South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Research Articles

Registration of ‘Ascend‐SD’ hard red spring wheat

AbstractHard red spring wheat (HRSW; Triticum aestivum L). production in South Dakota has decreased by nearly 50% over a recent 10‐year timespan due to grower preferences for producing corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. End‐users of HRSW are concerned with grain protein concentration (GPC). Among growers that still produce HRSW, cultivar selection decisions are heavily based on grain yield potential, and they become most concerned with GPC only when it is low enough to result in sales price discounts. It is important that HRSW breeding programs release new cultivars that balance the needs of both end‐users and growers. The objective of this research was to release a HRSW cultivar possessing both high grain yield potential and GPC for South Dakota and regional producers. ‘Ascend‐SD’ (Reg. no. CV‐1204, PI 700966) was developed by the SDSU‐HRSW breeding program and released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station to certified seed producers in early 2022. The cross MN10261‐1/SD4389 was completed during fall 2013, and the resulting population was advanced via an early‐generation bulk‐testing program, where F4:7 seed was included in the 2018 preliminary yield trial and designated as SD4873. Prior to release, SD4873 also was tested in the advanced yield trial from 2019 through 2021 as well as crop performance testing trials in 2020 and 2021. Ascend‐SD was released for its competitive combination of high grain yield potential and GPC.

Registration of oat cultivar ‘Rushmore’

AbstractMore awareness from consumers on the health benefits of oat (Avena sativa L.) in the last few decades has increased the demand for oat. However, in the United States, oat production has continued to decline. Most of the oats used in U.S. food products are imported from Canada. Although oats are known to fit well in corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] rotations, difficulties in marketing the grain and relatively low prices in comparison to corn and soybeans have limited the number of acres planted to oats. High‐yielding oat cultivars adapted to the Northern Great Plains with high test weight and good milling characteristics are needed. ‘Rushmore’ (Reg. no. CV‐388, PI 698122) is a spring oat cultivar released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station in 2019. Rushmore was derived from the three‐way cross SD080015//SD070110/SD060130 and developed using a modified bulk and single‐seed descent method. Prior to release, Rushmore was tested in the uniform early oat performance nursery in 2016 and 2017 and in the South Dakota Crop Performance Testing oat variety trial since 2017. Rushmore was evaluated as experimental line SD140515 and evaluated for grain yield, test weight, disease resistance, lodging resistance, grain shape, milling characteristics, and grain composition. Rushmore was released to oat producers due to its combination of high grain yield, excellent test weight, lodging and disease resistance, and good milling characteristics. The excellent test weight potential of Rushmore is expected to help producers in marketing their grain to the feed and food industries.

Registration of ‘Driver’ hard red spring wheat

AbstractWidespread acceptance of new hard red spring wheat (HRSW; Triticum aestivum L). cultivars by South Dakota growers relies heavily on a favorable combination of essential production characteristics, such as agronomic performance, resistance to prominent diseases, and acceptable end‐use quality potential. Additional characteristics, however, such as lodging resistance are also important to growers. Steadily increasing levels of lodging resistance in new cultivar releases are a significant goal of the South Dakota State University (SDSU) HRSW breeding program. The objective of this research was to release a new HRSW cultivar with elevated resistance to lodging that is also capable of meeting grower expectations with respect to essential production characteristics. ‘Driver’ (Reg. no. CV‐1187, PI 698121) was developed by the SDSU‐HRSW breeding program and released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (SDAES) to Certified seed producers in early 2020. The cross MN06075‐4/SD4165 was completed during spring 2011 and the resulting population was advanced via an early‐generation bulk‐testing program where F4:7 seed was included in the 2015 preliminary yield trial and designated as SD4625. Prior to release, SD4625 also was tested in the advanced yield trial from 2016 through 2019 as well as crop performance testing trials from 2017 through 2019. Driver was released for its combination of agronomic potential, disease resistance, acceptable end‐use quality, and lodging resistance.

