South Indian Patient Population Research Articles

Association of Cathepsin K and Tartrate- Resistant Acid Phosphatase-5b in Different Stages of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in South Indian Population

The aim of the study was to identify effective biomarkers of changes in bone mineral density (BMD) at different stages of rheumatoid arthritis patients from South Indian population, using disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) which is being used as a measurement for assessing disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The study was carried out in 92 rheumatoid arthritis patients. Serum level of tartrateresistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRAP-5b) and cathepsin K was measured using ELISA. Serum rheumatoid factor (RF) and C-reactive protein (CRP) was recorded by the attending rheumatologists. The C-reactive protein (CRP) was quantified using a latex immunoturbidimetric method. The rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was measured by turbidimetric immunoassay method. The bone mineral density (BMD) T-score was calculated according to WHO guidelines. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was used to determine the expression of cathepsin K. The rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were categorized into three groups based on the DAS28 score as inactive (DAS ≤ 3.2), moderately active (DAS > 3.2 ≤ 5.1) and very active (DAS > 5.1) at the time of admission. Out of 92 patients, 16 (17.4%) patients had inactive disease condition, 42 (45.6%) patients had moderately active disease condition and 34 (37%) patients had very active disease condition. The mean BMD was significantly lower in very active (0.28 ± 0.04; p < 0.001) as compared with moderately active (0.71 ± 0.13; p < 0.001) and inactive (1.21 ± 0.14). TRAP5b and cathepsin K showed significant increases in very active group (p < 0.001) as compared with moderately active (p < 0.001) and inactive groups. In conclusion, The biomarker TRAP-5b and cathepsin K identified in this study may become a new and highly specific biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis

Progonostic effect of GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphism in determining cardiovascular diseases risk among type 2 diabetes patients in South Indian population.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a significant complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with oxidative stress playing a significant role. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) polymorphisms - GSTM1, GSTT1 - have been linked to CVD and T2DM. The role of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in CVD development among T2DM patients in the South Indian population is investigated in this study. The volunteers were grouped as Group 1: control, Group 2: T2DM, Group 3: CVD, and Group 4: T2DM with CVD (n = 100 each). Blood glucose, lipid profile, plasma GST, MDA, and total antioxidants were measured. GSTM1 and GSTT1 were genotyped using PCR. GSTT1 plays a significant role in the development of T2DM and CVD [OR 2.96(1.64-5.33), < 0.001 and 3.05(1.67-5.58), < 0.001] while GSTM1 null genotype was not associated with disease development. Individuals with dual null GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype had the highest risk of developing CVD [3.70(1.50-9.11), 0.004]. Group 2 and 3 individuals showed higher lipid peroxidation and lower total antioxidant levels. Pathway analysis further indicated that GSTT1 significantly affects GST plasma levels. GSTT1 null genotype may be considered a contributingfactor thatincreases the susceptibility and risk of CVD and T2DM in the South Indian population.

Vitamin D receptor (BsmI) gene polymorphism and allele frequency among chronic kidney disease patients in south Indian population.

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) axis plays an important role in multiple physiological renal functions. BsmI gene is one among the VDR gene plays a vital role in maintaining this VDR axis and any polymorphism in VDR gene will cause dysfunction of renal tissues. The main objective of the study is to study the link between BsmI VDR gene polymorphism and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). This was a case-control study, which includes 100 cases and 100 controls. BsmI gene analysis was done by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Among 100 CKD study participants, BB (wild-type) genotype of BsmI gene was present in 7 patients (7%), Bb (heterozygous) genotype was present in 23 patients (23%) and bb (mutant) genotype was present in 70 patients (70%). And among 100 controls, 92 subjects were found to have BB genotype and 8 subjects were found to have Bb genotype and none of subjects were found to have bb genotypes. CKD patients with Bb and bb genotypes were found to have significantly elevated serum urea, creatinine and decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) when compared to the BB genotype of BsmI gene. 'b' allele of BsmI gene, Bb and bb genotypes of BsmI gene plays a greater role in Guanine/Adenine single nucleotide polymorphism of BsmI gene in CKD.

