South Cone Research Articles

The Arapey group: confining basalts of the Guarani aquifer in Uruguay

With the increasing demand of drinking water for agricultural use, takes special importance the geological and hydrogeological knowledge of the infrabasaltic aquifer known as Guaraní Aquifer in the South Cone. The different stratigraphic concepts historically managed for the geological formations of the top of Gondwana Supergroup in Uruguay, carrying great volumes of groundwater with thermal potential, agricultural use (irrigation) and urban supply are discussed. Geological units of Guaraní Aquifer are described: Buena Vista, Cuchilla Ombú, Tacuarembó and Rivera Formations. Geometry and thickness of its confining unit - Arapey group - condition the economic possibilities of taking advantages using groundwater from Guaraní Aquifer. Such group has been divided - according to lithostructural criteria - on six formations for which a brief description is given. A preliminary tridimensional geometry of Arapey group´s basaltic lava and its relation with Guaraní Aquifer is showed. This geometry is related to the basaltic thickness to cross in a borehole in order to obtain groundwater with an error margin of about 30 meters. This is very relevant, specialy in lithosol zones of the basaltic area, where the installation of irrigation systems would mean a sustancial agrarian improvement in these areas.

Anarquismo italiano, transnacionalismo e emigração ao Brasil: Contribuições ao debate teórico

The transnational networks built by anarchists’ activists in the end of the 19th and beginning the 20th centuries, are already much known by the historiography. For Italian anarchism, due to the political persecution suffered in the 19th, transnational networks became the rule of the movement. Italian's anarchist immigration to South American cone was part of this transatlantic history. The encounter of many activists in São Paulo, Brazil, allowed the creation of several affinity groups working together, an important improve to the propaganda. In 1904, one of these efforts resulted in their aim media, “La Battaglia”, maybe the most important, certainly a very popular periodical in Brazil until 1913.

Cocaine trafficking from non-traditional ports: examining the cases of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay.

This article presents the results of an exploratory study aimed to analyze the contexts in which the use of Non-Traditional ports of cocaine departure and counter-intuitive routes is prioritized, based on the experience of Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. Moreover, we show that criminal organizations prioritize the Ports of Buenos Aires, San Antonio and Montevideo, and the counter-intuitive routes that lead to them, because they are spaces that generate incentives linked to the porosity of borders, the lack of control at the ports, and the possibility of exploiting the country’s lack of reputation for drug exportation to re-export cocaine undetected. This study constitutes a precedent for future research on the role of South American Southern Cone ports in cocaine trafficking. We can identify at least four emerging lines of research: 1. Cocaine trafficking from landlocked countries; 2. The role of the waterway Paraná-Paraguay; 3. The link between Non-Traditional ports of cocaine departure and new markets; and 4. Other Non-Traditional Ports of cocaine departure, which are not containerized.

A atuação dos egressos da licenciatura intercultural indígena Teko Arandu no cone sul de Mato Grosso do Sul

A educação escolar indígena delineia a política educacional de formação específica para professores indígenas no Brasil. Estes se habilitam para construir, com suas comunidades e parceiros, a identidade específica de suas escolas indígenas. Objetiva-se mapear os/as professores/as Guarani/Kaiowá, egressos da Licenciatura Intercultural Indígena – Teko Arandu (Viver com Sabedoria), das cinco turmas diplomadas entre 2011 e 2018 pela Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD). Com pesquisa empírica do tipo etnográfico e documental, produziram-se dados quanti e qualitativos sobre os concluintes, analisados a partir da perspectiva da interculturalidade crítica. Efetuou-se a identificação dos egressos nos arquivos da secretaria acadêmica da UFGD e do curso; completou-se a pesquisa documental por meio de diálogo com professoras do curso para se verificar municípios/terras indígenas/comunidades de onde vieram tais egressos para a UFGD. A segunda fase priorizou o trabalho de campo nas secretarias municipais e nas escolas indígenas, espaços de recolha de dados de lotação. Depreende-se que, dos 225 diplomados, 90,6% estavam atuando nas escolas indígenas do Território Etnoeducacional Cone Sul no ano de 2018; destes, 38,2% eram concursados e 61,8% contratados.

