Soursop Trees Research Articles

Premature Coconut Nutfall and Amblypelta cocophaga China (Hemiptera, Coreidae) in Solomon Islands

Abstract The causal organism of premature nutfall of coconuts is the coreiid bug, Amblypelta cocophaga China. There are several species of Amblypelta which are spread throughout Melanesia, Northern Australia, and Indonesia. Only Amblypelta cocophaga cocophaga and Amblypelta cocophaga malaitensis are associated with severe premature nutfall of coconuts. Amblypelta cocophaga has also been reported by EPPO and CABI to be present in Fiji and Singapore, but both records are erroneous. Premature nutfall of coconuts has always been associated with four dominant ant species, Oecophylla smaragdina and Anoploleplis gracilipes are antagonistic to A. cocophaga whereas Pheidole megacephala and Philidris myrmecodiae are not. Spraying the base of the palm to kill ants, and inter-planting with soursop trees to encourage O. smaragdina has shown promise in controlling nutfall. The little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, was accidentally introduced into Solomon Islands in the 1960s and was accidentally spread around the country. It has proven beneficial in stopping premature nutfall. Currently premature nutfall is hard to find. Biosecurity is an essential component of effective pest management. Eradication of new pests is often not possible, economic, or necessary. Prevention of movement of organisms into new areas is still the most effective biosecurity tool. Information © The Author 2024

Pelatihan Kader Dalam Penanganan Hipertensi: Optimalisasi Terapi Daun Sirsak Sebagai Bentuk Konservasi Yang Berbasis Kearifan Lokal

Background As age increases, the body undergoes many changes, both in terms of physical and psychological. Striking changes are physical changes which often cause health problems are changes in the cardiovascular system. One of them is hypertension which often occurs in the elderly. Based on data from the Ciamis Regency Health Office, there are around 640 elderly people experiencing hypertension in Cipaku sub-district. Hypertension is a lifelong disease, so it needs to be treated and maintained so that blood pressure is always in a normal state. One of them is by using alternative therapy of soursop leaf decoction water which in the Ciamis area itself has many soursop trees. The object of this service is health cadres in the Ciamis district area as many as 30 cadres. The method of this service is to provide training to cadres about soursop leaf decoction water and its impact on blood pressure. The results showed that the cadres' knowledge became better after being given this training with a picture of knowledge with an increase of 26.0. Conclusions Soursop leaf decoction water can be used as an alternative therapy in maintaining normal blood pressure. therapy in maintaining normal blood pressure.

Patógenos causantes de la pudrición de raíz en guanábana (Annona muricata L.), en Nayarit, México

In commercial soursop orchards in the state of Nayarit, Mexico, trees with apparent symptoms of root rot are observed, without the causal agent being known. Therefore, the objective of the research was to identify the fungi that cause soursop root rot. From January 2020 to January 2021, in orchards of Compostela and San Blas, Nayarit, from two trees with symptoms of possible root rot, root sections with rot were collected. Microorganisms associated with the disease were isolated and identified to carry out pathogenicity tests in one-year-old soursop trees. Fusarium falciforme and Lasiodiplodia theobromae were identified as root pathogens, both fungi are reported for the first time in this fruit tree and for Mexico.

First report of Ceratocystis fimbriata causing wilt disease of soursop in South Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Pratama R, Muslim A, Suwandi S, Suparman Shk. 2023. First report of Ceratocystis fimbriata causing wilt disease of soursop in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6711-6721. Ceratocystis fungus is a well-known pathogen that frequently attacks agroforestry plants. Symptoms of canker and wilt in soursop plants (Anona muricata L.) similar to those of ceratocystis disease with 57-100% mortality were first observed in South Sumatra, Indonesia in 2021. This study aimed to describe the symptomatology of the new disease and characterize isolates of Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst. obtained from diseased soursop plants. The identification of this pathogen involved a comprehensive polyphasic analysis, which combined morphological and molecular characteristics derived from specific genomic regions (ITS and ?-tubulin). Morphological and phylogenetic analysis revealed that all pathogen isolates were identified as C. fimbriata. All the population showed uniform morphology, comprising ITS5 and ITS7b haplotypes. The pathogenicity test indicated that C. fimbriata induced similar symptoms similar to natural symptoms, resulting in mortality rates of 50-90%. The results of pathogenicity tests of A. muricata isolates showed their high pathogenicity toward other Ceratocystis hosts plants, including Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. and Acacia mangium Willd. These tests resulted in the death rates of 15-50% and 75-100%, respectively, which closely resembled the pathogenicity observed on A. muricata. Both isolates of the ITS5 haplotype exhibited nearly identical pathogenicity on the three hosts, while ITS7b displayed higher aggressiveness. This is the the first report of C. fimbriata as a causal agent of wilt in soursop trees in Indonesia and worldwide, highlighting the importance of understanding this pathogen and its management to mitigate its impact on agroforestry plants.

