Sources Of Lead Contamination Research Articles

Assessment of Blood Lead Levels in Mothers Addicted to Opium and Their Neonates in Kerman: A Cross-sectional Study.

High blood lead levels (BLLs) in pregnant women are associated with poor outcome in neonates. One of the newest non-occupational sources of lead contamination is opium consumption. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess BLLs in mothers addicted to opium and their neonates in Kerman. This cross-sectional was conducted in Afzalipour hospital in Kerman, from February 2019 to February 2020. The BLLs were measured in 100 opium-addicted and non-addicted mothers and their newborns, and the lead levels higher than 5 μg/dL were considered contamination. Then, the demographic and anthropometric data were compared. Based on the results of the present study, the BLLs of opium-addicted mothers (33.40±9.22 μg/dL vs 3.2±1.5 μg/dL) and their neonates (13.46±4.86 vs 1.1±0.9) were significantly higher (P=0.001) than those of non-addicts. Moreover, the average birth weight of the newborns in the addicted group was significantly lower than in the non-addicted group (2572.8±77.49 vs 2946±46.87) (P=0.001). Besides, there was a significant relationship between the average birth weight and the BLL of the mother and baby, and the average weight of the babies was significantly lower at higher levels of lead. However, no correlation was observed regarding the average height and head circumference of the neonates (P>0.05). It seems that the serum level of lead in neonates of opium-addicted mothers contaminated with lead is significantly higher than that of non-addicts, but their anthropometric characteristics at birth were not different from those of the nonaddicted group.

Pressmud Subdue Phytoremediation Indices in Lead-Contaminated Soils: A Human Health Perspective.

Direct discharge of waste into water bodies and mining are two major sources of lead contamination in ecosystems. Water scarcity promoted the usage of industrial effluent-contaminated waters for crop production, mainly in peri-urban areas. These wastewaters may contain heavy metals and pollute crop ecosystems. These metals can reach the living cell via contaminated raw foodstuffs that grow under these conditions and cause various ill effects in metabolic activities. In this study, graded levels of pressmud (0, 2.5, 5, 10g/kg) were applied on lead imposed soil with different contamination levels (0, 100, 150, 300mg/kg) and metal dynamics was studied in spinach crop. Experimental results showed that the addition of pressmud upto 10mg/kg had decreased different phytoremediation indices in spinach crop. Whereas, increasing Pb level enhanced the indices' values, indicating accumulation of significant amount of Pb in spinach biomass. However, application of pressmud (upto 10mg/kg) reduced the bioconcentration factor (BCF) from 0.182 to 0.136, transfer factor (TF) from 0.221 to 0.191, translocation efficiency 66.11-59.34%; whereas, Pb removal enhanced from 0.063 to 0.072 over control treatment. These findings suggest that application of pressmud declined Pb concentration, the BCF and the TF in test crop which lead to less chances of adverse effect in human. These information are very useful for effectively managing wastewater irrigated agricultural crop production systems.

An Evaluation of the Presence of Heavy Metals in the Poultry Feeds Marketed in Ijebu Jesa, Osun State

One of the most crucial areas of agriculture is poultry production, with commercial layers and broilers making a significant contribution to supplying the rising need for protein from the growing population through eggs and meats. It's crucial that hens have enough of certain necessary metals like copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in their meals. We examined the levels of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) in four brands of two commercial feeds (Animal care and Top feeds) that are often used by chicken farmers in Osun state. The meals were bought at Ijebu-Jesa, Osun State, from several retail establishments. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) analysis was done after the feeds had been ashed, digested, and examined for metal contamination. The concentration of the key components was consistently lowest in starting feed. The feed had relatively little of the necessary components (copper, zinc, iron, and manganese). Because of this, the projected nutritional values of the feed based on the concentrations of the necessary components were extremely low. This demonstrates that supplements were not provided to the diets as was reasonable to expect. The feed samples, however, had very high levels of lead. Anthropogenic sources of lead contamination in the environment, particularly fossil fuels, may be to blame for this. Adoption of alternative renewable energy sources like biodiesel and bioethanol is highly necessary.

Impact Assessment of Lead-Tolerant Rhizobacteria to Improve Soil Health Using Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) as an Indicator Plant.