Association of uric acid as a risk factor in ischemic stroke – A hospital-based observational study

Background: The second most prevalent cause of mortality globally, next to coronary artery disease, is stroke. In humans, uric acid is the final catabolite in the metabolism of purine. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the importance of blood uric acid levels in stroke patients in South Indian population. Materials and Methods: In this observational study, we evaluated acute stroke patients who were admitted to Melmaruvathur Adhiparasakthi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (MAPIMS) Hospital from December 2021 to May 2022. One hundred patients meeting the inclusion standards were enrolled and divided into two groups randomly following acquisition of ethical approval and informed consent. Results: In our study consisting of both study and control groups, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.034), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P=0.0127), total cholesterol (P=0.0196), HDL-C (P=0.042), and triglyceride (P=0.0266) were found to be statistically significant. Mean serum uric acid (SUA) level between cases (6.94±1.97 mg/dL) and controls (5.49±1.27 mg/dL) were also statistically significant (P=0.0306 and P=0.049). Conclusion: Our study showed that stroke patients had a significant occurrence of hyperuricemia. In keeping cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, triglyceride level, total cholesterol level, coronary heart disease, and tobacco use under control, SUA was observed to be substantially linked with the initial phase of ischemic stroke.

Clinical profile of extra pulmonary tuberculosis: A retrospective south Indian study

: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most important global health problems. The prevalence of TB is high among the developing world. India has the highest TB burden, accounting for 1.9 million cases of the 9.1 million cases of globally. Although tuberculosis is primarily the disease affecting the lungs, Called Pulmonary TB (PTB), it may also affect other sites such as lymph nodes, central nervous system, bones, and gastrointestinal tract which is known as Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Extra-pulmonary TB patient reporting has been increased from 17% to 21% over period of 10 years which demands the evaluation of clinical profiles of EPTB in order to diagnose and implement the precise treatment plan. : To Determine the clinical profile of extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) patients in South Indian population. : Three years’ retrospective data of TB patients from 2015 – 2017 registered in 4 TB units of central Chennai was collected. The Study included the confirmed cases of EPTB without co-infections. Parameters such as Socio-demographic variables, clinical features and treatment outcome was collected. Age and gender wise comparisons was done for all the parameters using descriptive statistics. Lymphnode TB was the most common type of EPTB and significant association between age, gender and site of EPTB was found in the study necessitating well planned strategies, program-specified protocols for the diagnosis and treatment of extra pulmonary tuberculosis cases.

Role of eNOS and TGF\u03b21 gene polymorphisms in the development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients in South Indian population

BackgroundDiabetic nephropathy is known to be a leading complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by diverse aspects such as high urinary albumin level, elevated blood pressure, and genetic susceptibility leading to end-stage renal disease. The current study was carried out to investigate the association of eNOS and TGFβ1 gene polymorphisms in the progression of diabetic nephropathy among type 2 diabetic patients in the South Indian population. The eNOS and TGFβ1 genetic variants were genotyped in 280 T2DM patients, 140 with DN, 140 without DN, and 140 controls. Genotyping was performed using ARMS PCR and the genomic variants were confirmed by the Sanger sequencing method.ResultsA significant (p < 0.05) association was observed in the genotypic frequencies of eNOS (G > T) polymorphism in the T2DM patients with diabetic nephropathy when compared to controls. The frequency of TT (heterozygous) genotype was observed to increase in patients with type 2 diabetes and DN when compared to the diabetic patients without DN and controls. This indicates that diabetic patients with TT genotype are at an increased risk to develop DN. However, TGFβ1 (G > C) polymorphism did not show any association in the allele and genotypic frequencies with DN when compared with T2DM and controls.ConclusionThe results of the study propose a strong influence of TT genotype of eNOS gene be significantly linked with diabetic nephropathy in T2DM patients. Whereas no association was examined concerning TGFβ1 gene polymorphism and DN. Nevertheless, large sample size studies are required to confirm the part of these genetic variants in the development of DN.