Erosion Pins: Installation, Readings, and Calculations of Soil Losses under the Effect of Hydrogel

Erosion pins are considered a simple and inexpensive way to estimate soil losses due to erosion and have been used in different environments with different degrees and types of erosion. Despite the advantages of this technique, there is a shortage of studies that demonstrate how data systematization and soil loss calculations are performed using this technique. Therefore, this study aimed to present the step-by-step data systematization process of erosion pins obtained in the field and the calculation of soil losses, with the measurement of soil losses under the effect of hydrogel. Readings from 16 pins installed in an area cultivated with soursop trees planted on contour lines and associated with stone rows were monitored weekly between 19/02 and 19/03/2022 by measuring the distance between the soil surface and the end of each pin. The readings were organized by pin and date of measurement. Subsequently, soil lowering and burial, soil density, useful area of each pin, and soil loss in kg/m3 and Mg/ha-1 were determined, enabling statistical analysis and technical interpretation of the data.

Analisis Dan Inventarisasi Famili Annonaceae Di Perumahan Gading Junti Asri, Desa Sangkanhurip, Kabupaten Bandung

The Annonaceae family is generally known as the Soursop family, which has a distribution of around 128 genera and consists of approximately 2,300 species. Annonaceae have lifeforms from bushes to trees. The family produces fruit and various other benefits. Anonnaceae family is commonly found on the Australian continent, the Asian continent, the Americas, and the African continent and tropical climates but is rarely in areas with sub-tropical climates. This descriptive study has conducted at the Gading Junti Asri Housing Complex, Sangkanhurip Village, Bandung Regency. The tool used is a smartphone camera. The materials used are identified Annonaceae plant species around the residential area of ​​Gading Junti Asri. The data used to describe is descriptive qualitative data generated by reading, studying, and reviewing literature related to morphology, taxonomy, and the benefits of plants from the Anonnaceae family found based on observations at Gading Junti Asri Housing, Sangkanhurip Village, Bandung Regency. there are five Soursop trees (Annona muricata L.) and one Srikaya tree (Annona squamosa L.). These plants have a similar morphology and live well in tropical climates. These plants have a variety of uses besides their fruit-eaten parts of trees are also beneficial in the medical field, especially pharmacology.

PERDAS DE SOLO EM ÁREA AGRÍCOLA DO SEMI-ÁRIDO

Soil losses caused by erosion are a worldwide problem that brings significant environmental and economic impacts and reduces arable land. Soil conservation practices are efficient alternatives to reduce erosion and maintain crop productivity. The objective was to compare soil losses by water erosion in different agricultural managements in a rural community in the semi-arid region of Ceará. The design used was completely randomized with a factorial scheme (Treatment x period), consisting of four treatments: CNCP - Graviola planting in contour lines associated with stone strings; MACV - Graviola planting downhill, keeping the ground cover; CN - Graviola planting in a contour curve and MASV - Graviola planting downhill, without ground cover, with the period represented by the dates of collection of variables. The height and diameter of soursop trees were analyzed; soil moisture; precipitation and slope. The CNCP conservation management provided the lowest soil losses, while the MASV the highest losses, suggesting that the implementation of conservation practices in semi-arid agriculture reduces soil losses from water erosion and contributes to the sustainability of agricultural production in areas rural areas in the semi-arid region of Ceará. Keywords: Water Erosion, Runoff, Soil Degradation, Soil Conservation Practices.

Optimal model choice using AIC Method and Naive Bayes Classification

The paper purposes to evaluate the optimal model choice of trademark, nutrition, price, packaging design, product flavor, utility, convenience, promotion, and safety of the purchasing decision in Vietnam. The method was implemented through quantitative research. Data was collected Vietnam consumers who are living in Ho Chi Minh City, usually eat products from the soursop. We used R 4.0.2 for analyzing statistics. The research model was suggested from the studies of the product purchasing decisions. We used R 4.0.2 for analyzing statistics. The results of this study indicate that the product flavor, safety, nutrition, and convenience had an important and positive effect on purchasing decisions the products from the soursop is 37.45%. Trademark, price, packaging design, utility, and promotion are not related to the purchasing decision. Implications were giving the necessity to develop the soursop trees to boost the economy in Soc Trang, Vietnam. Previous studies revealed that using linear regression. This study uses the optimal choice by the AIC method.