Due to ongoing human activities, heavy metals are heavily accumulated in the soil. This leads to an increase in the discharge and the quick spread of heavy metal pollution in human settlements and natural habitats, having a disastrous effect on agricultural products. The current experiment was planned to evaluate the effect of lead-tolerant-plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (LTPGPR) on growth, yield, antioxidant activities, physiology, and lead uptake in the root, shoot, and seed of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in lead-amended soil. Three pre-isolated well-characterized lead-tolerant rhizobacterial strains-S10, S5, and S2-were used to inoculate seeds of Indian mustard grown at three different levels of lead (300 mg kg-1, 600 mg kg-1, 900 mg kg-1) contaminated soil. The experiment was designed following a completely randomized design (CRD) under factorial arrangements. Lead nitrate was used as a source of lead contamination. At harvesting, data regarding growth, physiology, yield per plant, antioxidant activities, malondialdehyde and proline content, and lead uptake in the root, shoot, and seed of Indian mustard were recorded. Results demonstrated that lead contamination at all levels significantly reduced the plant growth, yield, and physiological processes. Plants inoculated with lead-tolerant rhizobacteria showed a significant improvement in plant growth, yield, antioxidant activities, and physiological attributes and cause a valuable reduction in the malondialdehyde contents of Indian mustard in lead-contaminated soil. Moreover, plants inoculated with lead-tolerant rhizobacteria also showed an increment in lead uptake in the vegetative parts and a significant reduction of lead contents in the seed of Indian mustard.

Activity coefficients, phase diagram and separation process design for NaNO3 and Pb(NO3)2 of waste liquor in the production of lead–chromium pigments

Lead contamination is one of the common soil heavy metal pollution elements, and the waste solution discharged from chromium–lead pigment plants is one of the potential sources of lead contamination. In order to separate and recover sodium nitrate and lead nitrate from waste liquid of the production of lead–chromium pigments, it is necessary to make systematical studies on thermodynamic properties, and thermodynamic phase diagram of the salt–water system containing NaNO3 and Pb(NO3)2. Accordingly, in this work, the cell potential method were chosen to measure the thermodynamic activity coefficients of mixed solutions NaNO3– Pb(NO3)2–H2O. The thermodynamic properties (mean activity coefficient, osmotic coefficient, water activity, excess Gibbs free energy) of NaNO3–Pb(NO3)2–H2O mixed solutions at 308.15 K were also determined by Pitzer model. Furthermore, the phase equilibria of the NaNO3–Pb(NO3)2–H2O system was investigated by the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method, and its isothermal equilibrium phase diagram was drawn in detail. The solubility data were used to obtain the Pitzer mixing ion parameters, and the solubilities of salts in the ternary system were predicted by Pitzer model. Based on the plotted phase diagrams, as a result, the process to separate NaNO3 and enrich the recycling of Pb(NO3)2 was designed based on the calculated phase diagram. Among them, the recovery of NaNO3 reached 70.82% and the enrichment of Pb(NO3)2 reached about 15 times. The designed separation process in this work has the advantages of green, low energy consumption and sustainability, which is of positive practical significance for the full utilization of resources and the prevention of environmental pollution.

Neighborhood disparities and the burden of lead poisoning.

To assess the persistence of neighborhood-level lead poisoning disparities in Rhode Island. Rhode Island Department of Health blood lead levels (BLL) collected from 2006-2019 were linked to census block group rates of poverty and housing built pre-1950. We computed multivariate logistic regression models of elevated BLLs (≥5 µg/dL and ≥10 µg/dL). Of the 197,384 study children, 12.9% had BLLs ≥5 µg/dL and 2.3% had BLLs ≥10 µg/dL. The proportion of children with BLL ≥ 5 µg/dL increased across quintiles of poverty and old housing. The odds ratio for highest quintiles was 1.44 (95% CI: 1.29, 1.60) and 1.92 (95% CI: 1.70, 2.17) for poverty and pre-1950 housing, respectively. A significant temporal decline was observed for BLL ≥ 5 µg/dL (2006: 20.5%, 2019: 3.6%). Disparities narrowed over the study period across quintiles of poverty and old housing with a similar trend appearing in the proportion of children with BLL ≥ 10 µg/dL. Despite tremendous progress in reducing lead exposure, substantial neighborhood disparities in lead poisoning persist. These findings provide valuable considerations for primary childhood lead exposure prevention. Through linkage of Rhode Island Department of Health childhood lead poisoning and census data, this study captures neighborhood-level disparities in lead poisoning from 2006-2019. This study demonstrates that the odds of lead poisoning increased in a stepwise fashion for neighborhood quintiles of poverty and housing built pre-1950. While the magnitude of lead poisoning disparities narrowed across quintiles of poverty and old housing, disparities persist. Children's exposure to sources of lead contamination continues to be an important public health concern. The burden of lead poisoning is not equally distributed among all children or communities.

