sheep and 77.8% of goats were infested in the SSG region. Sheep were preferable hosts for flea infestations (58.9%) to goats (41.1%) in the two studied areas. Sex and age of the animals had no effects on the infestation rate (p > 0.05). The season and site of infestation on animals were significantly different between the two areas (p < 0.05). Ctenocephalides felis predominated in NWC and Ctenocephalides canis in SSG, and males of both flea species were more prevalent than females. Molecular analysis of flea DNA revealed the presence of Capripoxvirus in all tested samples, while other viral infections were absent. Gene sequencing identified three isolates as sheeppox viruses, and one as goatpox virus. The findings suggest that Capripoxvirus is adapted to fleas and may be transmitted to animals through infestation. This underscores the need for ongoing surveillance of other pathogens in different regions of Egypt.

Extension possibilities for developing the olive crop value chain among farmers of Ras Masalla Village in Ras Sudr district, South Sinai Governorate

Extension possibilities for developing the olive crop value chain among farmers of Ras Masalla Village in Ras Sudr district, South Sinai Governorate

Financial and Economic Analysis of Azolla Production in South Sinai Governorate

Financial and Economic Analysis of Azolla Production in South Sinai Governorate

Depression, anxiety, and stress among COVID-19 patients in South Sinai, Egypt: prevalence and associated predictors

Infectious diseases trigger fear and anxiety among patients leading to disturbance in psychological health of patients. Psychological symptoms were found during SARS-COV-1 epidemic which raise the curiosity about their presence with SARS-COV-2 infection. The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence and severity of psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, and stress) among COVID-19 patients and their associated significant predictors. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 382 patients infected with COVID-19 in South Sinai governorate, Egypt, during the period June 2021 through January 2022. Patients with positive PCR test for COVID-19 were included if no more than 6 months have passed after being isolated in the hospital or at home. The patients were being contacted after being cured from COVID-19. The Arabic version of the Depression Anxiety Stress was used to assess the psychological status of patients. Multivariate linear regression analysis was done to detect the predictors of psychiatric symptoms among patients. A total of 382 participants with mean age of 41.5 ± 15.0 years old, of whom 72.5% were males were included in the study. 91.6% of participants had all the three studied psychological disorders; depression, anxiety and stress with most of participants had either severe or extremely severe conditions (13.9 and 75.7 for anxiety, 22.8 and 46.3% for depression, 38.5 and % 19.6 for stress, respectively). Healthcare workers had higher prevalence rates of depression, anxiety and stress. In bivariate analysis, educational level, HCWs and visiting healthcare facility were significantly affecting DASS scores. In linear regression analysis, hospital admission was the main predictor of the three psychological disorders. In Conclusion, majority of patients affected with COVID-19 suffered from symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress within six months after being infected. Hospital admission was found to be the main predictor of the presence of psychiatric disorders with prolonged recovery time from COVID-19 infection. More attention should be paid to COVID-19 patient’s mental health as psychological care and presence of psychiatric in the isolation hospitals should be considered.

Financial and Economic Analysis of Grape Crop Production in South Sinai Governorate

Financial and Economic Analysis of Grape Crop Production in South Sinai Governorate

The impact of social capital on enhancing community affiliation of farmers in one of the villages of South Sinai Governorate

The impact of social capital on enhancing community affiliation of farmers in one of the villages of South Sinai Governorate

Identification and Molecular Characterization of Trematode and Nematode in Fleas Infesting Small Ruminants in Egypt