Tres preguntas sobre guerra y genocidio

A lo largo del siglo XX el aparato conceptual para abordar la violencia asociadaa los procesos de formacion estatal, colonialismo, segregacion y exterminio etnico, guerras interestatales y de liberacion, ha producido un importante corpus teorico en el que destacan las redefiniciones del concepto de guerra y la genesis de otros como genocidio. Este articulo aborda especialmente los usos de estos conceptos en el estudio de los procesos de sometimiento e incorporacion de los pueblos originarios en el cono sur americano. Se abordan tres preguntas en relacion con la definicion de actores sociales, estado, agencia y pertinencia de dichos conceptos para el caso de Pampa y Norpatagonia.

La “Materia Médica Misionera” atribuida al jesuita Pedro de Montenegro en 1710: Identificación, sistematización e interpretación de los usos medicinales de las plantas y sus implicancias para la etnobotánica actual

Este trabajo constituye una primera contribución a la caracterización etnobotánica integral del herbolario más importante del Cono Sur Sudamericano: “Materia Medica Misionera”, atribuido al jesuita Pedro de Montenegro [1710] 1945. Su objetivo es sistematizar, cuantificar e interpretar en su preciso contexto histórico-médico todas las aplicaciones medicinales y de otro tipo que se le asignan a cada una de las plantas mencionadas en esta obra. El método empleado es aquel de la “etnobotánica histórica’, disciplina que considera a los datos del pasado como una fuente de información primaria, sobre la cual se aplica el método clásico etnobotánico. Se identificaron 1.234 (mil doscientos treinta y cuatro) usos agrupados en 17 categorías, los cuales fueron asignados a 141 entidades vegetales referidas en la ‘Materia Médica Misionera’ por su nombre vernáculo guaraní, tupí y/o español. Los usos medicinales representan el 92,3 % de los datos (1142), los cuales son referidos a 140 entidades vegetales. Se destaca el alto volumen de datos identificados y sistematizados y su evidente y valiosa contribución tanto para la etnobotánica médica misionera como para la etnobotánica médica y etnomédica criolla actual de los países del Cono Sur de Sudamérica.

Whole genome sequencing of Trypanosoma cruzi field isolates reveals extensive genomic variability and complex aneuploidy patterns within TcII DTU

BackgroundTrypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is currently divided into six discrete typing units (DTUs), named TcI-TcVI. TcII is among the major DTUs enrolled in human infections in South America southern cone, where it is associated with severe cardiac and digestive symptoms. Despite the importance of TcII in Chagas disease epidemiology and pathology, so far, no genome-wide comparisons of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of TcII field isolates have been performed to track the variability and evolution of this DTU in endemic regions.ResultsIn the present work, we have sequenced and compared the whole nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of seven TcII strains isolated from chagasic patients from the central and northeastern regions of Minas Gerais, Brazil, revealing an extensive genetic variability within this DTU. A comparison of the phylogeny based on the nuclear or mitochondrial genomes revealed that the majority of branches were shared by both sequences. The subtle divergences in the branches are probably consequence of mitochondrial introgression events between TcII strains. Two T. cruzi strains isolated from patients living in the central region of Minas Gerais, S15 and S162a, were clustered in the nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeny analysis. These two strains were isolated from the other five by the Espinhaço Mountains, a geographic barrier that could have restricted the traffic of insect vectors during T. cruzi evolution in the Minas Gerais state. Finally, the presence of aneuploidies was evaluated, revealing that all seven TcII strains have a different pattern of chromosomal duplication/loss.ConclusionsAnalysis of genomic variability and aneuploidies suggests that there is significant genomic variability within Minas Gerais TcII strains, which could be exploited by the parasite to allow rapid selection of favorable phenotypes. Also, the aneuploidy patterns vary among T. cruzi strains and does not correlate with the nuclear phylogeny, suggesting that chromosomal duplication/loss are recent and frequent events in the parasite evolution.