Registration of ‘Focus’ Hard Red Spring Wheat

Grower and end‐user acceptance of new hard red spring wheat (HRSW; Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars is heavily influenced by agronomic performance, end‐use quality potential, and disease resistance. The objective of this research was to release a new HRSW cultivar with competitive agronomic performance, end‐use quality, and disease resistance to serve as a replacement for ‘Brick’, a HRSW cultivar that has been very popular in South Dakota. ‘Focus’ (Reg. No. CV‐1148; PI 675337) HRSW was developed at South Dakota State University and released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station in early 2015. The cross SD3943‐21/‘Brick’ was completed during fall 2007, and the resulting population was advanced via an early‐generation bulk‐testing program, where F4:6 seed from the 2010 growing season was included in the 2011 preliminary yield trial, and the line was designated as SD4362. This line was also was tested in the advanced yield trial from 2012 through 2014. Focus was released primarily for its yield potential, high grain volume weight, early maturity, and good level of resistance to Fusarium head blight.

Registration of Oat Cultivar ‘Hayden’

Despite a significant decrease over the last 50 years, the production of oats (Avena sativa L.) presents both environmental and health benefits. When incorporated in crop rotations, oat has the potential to improve soil health and to break pest cycles in corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotations. In addition, the presence of a soluble dietary fiber (β‐glucan) in oat grain can help prevent cholesterol, coronary heart diseases, and type 2 diabetes. The development of new oat cultivars with superior productivity and high test weight is required to improve the attractiveness of the crop to producers and to maintain or increase oat production in the United States. ‘Hayden’ (Reg. No. CV‐383, PI 676028) is a spring oat cultivar developed at South Dakota State University and released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station in 2014. The pedigree of Hayden is ‘Buckskin’//ND011054/SD020835. Hayden was developed using a modified bulk and single seed descent selection method. Hayden is a white hulled cultivar with mid‐to‐late maturity. Hayden was evaluated in the South Dakota Crop Performance Testing Oat Variety Trial from 2013 to 2015 and in the Uniform Mid‐Season Oat Performance Nursery in 2013 and 2014 under the experimental number SD111972. Hayden was released because of its excellent yield potential, good yield stability, and high test weight. It is resistant to smut and moderately tolerant to Barley yellow dwarf virus. Hayden also demonstrates good overall milling and nutritional quality.

Registration of ‘Prevail’ Hard Red Spring Wheat

Grower and end‐user acceptance of new hard red spring wheat (HRSW; Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars largely depends on satisfactory agronomic performance, end‐use quality potential, and disease resistance levels. Additional characteristics, such as desirable plant height, can also contribute to grower acceptance. The objective of this research was to release a short‐statured HRSW cultivar with competitive grain yield and acceptable levels of end‐use quality characteristics and Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance. ‘Prevail’ (Reg. No. CV‐1121; PI 672486) HRSW was developed at South Dakota State University (SDSU) and released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (SDAES) in early 2014. The cross SD3720/MN98389‐A was completed during fall 2002, and the resulting population was advanced via an early‐generation bulk‐testing program where F6:8 seed was included in the 2008 preliminary yield trial and the line was designated as SD4178. SD4178 also was tested in the advanced yield trial from 2009 through 2013. Prevail was released primarily for its combination of high yield potential and desirable plant height that is significantly shorter than most other HRSW cultivars developed by the SDSU‐HRSW breeding program.