Use of historical mapping to understand sources of soil-lead contamination: Case study of Santa Ana, CA

This paper investigates the historical sources of soil-lead contamination in Santa Ana, California. Even though dangerous levels of soil-lead have been found in a wide variety of communities across the United States, public health institutions lack clarity on the historical origins of these crises. This study uses geo-spatial data collected through archival research to estimate the impact of two potential sources of lead contamination in the past -- lead-paint and leaded gasoline. It examines, through a combination of statistical and historical methods, the association between lead concentrations in contemporary soil samples and patterns in the evolution of the city's physical features, such as the growth of urbanized areas and the historical flow of traffic. We emphasize the value of historical data collected through archival research for understanding the sources of environmental lead, particularly leaded gasoline, which our study found to be the most likely and most prominent contributor to soil-lead in Santa Ana's environment. This research contributes to environmental-justice advocacy efforts to reframe lead poisoning as a systemic environmental issue and outlines the path forward to community-level remediation strategies.

Understanding evidence-based lead mitigation: Is the lead mitigation advice and strategies being communicated to citizens evidence-based?

Background and Hypothesis: The CDC has declared that there is no safe blood lead level for a child, but still approximately 37 million homes are lead-contaminated of which 4 million are home to small children. Lead abatement is an expensive strategy to remove all lead hazards rendering a home lead-free. Many of these lead-contaminated homes are in lower socioeconomic areas which makes lead abatement nearly impossible. Given the expense of lead abatement, low-cost interim controls are needed to reduce lead exposure thus creating a lead-safe home. We hypothesize that updated lead mitigation strategies need pursued, and there is a large disparity of lead information disseminated between health departments. 
 
 Project Methods: Using JSTOR and Boolean criteria, we conducted a systematic literature review on evidence-based, do-it-yourself (DIY) lead mitigation strategies for sources of lead contamination. Once the literature review was completed, QualtricsR was used to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the 50 state health department’s websites for lead policy, user friendliness, and recommended lead interim controls as compared to the literature review. 
 
 Results: Results from the literature indicate that there is a lack of current information regarding new strategies for lead mitigation. Research prior to the year 2000 shows that cleaning flat surfaces by wet mopping, washing hands frequently, mulching, removing shoes before entering the home, and painting over deteriorating paint significantly reduces lead accumulation in the home. Preliminary results from the website review found that there is no baseline of uniform information being distributed, and evidence-based practices are not included for each state health department. 
 
 Potential Impact: The lack of continuity nationwide for lead mitigation showcases that families are not receiving all of the information that research has to offer to help keep their homes safe. This research indicates that there is a need for national lead policies and recommendations, so each family in the U.S. is equally informed.

Elevated Levels of Lead (Pb) Identified in Georgian Spices

Background:Human lead (Pb) exposure can result in a number of adverse health outcomes, particularly in children.Objective:An assessment of lead exposure sources was carried out in the Republic of Georgia following a nationally representative survey that found elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in children.Methods:A range of environmental media were assessed in 25 homes and four bazaars spanning five regions. In total, 682 portable X-Ray Fluorescence measurements were taken, including those from cookware (n = 53); paint (n = 207); soil (n = 91); spices (n = 128); toys (n = 78); and other media (n = 125). In addition, 61 dust wipes and 15 water samples were collected and analyzed.Findings:Exceptionally high lead concentrations were identified in multiple spices. Median lead concentrations in six elevated spices ranged from 4–2,418 times acceptable levels. Median lead concentrations of all other media were within internationally accepted guidelines. The issue appeared to be regional in nature, with western Georgia being the most highly affected. Homes located in Adjara and Guria were 14 times more likely to have lead-adulterated spices than homes in other regions.Conclusions:Further study is required to determine the source of lead contamination in spices. Policy changes are recommended to mitigate potential health impacts. The results of this study contribute to a growing body of evidence that points to adulterated spices as a significant source of human lead exposure.