What happened when the Pleistocene megafauna became extinct?

This work presents an updated revision of the information about Pleistocene fauna records in archeological sites of the Pampa and Patagonian regions of South America. The purpose is to assess the role played by humans within the extinction process of Pleistocene mammals in the South Cone and the effects that the disappearance of Pleistocene large mammals had in human populations which colonized both regions. This is based on the theory of “Broken Zig-Zag”, which considers that the process was gradual in time and in different species, taking place between 15 Ka BP and 8.5 Ka BP in Patagonia and during a longer period, until ca. 7.5 Ka BP in Pampa. For this aim it was considered all those sites with accurate chronological and taxonomic information about the presence of extinct species of mega and large mammals of xenarthrans, camelids, equids and carnivores. Thus, the work is focused on three analytical lines: regional analysis of radiocarbon records of first and last taxonomic appearance, ecology and etiology of species with archeological record and variability of associations of the archaeofauna with material culture. We discuss how the first humans took possession of Pampa and Patagonian regions during and after the last part of the continental extinction process. Thus, there is a contribution with new hypotheses about the differential use of the extinct fauna in both regions. This interdisciplinary approach of social and environmental agency has not been considered in the specialized bibliography so far; therefore novel information is given for interpreting the way in which humans took possession of the fauna, not only as subsistence resources but also as other important agents in the socio-economic and symbolic relationship of humans with the landscape. On the whole, the final result is that the gregarious species of large herbivores (camelids) were the most important resources for hunter-gatherers from the beginning of human colonization. The extinct fauna influenced subsistence complementarily, though it played an important role in the social and symbolic spheres.

Correlations between ejecta boulder spatial density of small lunar craters and the crater age

This work explores the quantitative correlation between the ejecta boulder number density and crater age for seven craters from ∼200 m to 1 km in diameter. Using the selected set of LRO NAC images with resolution ∼0.5 m/pixel we mapped and counted the ejected boulders larger than 3 m across inside the one-crater-radius-wide concentric annulus (or its part) from crater rim, for craters South Ray, Unnamed A, Unnamed B, Cone, North Ray, Unnamed D and Camelot. This study partly repeats the work of Basilevsky et al. (2013, 2015b) on the study of spatial density of boulders of small lunar craters of known formation age, but based on the larger counting areas, thus the larger numbers of ejecta boulders were counted. The results from our study are certainly statistically more reliable.This study does not only confirm the results of Basilevsky et al. (2013, 2015b) that spatial densities of boulders generally decrease with crater age, but also find the mare craters are generally more rockiness than highland craters if given similar formation ages, which is interpreted as the effect of the higher mechanical strength of mare rocks (basalts) comparing to that of highland rocks (fragmental breccias).We also found the quantitative relations between boulder spatial density (>3 m) and the age of mare craters and highland craters, respectively. The applicability tests show that these relations are only suitable for craters smaller than 1 km in size. This is interpreted as the excavation of less fragmented bedrocks due to deeper excavation depth for large size craters (>1 km), resulting in a different boulder size distribution in comparison to that for craters < 1 km.This study improves the understanding of the boulder size distribution for crater <1 km in size, and provides a new perspective on the crater age determination using boulder spatial density.

Vigilante Justice and Police Protocols in the Latin American South Cone

There is a wide debate worldwide, and particularly in Latin America with respect to citizen insecurity and the proliferation of more punitive claims from the society itself. In this article we analyze the attitude of the citizens belonging to the countries of the Latin American South Cone towardsmaintaining the law regarding persecuting and punishing criminals. In particular, we tackle the approval of vigilante justice in some circumstances and the justification of police procedures outside the law as a form of guaranteeing the capture of criminals. For this, we use the LAPOP (Latin American Public Opinion Project, Vanderbilt University) database from the year 2008. Analyzing the data using probit estimations, we observe that the approval of vigilante justice is related to the experience and particular situation of the respondent. In this sense, having beenvictimized in the last months and feeling unsafe in his or her own neighborhood increase the probability of taking that position regarding vigilantism. On the other side, sticking to police procedures is more strongly related to the general political beliefs and the level of concern for the respondents' insecurity. These findings indicate that the formation of these beliefs has a differential dynamic and that when actions outside the law have to be justified, this is distinguished based on the type of involved action and the actorwho carries it forward.