Registration of ‘Advance’ Hard Red Spring Wheat

Grower and end-user acceptance of new hard red spring wheat (HRSW; Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars is largely contingent on satisfactory agronomic performance, end-use quality potential, and disease resistance levels. Additional characteristics, such as desirable plant height, can also help to maximize grower acceptance. The objective of this research was to release a short-statured HRSW cultivar with competitive grain yield, grain volume weight (GVW), and end-use quality characteristics and acceptable levels of Fusarium head blight (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) resistance. ‘Advance’ (Reg. No. CV-1104, PI 664482) HRSW was developed at South Dakota State University (SDSU) and released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (SDAES) in early 2012. The cross ‘Granger’ (PI 636134)/N98-0230 was completed during fall 2001. Granger was released by SDAES in 2004, and N98-0230 is an unreleased experimental breeding line developed by the AgriPro (Syngenta) Wheat Hard Red Spring breeding program. The population was advanced via an early-generation bulk-testing program where F4:7 seed was included in the 2006 preliminary yield trial and the line was designated SD4023. SD4023 also was tested in the advanced yield trial from 2007 through 2011. Advance was released for its combination of high yield potential, GVW, and bread loaf volume. Additionally, its plant height is significantly shorter than most other HRSW cultivars developed by the SDSU–HRSW breeding program.

Using Fish Behavior to Assess Habitat Quality of a Restored Oyster Reef

UW Pres s / Ecolog ical Rest oration Acknowledgements Our study was funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station located at South Dakota State University (SDSU). We appreciate the support provided by the Department of Natural Resource Management at SDSU. We thank USFWS staff including W. Henderson, S. Revering, D. Peterson, C. Stromlund, J. Brooks, F. Christopher, S. Rockwood, J. Vandenbosch, K. Moratz, B. Van Kuelen, N. Bieber, and M. Seufert for field assistance. We thank L. Garner for reviewing an earlier draft of this manuscript. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the USFWS.

Registration of ‘Brookings’ Soybean with High Yield and Good Seed Quality

Conventional cultivars with high yield, good seed quality and disease resistance are required for organic farming, soy food production, and some specific markets. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] ‘Brookings’ (Reg. No. CV-512, PI 667735) was developed at South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD, and released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station in 2012, for its high yield potential, good seed quality, and resistance to Phytophthora root rot, as well as adaptability to South Dakota and similar regions. Brookings (experimental line SD05-240) is a maturity group (MG) I cultivar (relative maturity 1.7). It originated from the F5 progeny of a single F4 plant derived from the cross of A00-711063 × SD98-595 by a single-pod descent method. Following yield trials within the SDSU soybean breeding program, it was further evaluated for yield and seed quality traits through the USDA Northern Regional Uniform Soybean Preliminary Tests (UPT) in 2008, Uniform Soybean Tests (UT) in 2009 and 2010, and the South Dakota Crop Performance Tests (CPT) in 2009 and 2010. The yield of Brookings in the SD CPT averaged 4257 kg ha−1, 14.2% higher than the check cultivar Deuel and 8.9% higher than ‘MN1410’ (P < 0.05). In the MG II UPT (11 locations) and MG I UT tests (29 environments), Brookings exhibited a mean yield comparable to check cultivars IA1022 and MN1410. The average protein concentration of Brookings was higher than IA1022 but lower than MN1410, and its oil content was similar to MN1410 but lower than IA1022. It had the best seed quality among the test entries. In addition, Brookings has the Rps1k allele for resistance to Phytophthora sojae, which is derived from the parent SD98-595, and exhibited resistance to races 4 and 7 of P. sojae. Brookings is a conventional MG I cultivar and thus a good option for producers of non–genetically modified soybeans in South Dakota and similar regions.