KAP Of Hypertensive Patients in South Indian Population

KAP Of Hypertensive Patients in South Indian Population

Effect of Serum Uric Acid Level on Acute Ischaemic Stroke Patients in South Indian Population: A Prospective Cohort Study

Introduction: Stroke is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Various studies have shown the correlation between the uric acid levels and acute ischaemic stroke. There are several studies which project the cerebro-protective effect of uric acid in acute ischaemic stroke patients by its antioxidant effect. However, still it is a wide area of controversy. Aim: To assess the short term (14 days) clinical outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke patients with reference to their serum uric acid levels on day of admission day. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study, which included a total of 74 acute ischaemic stroke patients who presented to Emergency Department in a Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University, Pondicherry (a tertiary care hospital in South India) within 48 hours from the month of April 2018 and June 2019. The severity of stroke was quantified in all patients using National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) during admission and serum uric acid levels and other routine investigations were measured in all cases. All patients were managed as per American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines and at the end of 14 days their outcome was reassessed by modified Rankin Scale (mRS). The correlation between severity of stroke and the clinical outcome on 14 days with reference to admission day serum uric acid was analysed. Results: A total of 74 patients were analysed, 51 were male and 23 were females and mean serum uric acid was 6.07±0.78 (mg/dL), and mean NIHSS score at admission was 18.32±3.8. Severity assessment by NIHSS scoring system showed majority percentage of population in elevated serum uric acid group were in moderate and severe categories (73.7%, 62.9%, respectively) in adjunct with normal uric acid group. Outcome assessment by mRS showed major percentage population in elevated uric acid group with score 2,3 (score 2-89.3%, score 3-80%) in relation to normal uric acid group. Conclusion: The present study supported the hypothesis that acute ischaemic stroke patients with elevated serum uric acid levels at the time of admission had reduced severity and favourable short term clinical outcome due to its neuroprotective effect secondary to antioxidant property.

Salivary detection of high-risk human papillomavirus 16 in oral squamous cell carcinoma using polymerase chain reaction in the South Indian population.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) has been associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) as a potential carcinogen. There are several types of HPV, of which type 16 has been strongly implicated in carcinogenesis. HPV16 in saliva can potentially facilitate early detection of subclinical cases that may warrant further diagnosis, monitoring and intervention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of HPV 16 in saliva and lesional tissue of OSCC and to determine the use of saliva as an alternative non invasive diagnostic tool in HPV16 identification. 30 cases of Histopathologically confirmed OSCC with HPV positive on ELISA were taken up for the study. The tumour tissue and saliva sample of each patient were obtained to detect the presence of specific HPV16 genotype by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The data was subjected to statistical analysis using Student t-test. In our study we found 28/30, 26/30 positive for HPV 16 in tissue and saliva samples respectively on PCR analysis. The P value was statistically significant (0.00). The study revealed significant prevalence of HPV 16 among both tissue and salivary specimens of OSCC patients in south Indian population. Though, the yielded content was relatively less in saliva, it can be concluded that, saliva being a non invasive tool proved to be as useful as tissue specimen and can be used as an alternative indicator of HPV16 positivity in OSCC.

Orbital Sarcoidosis in a High TB Endemic Country – A Case Series from South India

ABSTRACT Aim: We report a series of orbital sarcoid in a south Indian patient population and their outcome. Materials & Methods: Retrospective interventional case series. Results: Eleven out of 144cases of biopsy-proven sarcoidosis had orbital involvement. The mean age was 50.64 ± 9.52years and was more commonly seen in women (90.91%). Unilateral presentation with right orbit involvement was more common. Bilateral lacrimal gland enlargement (4cases), inferior orbital mass presenting as proptosis (4cases), preseptal mass above upper eyelid (2cases) and orbital mass encasing the globe (1case) were the different types of orbital presentation. All cases had a dry eye and a negative mantoux test. CT thorax was abnormal in 7cases (63.61%). Biopsy in all cases showed noncaseating granulomatous inflammation. Oral steroids were the standard mode of treatment and none of the cases had recurrences. Conclusions: Orbital sarcoidosis is seen in a high TB endemic country like India and is definitely underreported.