Temporal and spatial changes of Pb in soils in Cuihu wetland, Beijing, China

ABSTRACT Protecting soil from Pb contamination has been a programme for a long time in China. However, research on lead pollution in wetlands remains rare. To understand the characteristics of Pb pollution in Beijing and the sources of contamination of different soil samples in wetlands, we collected samples during all four seasons from two soil horizons and analyzed their Pb concentrations and Pb isotope ratios. The average concentrations of Pb varied from 65.44 mg/kg in spring to 106.11 mg/kg in winter. Concentrations in autumn were significantly lower than those in spring and summer and were notably different between A and B Horizons (59.42 and 71.47 mg/kg, respectively). The Pb isotopic compositions show that Pb pollution results from a mixing of geogenic and anthropogenic materials. The ratios of 206Pb/207Pb and 206Pb/208Pb evidenced that coal combustion and vehicle exhaust are the main sources of lead contamination in the two horizons. These results will help in reducing lead contamination in soil by knowing the temporal and spatial variations and sources of lead in Beijing.

Oral exposure to lead for Japanese children and pregnant women, estimated using duplicate food portions and house dust analyses

BackgroundLead is a toxic metal abundant in the environment. Consumption of food contaminated at low levels of lead, especially by small children and pregnant women, raises a health concern.MethodsDuplicated food portions and drinking water were collected over 3 days from 88 children and 87 pregnant women in Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan. Participants were recruited in this study between January 2014 and October 2015. Dust was also collected from their homes. Lead concentrations were measured and consequent oral lead exposure levels were estimated for this population at high risk to environmental toxicants. Lead concentrations of peripheral and cord blood, taken from children and pregnant women, and were also analyzed.ResultsLead concentrations in food, drinking water, and house dust were low in general. Oral lead exposure to lead was higher for children (Mean ± SEM; 5.21 ± 0.30 μg/kg BW/week) than in pregnant women (1.47 ± 0.13 μg/kg BW/week). Food and house dust were main sources of lead contamination, but the contribution of house dust widely varied. Means ± SEM of peripheral and cord blood lead concentrations were 0.69 ± 0.04 μg/dL and 0.54 ± 0.05 μg/dL, respectively for pregnant women and 1.30 ± 0.07 μg/dL (peripheral only) in children. We detect no correlation between smoking situations and blood lead concentration in pregnant women.ConclusionWe conclude that oral lead exposure levels for Japanese children and pregnant women were generally low, with higher concentrations and exposure for children than for pregnant women. More efforts are necessary to clarify the sources of lead contamination and reduce lead exposure of the population at high risk even in Japan.

Airborne lead dust concentration in Townsville, Queensland is associated with port activity and may contribute to estuarine sediment contamination

Australia has a history of overlooking heavy metal contamination in towns and water bodies that can impact on human and environmental health. Airborne lead pollution in many regional Australian towns is often related to mining, smelting and transport of minerals. Recent studies in Townsville have shown inner city soil and playgrounds, creek and nearby off-shore sediment to have heavy metal concentrations that exceed Australian standards; this contamination is suspected to originate from the port. To assess the port as a current source of lead dust, we evaluated one year of data in 2015-2016 on lead concentration in air from the Department of Environment and Heritage Protection continuous metals monitoring station. The analysis shows that when the wind direction is from the port, and ships are present at the berth where the lead and zinc concentrates are loaded, there is a significant increase in lead concentration. This suggests that shipping activity at the port continues to be the source of lead-laden dust in inner Townsville and in estuarine and coastal marine sediments. The sediments have the highest concentration of lead in Ross Creek, southwest of the port. The geographical relationship between the port, metal analyser and the creek relative to the northeast winds, the latter being directly downwind, suggest that the Ross creek and metal monitoring station have the same source of lead contamination. Our results indicate lead testing in people and wildlife in the area may be warranted to directly assess risks, and that remedial action should continue to focus on reducing escape of lead dust from the port.