‘Codington’, a High-Yielding, High-Quality, Large-Seeded Soybean

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] ‘Codington’ (Reg. No. CV-511, PI 667736) was developed at South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD. It was released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station in April 2013 for high yield, a large seed with high protein and oil content suitable for soy food production. Codington (experimental line SD04CV-611) is a late maturity group (MG) 0 cultivar (relative maturity 1.0). It originated from the F5 progeny of a single F4 plant derived from the cross of ‘Surge’ × A96-591033 by a modified single-seed descent method. Following yield trials within the SDSU soybean breeding program, it was evaluated for yield and quality through the USDA Northern Regional Uniform Soybean Tests (UT) in 2007 to 2010 and South Dakota Crop Performance Tests (CPT) in 2010 to 2012. Over all 36 environments, the yield of Codington averaged 3611.3 kg ha−1, 1.2% higher than the check cultivar Surge. In the UT tests (24 year-locations), Codington also exhibited an average yield 2.9% higher than the check cultivar Sheyenne. The average protein and oil content of Codington for the UT tests (22 year-locations) was 365.3 and 174.4 g kg−1 at 13% moisture, compared with Surge (364.0 and 174.4 g kg−1) and Sheyenne (342.0 and 178.2 g kg−1). Its 100-seed weight was 21 g. Codington is a conventional, high-yield, high-quality (relatively higher protein and oil concentration as well as good visual seed quality), MG 0 cultivar with large seeds, and thus it is particularly suitable for soy food production in South Dakota and similar regions.

Registration of ‘Roberts’ Soybean with High Yield and Good Quality

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar Roberts (Reg. No. CV-510, PI 667737) was developed at South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD, and released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station in April 2013. It was released because of its high yield potential, good seed quality, and resistance to Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora sojae Kaufmann & Gerdemann), as well as adaptability to South Dakota and similar latitudes. Roberts, originally designated as SD03-2154, is a maturity group (MG) 0 cultivar (relative maturity 0.7–0.8). It originated from the F5 progeny of a single F4 plant derived from the cross of ‘Surge’ × A96-492041 with early generations advanced by a modified single-seed descent method. It was initially evaluated for yield and quality in the SDSU soybean breeding program, and advanced testing was further conducted in the USDA Northern Regional Uniform Tests (UTs) and the South Dakota Crop Performance Tests (CPTs) during 2006 to 2012. Over 35 environments, the yield of Roberts averaged 3404.6 kg ha−1, which was 4.3% higher than the check cultivar Surge (3264.2 kg ha−1). In the UTs (23 year-locations), Roberts averaged a 4.3% higher yield than the check cultivar Sheyenne. Average protein and oil concentrations of Roberts were 351.1 and 178.6 g kg−1 at 13% moisture, compared with Surge (362.0 and 175.9 g kg−1) and Sheyenne (339.1 and 178.7 g kg−1). In addition, it exhibited resistance to races 4 and 7 of P. sojae. Roberts is a conventional, high-yield, good-quality, MG 0 cultivar with the allele Rps1k for resistance to P. sojae, and thus it is a good replacement for Surge for producers of non–genetically modified soybeans in South Dakota and similar latitudes.

Project YEAH-American Indian: Tailoring a Web-Delivered Weight Maintenance Intervention for American Indian College Students

ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to determine whether Project YEAH (Young Adults Eating and Active for Health), a theory-based, web-delivered, weight maintenance tool developed for college students is culturally relevant for American Indian (AI) public university students.Theory, Prior Research, RationaleHigh levels of obesity-related health disparities are common among AI populations. AI public university students often face unique challenges that may contribute to health disparities. Few interventions have been developed that meet the needs of AI college students.Study Design, Setting, Participants, and InterventionProject YEAH was created using the PRECEDE-PROCEDE process of community-based participatory research (CBPR) and developed with the ability to be tailored. Only 0.07% of Project YEAH participants identified themselves as AI. Focus groups with AI students attending South Dakota State University were conducted to assess aesthetic appeal of the website and determine variations of health-related content. Participants were recruited with assistance from the American Indian Education and Cultural Center and through on-campus publicity.Outcome, Measures and AnalysisMultistep coding was used to evaluate focus group dialogue.ResultsData reveals that AI public university students have specific aesthetic preferences. They relate more to non-stereotypical images of AI people versus people of other ethnicities. Depending on cultural tradition students vary in health-related factors of food choices, physical activities, time management, and stressors.Conclusions and ImplicationsSpecific and culturally-relevant psychographic information of AI college students is needed to create effective weight maintenance tools and to prevent stereotypical content.FundingUSDA, South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to determine whether Project YEAH (Young Adults Eating and Active for Health), a theory-based, web-delivered, weight maintenance tool developed for college students is culturally relevant for American Indian (AI) public university students. The goal of this study was to determine whether Project YEAH (Young Adults Eating and Active for Health), a theory-based, web-delivered, weight maintenance tool developed for college students is culturally relevant for American Indian (AI) public university students. Theory, Prior Research, RationaleHigh levels of obesity-related health disparities are common among AI populations. AI public university students often face unique challenges that may contribute to health disparities. Few interventions have been developed that meet the needs of AI college students. High levels of obesity-related health disparities are common among AI populations. AI public university students often face unique challenges that may contribute to health disparities. Few interventions have been developed that meet the needs of AI college students. Study Design, Setting, Participants, and InterventionProject YEAH was created using the PRECEDE-PROCEDE process of community-based participatory research (CBPR) and developed with the ability to be tailored. Only 0.07% of Project YEAH participants identified themselves as AI. Focus groups with AI students attending South Dakota State University were conducted to assess aesthetic appeal of the website and determine variations of health-related content. Participants were recruited with assistance from the American Indian Education and Cultural Center and through on-campus publicity. Project YEAH was created using the PRECEDE-PROCEDE process of community-based participatory research (CBPR) and developed with the ability to be tailored. Only 0.07% of Project YEAH participants identified themselves as AI. Focus groups with AI students attending South Dakota State University were conducted to assess aesthetic appeal of the website and determine variations of health-related content. Participants were recruited with assistance from the American Indian Education and Cultural Center and through on-campus publicity. Outcome, Measures and AnalysisMultistep coding was used to evaluate focus group dialogue. Multistep coding was used to evaluate focus group dialogue. ResultsData reveals that AI public university students have specific aesthetic preferences. They relate more to non-stereotypical images of AI people versus people of other ethnicities. Depending on cultural tradition students vary in health-related factors of food choices, physical activities, time management, and stressors. Data reveals that AI public university students have specific aesthetic preferences. They relate more to non-stereotypical images of AI people versus people of other ethnicities. Depending on cultural tradition students vary in health-related factors of food choices, physical activities, time management, and stressors. Conclusions and ImplicationsSpecific and culturally-relevant psychographic information of AI college students is needed to create effective weight maintenance tools and to prevent stereotypical content. Specific and culturally-relevant psychographic information of AI college students is needed to create effective weight maintenance tools and to prevent stereotypical content.

Registration of ‘Forefront’ Wheat

To maximize acceptance, new hard red spring wheat (HRSW; Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars require high agronomic and end‐use quality as well as good disease resistance. The objective of this research was to release a HRSW cultivar with competitive grain yield, grain volume weight (GVW), and grain protein concentration (GPC), and several competitive end‐use quality characteristics and acceptable levels of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) [caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe; telomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch]. ‘Forefront’ (Reg. No. CV‐1082, PI 664483) HRSW was developed at South Dakota State University (SDSU) and released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (SDAES) in February 2012. The cross FN1700‐155/FN1500‐074//‘Walworth’ (PI 630938) was made during spring 2001. Both FN1700‐155 and FN1500‐074 are unreleased experimental breeding lines developed by the SDSU‐HRSW breeding program. Walworth was released by the SDAES in fall 2000. The population was advanced via an early‐generation bulk‐testing program where F4:6 seed was included in the 2005 preliminary yield trial and the line was designated SD3997. SD3997 also was tested in the advanced yield trial from 2006 through 2011. Forefront was released for its combination of high yield potential, GVW, GPC, and high bread loaf volume in conjunction with low flour ash content and deoxynivalenol accumulation than other HRSW cultivars developed by the SDSU‐HRSW breeding program.