The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of flea-infested ruminants in Egypt's Northern West Coast (NWC) and South Sinai Governorate (SSG), besides the molecular characterization and genotypes of Nematode and Trematode in the identified flea species. In total, 765 animals of both sexes and ages (471 from NWC and 294 from SSG) were examined for flea infestation, including 460 sheep and 305 goats. Microscopically, flea species were identified; while nematodes and trematodes were identified using sequence analysis of purified PCR fragments of the small subunits 18S of nuclear ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) and the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA (ITS2) gene primers. The results revealed that the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, and the dog flea, Ctenocephalides canis, were widely distributed in sheep and goat flocks throughout the corresponding areas. While age, sex, and host had no significant differences (P &gt; 0.5), the location, flea species, and season of flea collection all had an impact on the predominance of the two flea species. Additionally, there were significant differences between C. felis and C. canis infestations in the two areas, and only among the sexes of both flea species in the NWC. Molecular data confirmed one trematode (Fasciola hepatica) in both C. felis and C. canis, whereas two nematode species were identified: Haemonchus contortus only in sheep in both areas and Trichostrongylus colubriformis only in C. canis infesting goats in SSG. Sequenced isolates were assigned in the GenBank database under accession numbers ON123999, ON123994, ON123995, and ON123993 (F. hepatica), ON113484, ON113485, and ON113486 (H. contortus), and ON113498 (T. colubriformis). We conclude that the presence of those pathogens in fleas in the two areas required special attention to periodic flea control programmes and anthelmintic treatments, as well as further evaluation of the epidemiology and role of fleas.

Genotype by Environment Interaction Effects on the Crop of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Using Multivariate Analysis

Evaluation of genotypes under Egyptian desert conditions comes in the first order for the Plant Breeding and Conservation Program of the Desert Research Center (DRC). The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the genotype by environment interaction of sugar beet across various locations using multivariate models. Data for studied traits of sugar beet were obtained from experiments at three regions: Saint Catherine, South Sinai Governorate (E1); Baloza station, North Sinai Governorate (E2); and East El- Qantra station, El-Ismailia Governorate (E3) in Egypt. All examined traits were significantly impacted (p &lt;0.05 or 0.01) by environment (E), genotypes (G), and their interaction (GEI) using the AMMI model, with the exception of root length/plant by the environments as well as leaves weight/plant and total soluble solids percentage % traits by the genotypes. GEI was partitioned into two principal components (PCs), which were significant for all studied traits (P &lt; 0.05 and P &lt; 0.01). The highest variability from the total variance was recorded by environmental influences for leaves weight/plant and total soluble solids percentage % traits, as well as by genotype effects for the other studied traits. The environmental index showed that some environments were favorable and some environments were unfavorable for the two traits. The highest root weight/plant and most studied traits were noticed in the E2 environment. Based on the GGE model for root weight/plant, the test environments E1 and E2 are more representative and have the greatest ability to discriminate genotypes, thus favoring the selection of superior genotypes. The genotypes G2, G5, and G6 perform best in the E1 and E2 environments as well as are the most productive and stable compared with the other genotypes. According to PCA and cluster analysis, the genotypes G5 and G6 showed the best performance in response to environments and positive association with root weight/plant and most studied traits. Based on the results of statistical methods used in this study, G5 and G6 genotypes should be used in future sugar beet breeding in an effort to improve productivity and sustainable production of sugar beet in Egypt.

Modeling the relationship between perceived service quality, tourist satisfaction, and tourists' behavioral intentions amid COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence of yoga tourists' perspectives.

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the impact of perceived service quality (PSQ) on tourist satisfaction and behavioral intentions and explore the potential mediating role of tourist satisfaction in the relationship between service quality and behavioral intentions in the yoga tourism context during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, this is to examine to what extent yoga tourist satisfaction directly affects their behavioral intentions.Design/methodology/approachBased on a review of literature, the study proposes a conceptual model to test four hypothesized relationships among the constructs of perceived service quality, tourist satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Data was collected by using a self-administrated questionnaire that was developed and directed to a convenience sample of yoga tourists (380 forms). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to determine the relationship between study constructs.FindingsThe results of SEM illustrated that all the hypothesized relationships are supported. The findings confirm that yoga tourists’ behavioral intentions are significantly affected directly and indirectly (through tourist satisfaction) by perceived service quality. Additionally, tourist satisfaction significantly partially mediates the relationship between PSQ and tourists’ behavioral intentions.Research limitationsThe subject of this study was yoga tourists staying in yoga retreats/studios in Egyptian destinations (South Sinai Governorate). Future research may focus on other geographical destinations and other influential variables of yoga tourists’ satisfaction and behavioral intentions should be investigated.Practical implicationsFor improving tourists’ satisfaction and behavioral intentions, yoga service providers should take care by giving tourists personalized attention, and understanding, fulfilling their specific needs. Health and hygiene practices must be considered during the COVID-19 pandemic.Originality/valueThis study is perhaps the first empirical study that examines the relationship between PSQ and tourists’ satisfaction and behavioral intentions in the yoga tourism context. A new integrated conceptual model that combined three service quality dimensions, namely, tangibles, intangibles as well as health and hygiene was developed and validated.