Utilization of plantation land for increasing Indonesian soybean production

To meet the increasing demand for soybeans in Indonesia, it is necessary to increase the production rate. One way to do that is by utilizing the plantation land. The study was conducted by planting five Indonesian soybean varieties under the Sengon (Chinese albizia) tree, under a pine tree and next to the soursop tree. The data analysis used 2-factor experimental design with a confidence level of 95% and used a random model. From the results of the study it was found that there was no effect on the use of various types of Indonesian soybean varieties and the planting location toward the crop production. On the other hand, for the interaction of the use of various types of Indonesian soybeans and planting locations there was a slight influence on the crop production. Indonesian soybean production planted under Sengon trees is in an average of 2.4 kg/10mx 10m. The soybean planted under pine trees produced average of 2.5 kg/10mx 10m, while soybean planted next to soursop trees is in average of 2.3 kg/10mx 10m. Therefore, it can be concluded that plantation land does not affect the production of Indonesian Soybean. Each Indonesian soybean variety has its own production profile, as stated by its discoverer.

A View from Across the Soursop Tree

“A View from Across the Soursop Tree” is a short story about a friendship between two young girls growing up in Jamaica.

FIRST REPORT OF Phytophthora nicotianae CAUSING ROOT ROT OF SOURSOP IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

ABSTRACT In 2013, soursop trees showing symptoms of root rot were observed in a field in Maceió, state of Alagoas, Brazil. It was isolated Phytophthora sp. which pathogenicity was confirmed in the host seedlings. Morphological and physiological characteristics in carrot-agar modified medium were consistent with Phytophthora nicotianae description. The PCR sequences products obtained with ITS1/ITS4 primers were compared to sequences of ribosomal DNA of Phytophthora species from the GenBank database observing high identity with other P. nicotianae isolates. A phylogenetic tree was performed to compare the isolate with other sequences of P. nicotianae, which clustering has been verified with 99% of bootstrap, confirming the morphophysiological studies. This is the first report of this pathogen on annonaceous plants in the Northeastern Brazil.

Identificação e caracterização de espécies de Colletotrichum associadas à antracnose de anonáceas no estado de Alagoas

No Brasil, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides é a única espécie associada à antracnose de anonáceas. Contudo, apenas características morfológicas têm sido utilizadas na identificação. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi identificar e caracterizar espécies de Colletotrichum que causam a antracnose nas culturas da pinha e da graviola no Estado de Alagoas. Cinquenta e um isolados, obtidos de folhas de pinheira e gravioleira com sintomas típicos da doença, foram coletados em Maceió, Palmeira dos Índios e União dos Palmares. Os isolados foram inoculados em folhas destacadas de ambas as culturas e caracterizados morfologicamente através da morfometria de conídios e apressórios, e molecularmente por meio do sequenciamento da região ITS. Verificou-se que todos os isolados foram patogênicos a ambas as espécies. Na caracterização morfológica, os isolados foram agrupados em três grupos: M1, M2 e M3. O grupo M1 foi formado por 32 isolados com características relacionadas a C. gloeosporioides. No grupo M2, constituído de 15 isolados, predominaram características de C. boninense, enquanto, no grupo M3, composto por quatro isolados, as características foram típicas de C. fragariae. A análise filogenética, da mesma forma, também resultou em três grupos (F1, F2 e F3), os quais, de modo geral, estiveram em concordância com os dados da morfologia. O grupo filogenético F1 concentrou os isolados do grupo morfológico M1 e sequências de referências de C. gloeosporioides e C. fragariae. O grupo F2, que agrupou as sequências de C. boninense, concentrou os isolados do grupo morfológico M2. Finalmente, o grupo F3 incluiu sequências de C. magna e outros quatro isolados desse estudo. Assim, foi possível comprovar que quatro espécies de Colletotrichum são responsáveis pela antracnose em pinheira e gravioleira em Alagoas: C. gloeosporioides, C. boninense, C. fragariae e C. magna.

Propagação da gravioleira por miniestaquia

Avaliou-se o enraizamento de miniestacas de gravioleira (Annona muricata L.), utilizando-se de estacas apicais e subapicais herbáceas coletadas em plantas cultivadas no campo e em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo 4 tipos de miniestacas (apical herbácea do campo e viveiro, subapical herbácea do campo e de viveiro) e 2 níveis de reguladores de crescimento (0 e 6.000 mg kg-1), totalizando 8 tratamentos e 3 repetições, com 12 estacas por parcela. As miniestacas foram padronizadas com sete centímetros de comprimento e tratadas ou não com ácido indolbutírico, colocadas em tubetes contendo substrato comercial e mantidas em câmara de nebulização. Aos 80 dias após o estaqueamento, foi observado que as miniestacas subapicais e apicais de casa de vegetação e subapicais do campo apresentaram percentual de enraizamento de 97,3%, 88% e 88% respectivamente. Não foi detectado efeito da aplicação de AIB no enraizamento das miniestacas.