Registration of ‘Select’ Wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB) (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [telomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch]), is a major constraint on the production of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objective of this research was to release a hard red spring wheat (HRSW) cultivar with enhanced levels of FHB resistance. ‘Select’ (Reg. No. CV‐1056, PI 659554) HRSW was developed at South Dakota State University (SDSU) and released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station (SDAES) in February 2010. The cross ‘Briggs’ (PI 632970)/FN1500–118 was made during spring 2001. Briggs (BW114/‘Bergen’ (PI 538768)//SD3097) was released by SDAES in fall 2001. FN1500–118 is an unreleased experimental breeding line developed by the SDSU‐HRSW breeding program. The population was advanced via an early‐generation bulk‐testing program where F4:7 seed was included in the 2005 preliminary yield trial, and the line was designated SD3948. SD3948 also was tested in the advanced yield trial from 2006 through 2009. Select was released for its high level of resistance to FHB when compared with most other HRSW cultivars developed by the SDSU‐HRSW breeding program as well as for its high yield potential and grain volume weight in South Dakota and the northern Great Plains. Additionally, Select is moderately resistant to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.) and has an early heading date compared with many HRSW cultivars currently in production.

Registration of ‘NH03614 CL’ Wheat

‘NH03614 CL’ (Reg. No. CV‐1051, PI 653833) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed cooperatively by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and the USDA‐ARS and released in 2008 by the developing institutions and the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. In addition to researchers at the releasing institutions, USDA‐ARS researchers at Manhattan, KS and St. Paul, MN participated in the development of NH03614 CL. NH03614 CL was selected from the cross ‘Wesley’ sib//‘Millennium’ sib/‘Above’ sib that was made in the spring of 1997 to develop new herbicide‐tolerant cultivars. NH03614 CL was selected using the bulk breeding method as an F3:4 line (F3–derived line in the F4 generation) in 2001, and in 2003 was assigned experimental line number NH03164. NH03614 CL was released primarily for its herbicide tolerance to imadazolinone compounds which control many previously difficult‐to‐control weeds in wheat production systems, and for its superior adaptation to rainfed wheat production systems in Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, and counties in adjacent states.

Registration of ‘Brick’ Wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB) [caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe; telomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch], is a major constraint to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. The objective of this research was to release a hard red spring wheat (HRSW) cultivar with enhanced FHB resistance. ‘Brick’ (Reg. No. 1043, PI 657697) HRSW was developed at South Dakota State University (SDSU) and released by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station to Registered seed producers in March 2009. The cross ND2897/SD3219//SD3414 was created in spring 2000. ND2897 is an unreleased experimental line developed by the North Dakota State University HRSW breeding program, and SD3219 and SD3414 are both unreleased experimental lines developed by the SDSU–HRSW breeding program. The population was advanced via an early‐generation bulk‐testing program where F4:6 seed was included in the 2004 preliminary yield trial, and the line was designated SD3851. SD3851 also was tested in the advanced yield trial from 2005 through 2008. Brick was released for its high level of resistance to FHB when compared to other HRSW cultivars developed by the SDSU–HRSW breeding program as well as its high yield potential and grain volume weight in South Dakota and the northern Great Plains. Additionally, Brick is moderately resistant to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.) and has an early heading date compared with HRSW cultivars currently in production.

Registration of ‘Alice’ Wheat

‘Alice’ (Reg. No. CV‐1023, PI 644223) hard white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and released in 2006 to seed producers by the developing institution and the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. Alice was selected from the cross ‘Abilene’ (PI 511307)/‘Karl’ (PI 527480) made in 1992 at Brookings, SD. Alice was selected as an F4:5 line (F4–derived line in the F5 generation) in 1997 and was assigned experimental line number SD97W609. Alice was released on the basis of its white grain color, earliness, excellent bread baking quality, good preharvest sprouting tolerance, and high yield performance in rainfed production systems in South Dakota and the northern Great Plains, including Nebraska. Alice was named to honor Alice Wright, administrative assistant for the South Dakota Wheat Commission for 23 yr.