Risky bismuth: Distinguishing between lead contamination sources in soils

In a broad environmental study in St. Joseph County, Indiana, elemental data from ∼2000 soil samples and ∼800 paint samples were collected with X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. The observed lead concentrations were compared to other elemental concentrations in these data. A strong correlation between lead and bismuth concentrations was observed in a subset of the soil samples and in nearly all of the paint samples, with lead levels approximately 150 times higher than bismuth. However, some soil samples contained lead with no bismuth present. Since most lead sources likely contain bismuth as an impurity from refining of native lead ore, but leaded gasoline does not contain any bismuth impurities due to the manufacturing process of tetraethyl lead, it may be possible to distinguish environmental lead sources by XRF. To test if leaded gasoline could be the source of lead in the subset of soil samples containing no bismuth, leaded paint samples were analyzed with Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), which confirmed the presence of bismuth in leaded paint. Aviation gasoline, which contains tetraethyl lead, was also analyzed by ICP-OES to confirm the absence of bismuth in leaded gasoline. This discovery suggests that XRF can be used to rapidly distinguish different legacy lead contamination sources from one another. For low lead concentrations, elemental measurements of bismuth by ICP-OES can be used in environmental forensics to distinguish leaded gasoline contamination from other sources of lead.

Regulations on lead ammunition adopted in Europe and evidence of compliance.

The transition to non-lead ammunition has been enforced by regulations on use and possession of lead shot and rifle bullets. Here we review the scientific and technical literature about this regulatory process in Europe and give some notes of its effectiveness to reduce this source of lead contamination in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Presently, lead shot use has been legally restricted in 23 European countries. Two, Denmark and The Netherlands, have a total ban of lead gunshot use in all types of habitats, 16 countries have a total ban in wetlands and/or for waterbird hunting, and 5 have a partial ban implemented only in some wetlands. The legal regulation of lead bullets is limited to some German regions. This review also highlights the need to know the level of compliance with the ban on lead ammunition and the subsequent benefits for the susceptible species and for game meat safety.

Utilities Lead the Way in Lead Corrosion Control

Corrosion of piping and solder can be a primary source of lead contamination in drinking water. To minimize the problem, water utilities implement a variety of corrosion control treatments, including pH and alkalinity adjustment, corrosion inhibitors, and other approaches.

From sport hunting to breeding success: Patterns of lead ammunition ingestion and its effects on an endangered raptor

Lead is highly toxic for wildlife, with pernicious consequences especially in long-lived predators. The causes of lead ammunition ingestion in Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata) and its effects on breeding success were studied in one of the most important populations of this endangered species in Europe. Regurgitated pellets belonging to different pairs from 2004 to 2014 were analyzed, both in the breeding (1363 pellets from 12 territories) and non-breeding (172 pellets from 9 territories) seasons. From these territories, 57 molted feathers to study lead contamination were analyzed, and breeding success was monitored for 41 breeding attempts. The occurrence of lead shots in pellets was detected using X-ray photographs. Pellets were also used to describe eagle diet. Lead shots in pellets were present in 83.3% of the territories. The frequency of occurrence of lead shots in pellets (2.81% in spring and 1.31% in autumn) was primarily related to the consumption of red-legged partridge in the breeding season (when partridges are hunted from blinds using calling lures), and secondarily to rabbit consumption in the non-breeding season (coinciding with the main hunting season). Thus, our results indicate that injured small-game were the main source of lead contamination in the Bonelli's eagle. For the first time for a raptor species, a positive relationship between the frequency of occurrence of lead shots in pellets and lead concentration in eagles' feathers has been documented. Lead concentration in feathers (mean±SD: 816±426μgkg−1, with no sex-related differences) was high for a species that rarely eats carrion or aquatic birds (the main prey-related lead source for raptors). This had negative effects on breeding success, which could jeopardize Bonelli's eagles in other European populations that are sustained by juvenile dispersal from the study population. Our work shows that some game modalities pose a potential threat to endangered raptors.