Desempenho da gliricídia no cultivo em aleias em pomar orgânico de mangueira e gravioleira

Foi estabelecido um sistema de cultivo em aléias de gliricídia em um pomar orgânico de mangueira e de gravioleira de um ano, no município de Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ-Brasil. Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar a sobrevivência e o desempenho da gliricídia no cultivo em aléias, quanto à produção de fitomassa seca e ao fornecimento de nutrientes ao sistema. A gliricídia apresentou elevada sobrevivência (93%). A média anual de produção de fitomassa seca e de adição de nutrientes ao sistema foi maior no segundo ano de avaliação (2007) do que no primeiro ano (2006), ambos com de três podas anuais que se adequaram às épocas recomendadas para a adubação das frutíferas, especialmente a gravioleira. A quantidade de N adicionada ao pomar com as podas da gliricídia foi maior que a adubação recomendada para mangueira e gravioleira. Por outro lado, a quantidade de P e K adicionada ao pomar não foi suficiente para suprir a adubação demandada para ambas as culturas.A gliricídia apresentou bom desempenho nas condições do experimento, com potencial de uso contínuo no sistema e possibilidade de aproveitamento dos nutrientes disponibilizados no sistema pelas frutíferas. Contudo, mais avaliações são necessárias ao longo do tempo para verificar a sustentabilidade do consórcio.

EVALUACIÓN DE HERBICIDAS RESIDUALESPARA EL CONTROL DE MALEZASEN GUANÁBANA (Annona muricata L.)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of residual and non residual herbicides on weed control in a soursop (Annona muricata L.) plantation established in a square system at Los Idolos, Actopan, Ver. The randomized complete block design with four replications was used. The experimental plots had a 5 x 5 m area, each with one soursop tree in the center. Twelve treatments were evaluated (diuron + hexazinone at 1.09 + 0.14, 1.63 + 0.20, 0.87 + 0.33 and 1.31 + 0.49 kg a.i.·ha-1, diuron + paraquat at 0.20 + 0.40 and 0.30 + 0.60 kg a.i.·ha-1, oxyfluorfen + glyphosate at 0.48 + 0.71 kg a.i.·ha-1, oxyfluorfen + paraquat at 0.48 + 0.40 kg a.i.·ha-1, paraquat at 0.40 kg a.i.·ha-1, glyphosate at 0.71 kg a.i.·ha-1, glufosinate at 0.30 kg a.i.·ha-1 and a weedy check). The dominant weed species was crowfoot grass [Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv.], 10 broadleaf weed species were also present. Weed control was evaluated at 15, 30, 60 and 90 days after application (DAA), and dry weed weight was quantified at 90 DAA. It was found that diuron + paraquat at 0.30 + 0.60 kg a.i.·ha-1 was the treatment with the highest control of D. aegyptium. Broadleaf weeds were efficiently controlled with diuron + hexazinone at 1.63 + 0.20, 0.87 + 0.33 and 1.31 + 0.49 kg a.i.·ha-1. Weed biomass production was lower with residual herbicides than with non-residual herbicides.

(441) Evaluation of Three Grafting Methods for Propagating Soursop (Annona muricata L.) in the Dry Tropic Region of Mexico

Soursop (Annonamuricata L.) is reproduced by seeds from `Criollo' cultivars in Mexico. The replication of desirable agronomic traits is difficult when selected plants are from sexual reproduction. The heterogeneity of plants is observed as taller trees, irregular fresh fruit yield, variable fruit quality, different insect pests, disease susceptibilities, and lower number of plants per hectare. There is an extended time period for recovering investments and commericialization problems due to fruit quality and price. Vegetative propagation is an alternative for reducing the heterogeneity of soursop trees. Three grafting methods were evaluated for propagating soursop in the dry tropic region of Colima, Mexico: 1) splice side graft; 2) wedge graft; and 3) bud graft. The experiment was carried out on the Tecoman Campus of the Universidad de Colima. Rootstocks were from 8-month-old healthy plants, 1-m tall and 1-cm diameter, obtained from `Criollo' seedlings, and the scions were obtained from a healthy 10-year-old `Sin Fibra' donor tree. This donor tree was selected for its excellent agronomic traits and fruit yield. Vigorous and terminal scions were used, disinfected with fungicide, and used the same day of excision. The experiment was distributed under a completely randomized design. Splice side grafting had 67% success after 60 days, while wedge grafting and bud grafting had 0% success.