Improving of Hayany Date Palm Production by Using K-Humate as Soil Application and Magnetic Water Irrigation at South Sinai Governorate Egypt

Improving of Hayany Date Palm Production by Using K-Humate as Soil Application and Magnetic Water Irrigation at South Sinai Governorate Egypt

Identification and Characterization of Trypanosoma Subspecies in South Sinai, Egypt

Trypanosomosis is a general term for infections caused by various trypanosome species in different hosts. The present study aimed to identify trypanosome subspecies infecting ruminant livestock in South Sinai Governorate, Egypt. An overall of 446 animals was examined by stained blood smears and by three sets of primers targeting 450, 205 & 436 bp of the DNA of Trypanozoon, T. evansi type A, and T. evansi type B. Of those examined animals, trypanosomes were present in 5(1.12%) under the microscope; (5.71%) in camels and (2.65%) in cattle and absent in sheep and goats. The internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) specific primers identified only Trypanozoon infections, whereas other trypanosomes belonging to T. theileri, T. vivax, T. congolense did not amplify. There is an agreement in positivity between ITS1-rPCR and RoTat1.2 species-specific primers of T. evansi type A in 65/446(14.57%) in the same samples. Among the total, 22(32.35%) goats, 36(31.86%) cattle, and 7(20.0%) camels have T. evansi type A in a chronic phase infection, whereas sheep have no trypanosomes. The present sequenced isolates expressed in GenBank with accession numbers; MZ198117, MZ198118, MZ198119, MZ198120, and MZ198121. They are identical 100% with T. evansi Type A, whereas Type B and Type C were absent. It was related to the other Egyptian and Philippines isolates, whereas it was distant from the reference Chinese, Mongolian, Indian, and some Iranian isolates in GenBank. We concluded that the present results were helpful to know genetic homogeneity among different strains in the eastern borders of Egypt.

Egypt, South Sinai Governorate, Gulf of Suez Coast

Egypt, South Sinai Governorate, Gulf of Suez Coast

Determination of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Soil Samples Collected from Sinai and Ismailia Governorates, Egypt

AbstractSoil contamination by pesticide residues is a major concern due to their high soil persistence and dangerous effect on humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect and determine the concentration of pesticide residues in agricultural soil samples. Agricultural soil samples were collected from three Egyptian governorates and were extracted using the QuEChERS method and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of twenty different pesticide residues (approximately 43% of the tested pesticides) were detected in agricultural soil samples obtained from the three governorates. South Sinai was heavily contaminated by pesticides, with a total concentration of 0.505 mg/kg, followed by Ismailia (0.207 mg/kg) and North Sinai (0.075 mg/kg). According to its use in agriculture, the percentage of pesticide residues detected revealed that 60% of the pesticides were fungicides and 35% were insecticides. In Ismailia governorate, carbendazim was detected in 40% of agricultural soil samples. In North Sinai governorate, boscalid and chlorpyrifos were detected in 66.66% of the soil samples. In South Sinai governorate, thiophanate-methyl, metalaxyl, and carbendazim were detected in 50% of the soil samples. This study revealed the presence of different pesticide residues in Egyptian agricultural soil samples, which can affect agricultural products grown on contaminated agricultural soil. The accumulation of mixtures of pesticide residues in soil constitutes mostly toxic chemicals that are a worldwide environmental issue that must be considered in the agricultural production sustainability assessment. These results could be used as a base for designing environmental maps to cover the pesticide residue contamination that affects agricultural crops in Egypt.