Soybean product inhibits K88 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli binding to enterocytes

Strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli expressing the K88 fimbrial adhesin (K88 ETEC) induce colibacillosis by binding to enterocytes in the small intestine of newborn and weaned piglets and causing secretory diarrhea. Current vaccination protocols are ineffective at preventing K88 ETEC infections during the postweaning period. Consequently, new procedures for preventing and treating postweaning colibacillosis caused by K88 ETEC are needed. Previous studies have shown that extracts of fermented soy products have the potential to prevent ETEC disease by blocking the binding of ETEC to enterocytes. In this study, we evaluated extracts of the fermented soy product, Dochi, for its ability to block K88 ETEC binding to enterocytes. We found that Dochi extracts were able significantly inhibit binding of K88 ETEC to brush borders isolated from porcine enterocytes (50% inhibition, P &lt; 0.05) and cultured porcine intestinal epithelial (IPEC‐J2) cells (60% inhibition, P &lt; 0.05). The inhibitory compound in the Dochi extract was found to elute during fractionation on a Superose 12 FPLC size exclusion column at an approximate molecular weight of 1300 Da. Future studies will be focused on determining the chemical nature of the inhibitory compound and on determining if the inhibitory compound can be used to prevent or treat K88 ETEC‐induced colibacillosis in weaned piglets.Supported by South Dakota State University Research/Scholarship Support Fund, the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, and the South Dakota Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology.

Biological effects of bacitracin as a therapeutic agent and growth promoting compound

Bacitracin is a peptide antibiotic and it has several effects on the microbial population of the intestines that could account for its growth‐promoting ability. Enterotoxigenic E. coli is a major pathogen of weaned pigs and is responsible for significant death loss and retardation in weight gain. We found in in vitro studies that bacitracin at sub‐inhibitory concentrations (390 to 780 μg/ml) preferentially selected for the outgrowth of tetracycline sensitive bacteria from among a population of tetracycline resistant and tetracycline sensitive E. coli and Salmonella. Two E. coli strains were used and showed that bacitracin did select Tetracycline sensitive bacteria (P &lt; 0.05). Nine tetracycline resistant and nine tetracycline sensitive Salmonella strains were pooled in this study. Twenty‐five percent more tetracycline sensitive bacteria were found in LB broth containing bacitracin at the sub‐inhibitory concentration (P &lt; 0.01). These findings suggested that a possible benefit from using bacitracin as a feed additive might be to reduce the Tetrpopulation of pathogens in the intestinal tract. In studies utilizing newly weaned piglets, we established that a feed level concentration of bacitracin in the starter diet did enable piglets to clear a pathogenic bacterium at a faster rate than was the case when piglets were placed on antibiotic‐free feed.Supported by Alphamra Inc., the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, and the South Dakota Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology

Registration of ‘NE01643’ Wheat

‘NE01643’ (Reg. No. CV‐1020, PI 647959) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed cooperatively by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and the USDA‐ARS and released in 2007 by the developing institutions and the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. NE01643, the legal name for this cultivar, will be marketed under the name Husker Genetics Brand Overland in honor of the pioneers who crossed and stayed in the northern prairies. In addition to researchers at the releasing institutions, USDA‐ARS researchers at Manhattan, KS, and St. Paul, MN, participated in the development of NE01643. NE01643 was selected from the cross ‘Millennium’ (PI 613099) sib/ND8974 that was made in 1995. The pedigree of ND8974 is ‘Seward’ (PI 508289)/‘Archer’. Archer was developed by AgriPro Seeds Inc. and has the pedigree: ‘Sonora 64’ (CI 13930)/‘Trapper’ (CI 13999)/2/‘Warrior’ (CI13190)/3/‘Centurk’ (CI 15075). NE01643 was selected as an F3:4 line (F3‐derived line in the F4 generation) in 1999, and in 2001 was assigned experimental line number NE01643. NE01643 was released because of its superior grain‐yield performance under non‐irrigated production in Nebraska, South Dakota, and adjacent states.