Prevalence of Developmental Tongue Lesions in South Indian Population

Background: The presence of developmental anomalies on the tongue is relatively common reason that patients visit dental clinics. Diagnosis of a wide variety of developmental anomalies is an essential part of a daily dental practice. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the type and prevalence of developmental anomalies of tongue in patients in South Indian population. Study Design: A total of 800 patients were screened for developmental tongue lesions. The developmental tongue lesions were found in 32 of 800 patients examined. The prevalence pattern was examined. Result: The most prevalent tongue lesion was found to be fissured tongue 14(44%). The least prevalent was found to be macroglossia 1(%). The tongue lesions such as microglossia, hairy tongue and lingual nodule were not present.The developmental tongue lesions were found to be more in males (75%) than females (25%) in the survey.

Influence of cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) genetic polymorphism on dose-adjusted plasma levels of carbamazepine in epileptic patients in South Indian population.

AIM:The aim of the study was to compare the dose-adjusted plasma levels of carbamazepine (CBZ) among expressers and nonexpressers of cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5)* 3 genotypes.SUBJECTS AND METHODS:The study was carried out in 100 epileptic patients who were on CBZ monotherapy. Steady-state plasma CBZ levels were measured using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method, and genotyping of CYP3A5 was done using real-time polymerase chain reaction method.RESULTS:Patients inheriting CYP3A5*3/*3 variant (nonexpressers) had an increased plasma concentration of CBZ (4.86 μg/ml) when compared to patients inheriting either CYP3A5*1/*1 or CYP3A5*1/*3 (expressers) (4.3 μg/ml, P = 0.004). Nonexpressers had significantly increased plasma concentrations of CBZ when adjusted for dose and weight when compared to expressers (P < 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). The frequency of adverse reactions in expressers and nonexpressers was 12% and 9%, respectively.CONCLUSION:There is a significant influence of CYP3A5*3 genetic polymorphism (6986A>G) on dose-adjusted plasma levels of CBZ in epileptic patients in the South Indian population.

Assessment of drug attitude, medication adherence and quality of life among psychiatric patients in South Indian population: a cross sectional study

Background: In spite of many progresses in treatment of psychiatric disorders, medication nonadherence plays an important role in worsening of clinical condition and affects quality of life among psychiatric patients. There are numerous factors contributing for medication nonadherence among patients with mental illness. So, this study was conducted to assess psychiatric patients’ adherence of medication and to improve their quality of life with psychiatric disorder. The objectives of the study were to analyze impact of pharmacophilia and pharmacophobia on medication adherence among patients with psychiatric disorders at a tertiary care hospital and to assess quality of life among pharmacophilic and pharmacophobic patients.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in outpatient psychiatric department for a period of two months. After obtaining informed voluntary consent, patient’s socio-demographic details, diagnosis, and treatment were recorded from prescription slip. Patients above 18yr age with psychiatric diagnosis as per International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10) and receiving at least one psychotropic medication for &gt;1 month were enrolled in study and assessed using: Drug attitude inventory classification (DAI-10); Medication Rating Scale (MARS); Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF).Results: Among 130 patients, 116 were pharmacophilic and 14 were pharmacophobic as per DAI-10 scale. 81.9% of pharmacophilic were adherent to prescribed medication assessed using MARS scale only 14.3% were pharmacophobic. The quality of life was better in pharmacophilic compared to pharmacophobic group (p=0.002) using Q-LES-Q-SF.Conclusions: This study concluded that pharmacophilic patients have higher adherence and good quality of life index compared to pharmacophobic. Proper counselling of pharmacophobic patients by psychiatrists could improve adherence and QOL.

Analysis of Genetic Alterations in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Patients in South Indian Population

Analysis of Genetic Alterations in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Patients in South Indian Population

Fournier's gangrene: prospective study of 34 patients in South Indian population and treatment strategies.