THE ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION AND COSTS OF THE BARLEY CROP IN SOUTH SINAI

The research mainly aimed at the economics of production and costs of the barley crop in South Sinai Governorate with determining the optimal volume of production, and the research was conducted in the Al-Tur Center in South Sinai Governorate, which ranked first in barley cultivation for the year 2019-2020, and the selection was for the villages of Jubail and Wadi Al-Tour in the Tor Sinai Center. Where it was found from the total product function (Q) that the most important productive elements that have a significant effect on the total output per feddan of the barley crop are human labor, mechanical work, nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, and by estimating the different partial production elasticities of these elements, it was found that the productive flexibility of human labor and machine work It amounted to about 0.153 and 0.261, respectively, which indicates that an increase in the quantity used of the two elements by 10% leads to an increase in the feddan production of barley by 1.53% and 2.61%, respectively, and the productivity elasticity of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer was estimated at about 0.498 and 0.124 respectively. Which indicates that increasing the nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer by 10% leads to an increase in barley feddan production by 4.98% and 1.24%, respectively. The significance of these results was statistically proven at a significant level (0.01). It was also found that the optimal production volume, that lowers costs, of producing barley in the study sample amounted was about 11.09 ardeb/feddan, and that the actual total output amounted to about 10.48 ardeb/feddan. As for the volume of economic production that maximizes profit, it reached about 12.81 ardeb/feddan. The study also recommended increasing attention to the human element, using modern agricultural mechanization in agricultural operations and adding appropriate amounts of organic fertilizer and phosphates. To increase farms less than 5 acres.

Effect of Ascorbic Acid and Zinc on the Productivity of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Saline Stress Conditions

SALTINESS is the most restricting factor for agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions, addition to zinc is deposited in forms not accessible to plants in calcareous soils. During the 2018 and 2019 seasons, two field experiments were conducted at the Desert Research Center, Agriculture Experimental Station at Ras-Sudr, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt. The impact of seed priming by soaking seeds in ascorbic acid at 0, 100, 200, and 300mg ASC/L and the soil application of zinc at the rates of 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24kg zinc sulfate/ha (ZnSO4) on sunflower yields and its attributes were studied. The results reported that plant height, head diameter, number of seeds/head, seed weight/head, seed index, biological, seed and oil yields, and seed oil content responded considerably to ascorbic acid (ASC) in both seasons. In this connection, sunflower seeds soaked in 200mg ASC/L was the potency practice compared to other treatments in both years. ZnSO4 significantly affected all the aforementioned traits in both seasons. In this regard, adding 12kg ZnSO4 ha-1 gave the highest values for all the studied parameters, except for plant height, which recorded the highest value of 143.2 and 131.2 cm at 24kg ZnSO4 ha-1, respectively as compared to non-ZnSO4 application in both seasons. The outcomes of this study suggest that soaking sunflower seeds in 200mg/L ASC alongside ZnSO4 fertilization at a rate of 12kg/ha could be used to alleviate the harmful effects of salinity stress and increase the sunflower yields.

Determinants of Sinai women benefiting from the activities of women's associations in South Sinai Governorate

The herein research aims to examine the correlation relationships between some of the female respondents' personal variables and the level of their benefit from the activities of women's associations. We determined the relative contribution of the independent variables to explain the total variation in the degrees of benefit of the respondents from the activities of women's associations. This study was conducted in South Sinai Governorate (including Tor Sinai, Saint Catherine, and Ras Sidr). We evaluated a sample of 377 respondents from women benefiting from the activities of women’s associations that were determined according to Morgan’s formula to determine the sample size. The data were collected through the researcher's personal interview with respondents using a questionnaire form, designed for this purpose during the month of September and October 2020. The researchers used data tables of numerical inventory, percentages, congruence coefficient (Ka2), simple correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis to classify and analyzing the collected data. The most important results were as the following: more than half of the respondents (56%) benefited moderately from the activities of women's associations. The existence of an inverse correlation relationship among the variables of age, monthly income, the number of family members of the respondents and the level of benefit from the programs and activities of the association. The calculated values of the simple correlation coefficient were -0.248, -0.422, and -0.346 that are greater than thier tabular counterpart. The studied variables contribute to explaining about 47.8% of the total variance among the respondents in terms of their benefit from the activities of the associations.

EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER RATES AND SULFUR ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF BROAD BEAN UNDER SOUTH SINAI CONDITIONS

The field work was carried out at a private farm at Tour city, South Sinai Governorate, during the two consecutive winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020.The experiments were conducted to study the effect of organic manure, soil amendment i.e., 0; 25; 30 and 35 m³/feddan, and four rates of sulfur application i.e., 0; 100; 150 and 200 kg/feddan, where added during soil preparation for planting, on growth, yield and chemical composition of broad bean, Aspany F1 cv., grown in sandy soil conditions. Results revealed that all organic manure treatments showed increase in all growth and yield characters when compared with control treatment in both growing seasons. Organic manure at the rate of 35 m³/feddan has given significant increase in plant height and weight; number of branches/plant;pods length, pod fresh weight and N; P and K (%), while organic manure at the rate of30 m³/feddanhad superior significantly effect on number of pods/plant; number of seeds/pod; plant yield and total yield (ton/feddan), followed by organic manure at the rate of 35 m³/feddan. No significant differences occurred between these two organic treatments in both seasons. Sulfur amendment at the rate of 200 kg/feddan, followed by the rate of 150 kg/feddan had got the highest values and significantly increased plant height and weight; number of branches/plant; number of pods/plant, pods length, average pod fresh weight, number of seeds/pod; plant yield; total yield (ton/feddan), as well asK and P (%). There were no significant differences between both treatments in both growing seasons.

Cooperative Effect of Salicylic Acid and Boron on the Productivity of Pearl Millet Crop under the Degraded Saline Soils Conditions

DROUGHT and salinity are the most limiting factors for crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. Moreover, pearl millet cultivation may be an excellent selection in arid and saline lands. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted at the Desert Research Center, Agriculture Experimental Station at Ras Sudr, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt during 2018 and 2019 seasons, to study the effect of seed priming (as seed soaking) using five salicylic acids levels (tap water as a control, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L SA) and fertilizing soil application by five boron rates (without boron, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 kg boron/fed, as boric acid) on pearl millet yields. The results showed that plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), panicles number/m2, grain weight/panicle (g), seed index (g) and grain protein content percentage as well as biological, grain and protein yields (kg/fed) were significantly increased by salicylic acid (SA) levels in both seasons. Soaking the grains of pearl millet in 200 mg/L SA treatment was the best practice in both seasons as compared to the other treatments. Regarding the effect of boron (B) treatments, all the abovementioned characters were significantly affected by B treatments in the two studied seasons. Adding 3 kg B/fed gave the highest values of all the studied attributes in both seasons. It is clear that from the obtained results pearl millet grain primed in 200 mg/L SA along with B at a rate of 3 kg/fed could be recommended for enhancing pearl millet yields under saline soil conditions.

إمکانیات التنمیة الاقتصادیة فی محافظة جنوب سیناء

Despite the distinctiveness of the strategic Sinai site and the urgent need to develop it for security, social and economic considerations. However, there is a misuse of resources in a sound economic manner, and it was not considered important by the state except for some programs and projects without good planning, which led to a disparity in the level of development when compared to the other regions of Egypt. Consequently, the research problem is determined by the misuse of available economic resources in agricultural development in South Sinai. Consistent with the research problem, the research aims to study the possibilities of economic and agricultural development in South Sinai Governorate. The results showed that the lands of South Sinai decrease their fertility and productivity. Where the fifth and sixth degree lands represent the largest percentage of cultivated land 6.51%, it is followed by third and fourth grade lands with a percentage of about 48.4% of the total cultivated land. The crop area is estimated at 27 thousand fad. with a condensing factor of 1.0 times. The province is characterized by the cultivation of traditional crops such as wheat and barley, it is also famous for cultivating olives and palm trees. As for the number of private wells, the number one is 459, it is followed by investment wells with a number of wells of 147. Government wells come in last place with about 29 wells, with a total of 635 wells at the governorate level during the average period (2014-2016). And that the most important obstacles to agricultural development in the South Sinai governorate are the presence of about 28.8 thousand fad. that are reclaimable and uncultivated. Agricultural development in South Sinai is relatively limited, given that most of its land is not suitable for agriculture, but the city of El-Tor entered into the project of a million and a half acres, where about 670 fad. were reclaimed during the years 2015 and 2016, and the area to be reclaimed during this project is about 19.3 thousand fad.