Quaternary basaltic volcanism in the Golden Trout Volcanic Field, southern Sierra Nevada, California

The Golden Trout Volcanic Field (GTVF) produced the only Quaternary eruptions of mafic magma within the southern Sierra Nevada block. Approximately 38×106m3 of basalt, trachy-basalt, basaltic trachy-andesite, and basaltic andesite (50.1–56.1% SiO2, 1.1–1.9% K2O, and 5.4–9.1% MgO) was erupted from four vents within a ~10km2 portion of the GTVF, which also includes rhyolite domes that are not considered in this study. The vents include, from oldest to youngest: Little Whitney Cone, South Fork Cone, Tunnel Cone, and unglaciated Groundhog Cone. Little Whitney Cone is a 120m-high pile of olivine-CPX-phyric scoria produced during a Strombolian-style eruption overlying two columnar jointed lava flows. Tunnel Cone formed through a Hawaiian-style eruption along a 400m-long north-south trending fissure that excavated at least three 25–65m-wide craters. Crater walls up to 12m high are composed of plagioclase-olivine-phyric spatter-fed flows that dip radially away from the crater center and crumble to form Tunnel Cone's steep unconsolidated flanks. South Fork Cone is a 170m-high pile of plagioclase-olivine-phyric scoria that formed during Strombolian to violent Strombolian eruptions. South Fork Cone overlies the South Fork Cone lava, a 9.5km-long flow (~12×106km3) that reached the Kern River Canyon to the west. Scoria and airfall deposits originating from South Fork Cone are located up to 2km from the vent. Groundhog Cone is a 140m-tall cinder and spatter cone breached on the north flank by a 13×106m3 lava flow that partially buried the South Fork Cone lava and extends 7.5km west to Kern River Canyon. Incompatible trace element concentrations and ratios show vent-specific trends but are unsystematic when plotted in terms of all mafic GTVF vents, implying that GTVF basalts were derived from a lithospheric mantle source and ascended through thick granitic Sierra Nevada crust as discrete batches that underwent different degrees of crustal contamination, differentiation, and magma mixing. Clinopyroxene-liquid thermobarometry calculations of the oldest and most primitive GTVF sample indicate that most clinopyroxene crystals record nucleation conditions of 1172–1196°C and 896–1115MPa. These pressures correspond to depths equivalent to, or up to 10km shallower than, the Moho in this region. Deposits from the oldest GTVF vents are more primitive and homogeneous in terms of major and trace element concentrations, phenocryst textures and compositions, and their general absence of crustal xenoliths and xenocrysts compared to younger eruptive products. The eruption rate of the GTVF (~0.05km3/Myr) is two orders of magnitude less than neighboring and contemporaneous Big Pine and Coso volcanic fields to the north and east, respectively. We interpret these differences to result from a relative lack of strain in the GTVF region of the southern Sierra Nevada block, which limits magma accumulation and ascent.

Morphofunctional segregation in Molossid bats (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from the South American southern cone

Molossid bats exhibit a great diversity of size and skull morphology which likely reflect a trophic function and may be indicative of the degree of resource partitioning and overlap. We explored the morphofunctional variation of the skull in molossid species from Argentina, where 18 species had been recorded, and are representative of the vast South American Southern Cone region. We measured 18 craniodental variables in 377 specimens representing all 18 species. We performed a multivariate analysis using craniodental variables, and we used a comparative phylogenetic method, to determine the importance of phylogeny in morphofunctional variation. The specimens distribution in morphospace showed a clear segregation between species on the basis of skull size and morphological differences related with prey selection, and associated with other important factors such as echolocation and flight. We show that the morphological pattern observed was determined principally by the evolutionary history of the family, we identified major events of expansion of occupied morphospace with the origination of large species such as those in Eumops as well as small species of Molossops and Cynomops . We believe that the joint effects of history, size and functional morphology busted the evolution of Neotropical molossids and facilitated the coexistence of related species.