IntroductionFournier's gangrene (FG) is a fulminant necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum and genitalia. The objective of this study was to study the etiology and microbiology associated with FG and to study the debridement and reconstructive procedures required in these patients.MethodsThis was a prospective follow up study conducted from September 2011 to November 2012 at Coimbatore medical college hospital, Coimbatore, India. Patients presenting to the outpatient department and emergency department with the clinical diagnosis of FG were included in the study.ResultsA total of 34 patients were studied in the study period. The mean age of presentation in years was 50±11.13. The male to female ratio was 33:1. The source of the infection was most commonly anorectal. Diabetes mellitus was the most common co morbid factor associated. Most commonly the disease was polymicrobial with escherichia coli being the commonest grown organism. The average number of wound debridement required was 2.9±1.42. Primary closure of the scrotal skin defect was the most common reconstructive procedure performed. Mortality associated with the disease in our series was 11.8%.ConclusionAlthough FG is a relatively rare disease, it is still prevalent in Indian population. Incidence of FG in HIV patients is high, even though it is not the commonest of the co morbid condition. The mortality can be kept to minimal with aggressive medical and surgical management. Extensive raw area following the infection and wound debridement can be managed by simple reconstructive procedures with good outcome.

Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Variants among CKD Patients of South Indian Population

Background and Objectives: Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism has long been known for its association with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). We aimed to investigate the potential role of VDR gene polymorphisms in CKD patients. Design and Methods: The association of VDR gene polymorphisms in CKD patients (N=147; males =100 (68.03%) and females=47 (31.97%)) is investigated in this study. The patient samples were compared with healthy control subjects (N=210; males: 130 (61.90%) and females: 80 38.10%)). Genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR_RFLP). All the tatistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS and PLINK-software. Results: A significant difference in the genotype frequency of ApaI-“CC” (p=0.015, OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.29–0.91) was observed in the patients vs. control subjects. Further, we observed that individuals with a/T haplotype were at a risk (0.25-fold higher; 95% CI=0.09–0.67). The serum calcium levels were increase in the patients with ApaI (AC+CC) variants, but were significantly decreased in the AA variant (9.6 ± 1.16 vs. 9.07 ± 0.85 mg/dL, p=0.0005). The serum Hb levels were also increase in the patients with TaqI (TT) variants, but were significantly decreased in the (TC+CC) variants (8.36 ± 2.41 vs. 7.86 ± 2.20 mg/dL, p=0.03). We also observed that the “AC” genotype of the ApaI polymorphism when present in a combination with the “TC” genotype of TaqI polymorphism conferred a 1.4 times higher risk (38/54) for developing CKD using MDR analysis.Interpretations and Conclusions: ApaI gene polymorphism of the VDR gene is significantly associated with CKD patients and the ApaI “CC” variant could be a risk allele for CKD patients in South Indian population.

Clinical Profile of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus in a South Indian Patient Population

ABSTRACTPurpose: To analyze and compare the clinical profile of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) patients in a South Indian patient population aged <60 years and ≥60 years and determine the risk factors for recurrence of ocular inflammation.Methods: Retrospective study of 249 cases between 2006 and 2016 from two tertiary referral eye centres in south india.Results: Out of 249 cases, 189 cases were <60 years (Group 1) and 60 cases were aged ≥60 years (Group2). Presence of diabetes mellitus, increased intraocular pressure(IOP) at the time of active inflammation, use of topical steroids and recurrences were significantly more common in group 1. Significant risk factors for recurrences included corneal, uveal, scleral involvements and increase in IOP. Good vision at presentation was noted in 67.9% of the patients.Conclusions: Anterior uveitis with or without keratitis was the most common presentation observed in more than 50% cases. The overall visual outcome was good.

TG haplotype in the LRP8 is associated with myocardial infarction in south Indian population

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a complex multifactorial cardiovascular disease. India experiences a much greater burden of MI, also suggesting an experimental increase of this burden in the future. The absolute reasons for MI are context dependent and differ with different geographical settings. Several reports indicate that SNPs that are associated with certain diseases in other populations may not be associated with Indian population. It is, therefore, important to validate the association of SNPs. Low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 8 (LRP8) gene plays central role in human lipoprotein metabolism as it facilitates the clearance of bad cholesterol LDL, VLDL from plasma and is reported to be associated with MI in the western population. However, this gene has not been studied in the South Indian population. We aim to test the role of the LRP8 gene variants correlating with the lipid profile in MI patients in South Indian population. We sequenced regions of SNPs rs10788952, rs7546246, rs2297660 and rs5174 of LRP8 in 100 MI patients and 100 age-matched controls. Our result revealed a total of 4 variations. None of the SNPs were significantly associated with MI (p>0.973). Interestingly, haplotype based association analysis showed TG and CG of rs10788952 and rs7546246 significantly associated with MI (p<0.01 and p<0.00005) and in particular, haplotype TG was positively correlated with the risk of MI, as this increased the LDL and total cholesterol level in MI patients in south Indians. Our results suggest that haplotype TG is a risk factor for MI in South Indian population.