Development the Wide Ridges Machine for Laying Drip Irrigation Tubes and Plastic Mulch in Ras Sudr-South of Sinai

Mulching facilitates more retention of soil moisture and helps in control of temperature fluctuations, improves physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. As, it adds nutrients to the soil and ultimately enhances the growth and yield of crops. The desired outcomes from raised-bed (wide ridge) are to: drain, aerate, prevent water logging, increase root growth, thereby reinforce the loose structure, increase soil organic matter, increase plant water use, reduce deep drainage and increase production. Therefore, a mulching machine was designed and manufactured to suit different dimensions of chilli raised-beds in Egypt in agriculture. The traditional machine using to build the wide ridges (raised-beds) was developed to suitable for installing raised-bed, cover it with plastic films and laying the drip irrigation pipes (surface and subsurface) at the same time. The developed part consists of main frame, plastic roll carrier unit, drip irrigation pipes roll carrier unit, press wheel assembly, soil covering unit, bed former and three hitching points. The developed machine has overall dimensions 2600 x 2000 x 1250 mm (L x W x H). The weight of the developed plastic mulch-laying machine is 322 kg (without plastic mulch roll and drip pipes roll). The total fabrication cost of the mulch machine was 20000 LE with 2019 price level. The developed machine was evaluated in Ras-Sudr research station, south Sinai governorate on calcareous sandy loam soil at three different speeds of operation (2, 3 and 4 km/h), two different methods to use plastic mulch (with and without) and two different methods to lay the drip irrigation pipes (surface and subsurface). The effect of study treatments on actual field capacity, field efficiency, pulling force, fuel consumption rate, total water stored, water consumptive use, water application efficiency, width and thickness of soil cover, width and height of raised-bed, mulching efficiency, chilli yield, productivity of irrigation water, soil salinity, cost of developed machine and cost for manual process were studied. From this study, it was concluded that using developed machine for installing raised-bed and laying both plastic mulch and drip irrigation pipes (surface and subsurface) at the same time. Led to a 68% decrease in costs compared to the manual method of using the machine before development to install the raised-bed, then laying both plastic mulch and drip irrigation pipes (surface and subsurface) manually. The results of evaluation experiment for the developed machine showed that although at low speed 2 km/h, the actual field capacity decreased and costs increased by an average of 44% and 62%, respectively, compared to the speed of 4 km/h. However, at a speed of 2 km/h, the pulling force, fuel consumption rate and soil salinity decreased about 14%, 15% and 14% respectively and field efficiency, total water stored, water consumptive use, water application efficiency, chilli yield and productivity of irrigation water about 4%, 6%, 4%, 16% and 15% respectively compared to the speed of 4 km/h. The results also showed that at a speed of 2 km/h, the width and thickness of the soil cover of the plastic edges increased about 74% and 98%, respectively, and the width and height of the raised-bed increased about 23% and 20%, respectively, compared to the speed of 4 km/h. The highest mulching efficiency 97% was achieved at a speed of 2 km/h and when laying drip irrigation pipes sub-surface compared to 66% at speed of 4 km/h and laying drip irrigation pipes on soil surface. Therefore, the study recommends using the developed machine to install a raised-bed and laying both of plastic mulch on its surface and drip irrigation pipes sub-surface at a speed of 2 km/h achieved the highest efficiency in implementing this system at the lowest cost. Also, worked to increase the irrigation use efficiency, reduced soil salinity and increased yield of chilli crop.