Provisional catalogue of the flora of San Ignacio de Huinay, Chile

Contribution to the vascular plants flora of San Ignacio de Huinay natural reserve, Comau fiord, Región de los Lagos, Chile. To date, 262 species with their herbaria sheets stored in 5 different American and European herbaria (CONC, M, MA, and SGO) and that of Huinay, are known in the territory. In this work some first new records for the South Cone are included, such as Potentilla anglica, Plantago media, and Mentha x rotundifolia. Furthermore, some of the records are new for the Flora of Chile, such as Juncus burkartii, only known from Argentina). Other species very scarcely cited in Chile, such as Solanum nigrum and Bromus squarrosus, are also included.

América Latina: la denuncia y el elogio del pasado reciente, memorias confrontadas a través de algunos casos nacionales / Latin America: The denunciation and the compliment of the recent past, confronted memories through certain national cases

Investigadora de tiempo completo del Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y docente en el Colegio de Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la misma universidad. Doctora en Historia por la Escuela de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Sociales (Francia), realizó una Estancia Posdoctoral en el Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas de la unam. Es miembro del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de México. Su último libro es Batallas por la memoria. Los usos políticos del pasado reciente en Uruguay (Montevideo, IISUNAM – Trilce, 2010). Está por aparecer Las luchas por la memoria en América Latina. Historia reciente y violencia política, editado con Emilio Crenzel.

Cover crops in the agricultural systems of the Argentine Pampas

The Argentine Pampas (figure 1) is located in the south cone of South America (31° to 39° S and 58° to 65° W). The region extends along 55 to 60 million ha (135 to 148 million ac) and was originally covered with temperate grasslands. The region shows several similarities as well as differences with their equivalent grassland of North America. In a simplified picture, the climate is humid in the east and subhumid/semiarid in the west. Rainfall varies from 1,200 mm y−1 (47 in yr−1) in the east to 500 mm y−1 (20 in yr−1) in the west. Fall and spring/summer are the rainier seasons but there is considerable variability in monthly and annual precipitation. The Pampas is classified as mesothermal, with average temperature around 14°C (57.2°F) in the south and 20°C (68°F) in the north. Winters can be cold, especially in the south, where it sometimes snows, but soils never become frozen. Most soils of the Pampas were developed from loess-like sediments and are mainly Mollisols. From east to west, soils are mainly Argiudolls, Hapludolls, and Haplustolls, and in some localized areas Natraquolls. Other less representative soils are Alfisols, Vertisols, and Entisols (Lavado and Taboada 2009).

Cocaine use in trauma patients admitted to intensive care medicine. clinical and epidemiological characterization

Traumatic disease is a leading cause of death in younger patients. Substance abuse is a factor of risk for serious injuries and also influences the recurrence thereof. Detecting consumption is paramount to optimize the management of these patients in the care unit intensive as well as high once for prevention strategies secondary. Within these substances, the incidence of cocaine use in the South American cone is a growing health problem.

E&amp;P Notes (October 2015)