Enxertia precoce da gravioleira (Annona muricata L.)

Visando a determinar o efeito da idade do porta-enxerto sobre a porcentagem de enxertos "pegos", foi desenvolvido um experimento com esta finalidade no Campo Experimental da Universidade Federal de Alagoas-UFAL, no período de julho a dezembro de 2001. Os porta-enxertos utilizados foram obtidos de sementes da gravioleira Morada, as quais foram enxertadas com a gravioleira Gigante das Alagoas. O método de enxertia empregado foi por garfagem de topo em fenda cheia, e o delineamento experimental usado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições e dezesseis plantas por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados a percentagem média de pegamento do enxerto aos 60 dias após a enxertia, diâmetro do caule e altura dos porta-enxertos em quatro idades distintas (40; 55; 70 e 85 dias após a emergência). Verificou-se que o percentual de pegamento do enxerto aumentou com a idade dos porta-enxertos, no qual a idade de 85 dias após a emergência foi superior às demais, apresentando 82% de pegamento. Aos 40 dias após a emergência, não houve pegamento, e somente a partir de 55 dias após a emergência, constatou-se o pegamento do enxerto, ou seja, com diâmetro médio do caule acima de 2,21mm.

Avaliação de tipos de enxertia e recipientes para produção de mudas de gravioleira (Annona muricata L.)

Na fruticultura moderna, é importante a busca de métodos de cultivo para a redução do tempo de produção. Nesse sentido, o emprego de técnicas de enxertia é fundamental. No Campo Experimental do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Alagoas-UFAL, sob as condições de viveiro, foi conduzido um experimento com gravioleira (Annona muricata L.). O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos de três métodos de enxertia sobre a porcentagem de pegamento do enxerto. Os métodos de enxertia utilizados foram por borbulhia em escudo, garfagem à inglesa simples e garfagem em fenda cheia, combinado com duas cultivares de gravioleira (Gigante das Alagoas e Crioula) e dois recipientes para mudas (sacos de polietileno e tubetes), empregando-se porta-enxertos com idade de 95 dias após a emergência. Foi avaliado o pegamento do enxerto aos 60 e 90 dias após a enxertia. Verificou-se que a cultivar Gigante das Alagoas foi superior à Crioula quanto ao pegamento do enxerto aos 60 e 90 dias após a enxertia. O melhor método de enxertia dependeu do tipo de recipiente, pois, quando se utilizaram sacos de polietileno, o método de enxertia por borbulhia em escudo foi superior aos de garfagens nas avaliações realizadas aos 60 e 90 dias após a enxertia, apresentando a percentagem média de pegamento do enxerto de 100 e 95%, respectivamente. Entretanto, utilizando recipientes de tubetes, todos os três métodos de enxertia testados apresentaram porcentagem média de pegamento do enxerto superior a 75%, porém, não diferiram estatisticamente entre si. Por meio desses resultados, verifica-se que é possível reduzir o tamanho do recipiente, sem perder a eficiência e a qualidade das mudas.

YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF SOURSOP (Annona muricata L.) GROWN FROM SEED IN JIUTEPEC, MORELOS, MEXICO

It was evaluated the production and fruit quality of 65 18-year-old soursop trees grown from seed with the purpose of initiating selection and breeding studies. Eight vegetative and fruit variables were measured in 1988: trunk diameter, leaf area, average weight of fruit·tree, production of fruits·tree, total soluble solids and fruit juice acidity (malic acid %) at the ripen-for-consumption stage, and fruit skin color at harvest (L and Hue). These traits were evaluated using cluster (C) and canonical discriminant (CD) multivariate statistical analysis techniques. Cluster analysis resulted in three soursop tree groups; their linear characterization was carried out using CD. Groups 1 and 3 included high-producing trees with an average yield of 34.2 kg·tree-1; showing a shiny green fruit skin. Soursop trees from group 3 had the largest trunk diameter (83 cm) and the highest malic acid concentration (1.4 %) in the fruit.

Annohexocin, a novel mono-THF acetogenin with six hydroxyls, from Annona muricata (Annonaceae)

A novel bioactive acetogenin, annohexocin ( 1), was isolated from the leaves of the sour sop (or guanabana) tree, Annona muricata (Annonaceae). Compound 1 is a C-35 mono-tetrahydrofuran (THF) acetogenin having six OH groups, and its structure has been elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 is the first Annonaceous acetogenin to be reported in which six OH groups include a 1,3,5 triol. Compound 1 was isolated by following brine shrimp lethality, and it showed significant inhibitory effects among six human tumor cell lines.