A study of various chest radiological manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis in both human immunodeficiency virus-positive and human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in south Indian population

Context: The chest radiography is an essential diagnostic tool in assessing the pattern and progression of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), which helps in taking suitable clinical decisions. Aims: The aim of this study is to bring out any specific radiologic pattern in PTB among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected and noninfected and make an attempt to systemize reporting and recording radiographic findings. Settings and Design: Patients of all age groups with sputum positivity were included in the study and divided into groups based on gender, age and HIV-infected and noninfected patients. Chest radiographs were taken and assessed for findings. Materials and Methods: Data for the study were taken from sputum acid-fast bacilli positive patient's referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis for chest X-ray and were evaluated with standard posterior-anterior chest radiograph. Statistical Analysis Used: Documented observations were compiled using SPSS-16.5 software (IBM). Univariate analysis was carried out for data interpretation. Findings/Results: Chest radiographic pattern change between HIV and noninfected cases. Lymphadenopathy was more common in patients with low CD4 count, predominantly involving the right hilar and mediastinal nodes. Large opacities with mid zone predilection, smaller opacities involving both upper zones, and bilateral lung involvement in patients with HIV coinfection was indicative of low CD4 count. Conclusions: In the present study, it was observed that major chest radiographic pattern change between patients with HIV and noninfected cases were increase in large opacities, decrease in cavity formation, increase in pleural effusion, no apical cap, and no volume loss. Lymphadenopathy was more common in patients with low CD4+ count (<200 cells/dl).

MTHFR (C677T) CT genotype and CT-apoE3/3 genotypic combination predisposes the risk of ischemic stroke

The predisposition to ischemic stroke (IS) might involve interactions of several genes and environmental factors. The present study was aimed to evaluate the influence of polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR-C677T) and apolipoprotein-E (apo-E) as risk factors for IS patients in south Indian population. 200 IS patients and 193 age and sex matched controls were genotyped for MTHFR-C677T and apoE by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Statistically significant association was observed for MTHFR CT genotype (IS-Pooled: OR=4.29; p=5.01×10−5; IS-Males: OR=4.13; p=0.001; IS-Females: OR=8.62; p=0.027; IS-Large Vessel Disease (LVD)- Pooled: OR=4.14; p=0.0002) and T allele (IS-Pooled: OR=4.82; p=1.49×10−5; IS-Males: OR=4.33; p=0.0002; IS-Females: OR=7.99; p=0.031; IS-LVD-Pooled: OR=4.13; p=0.0001). Further, reduced frequencies of CC genotype (IS-Pooled: OR=0.20; p=9.80×10−6; IS-Males: OR=0.25; p=0.001; IS-Females: OR=0.12; p=0.027; IS-LVD-Pooled: OR=0.23; p=0.0001) and C allele (IS-Pooled: OR=0.21; p=1.49×10−5; IS-Males: OR=0.23; p=0.0002; IS-Females: OR=0.13; p=0.031; IS-LVD-Pooled: OR=0.24; p=0.0001) were observed in IS patients than the controls. No association was observed for apoE genotypes/alleles in IS/LVD cases. Our study demonstrated the presence of risk for MTHFR CT genotype/T allele and ‘CT-3/3’ (n=33 vs. 5; OR=7.42; p=0.001) genotypic combination in the development of IS in south India. Further, follow-up study of these stroke cases i.e., in later stages of the disease whether they are developing the neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) is needed to draw a fruitful conclusion in connection between neurological disorders and with these two polymorphisms, before translating it into clinical practice.