E&amp;P Notes A Biotech Answer to a Driller’s Problem Stephen Rassenfoss, JPT Emerging Technology Senior Editor A biotechnology company from the San Francisco Bay Area is selling a futuristic solution to an old problem: lubricating drill bits grinding though rock. The product is a high-grade lubricant made from algae and is encapsulated in a polymer shell, hence the name Encapso. Coating the oil segregates the lubricant from the drilling fluid until it encounters hard contact or friction during drilling, such as a rotating drill bits on rock. It sounds like a research and development project, but it has been on the market for more than a year and used in more than 40 wells, most of which are horizontal ones drilled in unconventional plays. Argentina Remains Out of Reach for Smaller Players Jack Betz, JPT Staff Writer After offering incentives to international operators last year to drill in Argentina, the country still has more work to do in attracting foreign investment. High inflation and the local economy remain concerns for newcomers looking to profit from hydrocarbon exploration in Argentina, said Cesar Guzzetti, general manager of Latin America South Cone at Gaffney, Cline &amp; Associates, during a Houston Petroleum Club presentation in August. The country’s most recent piece of hydrocarbon legislation, which was passed last October, is designed to attract more investment by assuring outside companies that they will face a more predictable business environment and that it will be easier to send profits back home. Unconventional Technology Gains Exceed Expectations, but Low Prices Offer a Stern Test Stephen Rassenfoss, JPT Emerging Technology Senior Editor Oil markets displayed their manic-depressive side in August, dropping to around USD 40/bbl early and jumping back to near USD 50/bbl at month’s end. Prices remained volatile in September. Amid the disorienting price swings, Wood Mackenzie offered a hopeful long-term outlook for one of the most prolific unconventional plays. “We still believe that the Eagle Ford will hit 2 million B/D of oil and condensate production in 2020, but the path to get there will be different,” said Jeremy Sherby, a research analyst following the Lower 48 oil and gas at Wood Mackenzie, who did the study. Plotting that path based on recent volatile trading is not likely to be a productive exercise. The uncertainty presents a big problem for those managing drilling. “What operators are looking for now is stability. We started to see that for a couple months (of oil prices) at USD 60. But as we all know that went away,” Sherby said. India to Auction 69 Fields on Revenue-Sharing Model Abdelghani Henni, JPT Middle East Editor India has unveiled a plan to auction 69 small and marginal oil and gas fields with estimated proved reserves of 89 million tons of oil equivalent to local and foreign investors. The fields are to be auctioned under a revenue-sharing model, where the government will receive a share of the revenue generated from the sales of the oil or gas at market rate. The bidding process will start in December. Successful bidders will be granted a 20-year unified license to invest in all hydrocarbon resources in the field they bid for instead of a license for each type of hydrocarbon per field.

Role of the Argentine Republic in the evolution of MERCOSUR

The article presents an analysis of Argentina’s priorities in its integration policies within the Common Market of the South Cone (Mercosur) as well as the evolution of its approaches towards the relations with the block partners.

Repercusiones maternas y perinatales de la violencia basada en género

Objetivo: Reactualizar la prevalencia del abuso contra las mujeres atendidas en los servicios de obtetricia del Cono Sur de Lima y establecer la asociación entre la violencia y la patología materna y perinatal y la mortalidad perinatal. Diseño: Investigación analítica de tipo cohorte retrostectiva. Lugar: Hospital María Auxiliadora y en el Hospital Materno Infantil César López Silva de Villa El Salvador. Participantes: hospitalizadas. Intervenciones: Entre marzo y noviembre de 2005, se aplicó una encuesta a 733 puérperas antes del alta, para identificar la presencia de violencia contra la mujer. Según las respuestas se les clasificó en tres grupos: sin violencia (30.7%), con historia de violencia (37.4%) y con violencia durante este embarazo (31,9%). En cada caso, se revisó la historia clínica perinatal y se verificó las variables demográficas, así como las complicaciones maternas y perinatales. Se determinó igualmente lo casos de muertes fetales o neonatales. Los datos fueron procesados en Epi Info V.6. Para examinar las diferencias, se aplicó X2 y t de student y se consideró estadísticamente significativas cuando &lt;0,05. Principales medidas de resultados: Violencia durante el ebarazo, complicaciones obstétricas y neonatales. Resultados: En el grupo con violencia durante el embarazo, fue significativa la mayor frecuencia de complicaiones obstétricas y neonatales, así como una mayor mortalidad perinatal. Conclusiones: Violencia basada en género es muy frecuente entre la población de gestantes que se atienden en el cono Sur de Lima y se asocia con mayor frecuencia de patología materna y perinatal, así como mayor mortalidad perinatal.

Neurosurgery in the South Cone of Latin-America

Sciendo provides publishing services and solutions to academic and professional organizations and individual authors. We publish journals, books, conference proceedings and a variety of other publications.