Blood Lead Levels in Asymptomatic Opium Addict Patients; a Case Control Study.

One of the newest non-occupational sources of lead contamination is drug addiction, which has recently been addressed as a major source of lead poisoning in some countries. The present study aimed to investigate the blood lead level (BLL) of asymptomatic opium addicts. This case-control study was conducted during a one-year period to compare BLL of three groups consisting of opium addicts, patients under methadone maintenance therapy (MMT), and healthy individuals. 99 participants with the mean age of 55.43±12.83 years were studied in three groups of 33 cases (53.5% male). The mean lead level in opium addicts, MMT and control groups were 80.30 ± 6.03 μg/L, 67.94 ± 4.42 μg/L, and 57.30±4.77 μg/L, respectively (p=0.008). There was no significant difference in BLL between MMT and healthy individuals (p=0.433) and also between opium addicts and MMT individuals (p=0.271).Oral opium abusers had significantly higher lead levels (p = 0.036). There was a significant correlation between BLL and duration of drug abuse in opium addict cases (r=0.398, p=0.022). The odds ratio of having BLL ≥ 100 in oral opium users was 2.1 (95% CI: 0.92 - 4.61; p = 0.43). Based on the result of present study, when compared to healthy individuals, opium addicts, especially those who took substance orally had significantly higher levels of blood lead, and their odds of having BLL ≥ 100 was two times. Therefore, screening for BLL in opium addicts, particularly those with non-specific complaints, could be useful.

Annotating the CIA7 Gene: Comparing Lead Bioaccumulation, Cell Growth and Morphology in Two Strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

As industrialization increases to meet the demands of 21st century life, incidences of heavy metal contamination increases as well. Non‐essential heavy metals serve no biological function and can have devastating effects across all spectra of life. Lead (Pb) is of significant research importance due to its toxicity at both acute and chronic levels of exposure. Industrial sources of lead contamination include production of crude oils, and paints. Bioavailable Pb contamination can damage key metabolic processes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Plants and algal cells are particularly affected by Pb, as unchecked exposure can cause metabolic dysfunction and eventually damage the chloroplast's photosystems. Alga and plants employ an array of physical and chemical defenses to maintain heavy metal homeostasis. Among these are the production of non‐specific heavy metal binding proteins known as phytochelatins (PC) and metallothioneins (MT). Both protein families share similar amino acid motifs, particularly moieties of cysteine, whose sulfhydryl (‐SH) active site has a high affinity for heavy metal ions. MT and PC aid in the chelation and eventual removal of heavy metal ions. Investigation of heavy metal tolerance genes in green algae is of importance due to their position as primary producers in most aquatic ecosystems. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga, has been a model organism for the study of photosynthesis, bioremediation, and heavy metal toxicity. Though its genome has been sequenced, several genes and their protein products remain unannotated. One such gene, Cia7, is hypothesized to play a role in maintaining C. reinhardtii's heavy metal homeostasis. Preliminary evidence shows that CIA7 contains a highly conserved motif similar to other metal sequestering proteins. To aid in confirming CIA7's ability to sequester heavy metals, this study presents the results of a bioaccumulation experiment involving a wild type (CC4425) and a Cia7 mutant (CC5013). CC4425 and the CC5013 were grown simultaneously in separate treatment flasks containing either 0uM/150 uM PbCl2 in replete TAP media for 4 days under constant lighting. Pb ion bioaccumulation was measured utilizing an Induced Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometer (ICP‐OES) following a microwave acid digestion step. A 2×2 factorial analysis of variance was conducted to determine the significance of the data obtained. Results of bioaccumulation experiments indicated that there is a significant difference in Pb bioaccumulation between the mutant cia7 and wild‐type at 150 μM Pb treatment. The mutant cia7 bioaccumulated higher concentration of Pb compared to wild‐type. This difference is significant at 95% confidence interval. Flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy experiments were conducted to further explore the differences in morphology and cell count between strains across both treatments.Support or Funding InformationNorman Hackerman Advanced Research Program

Reply to Gulson's comments on ‘Tracing changes in atmospheric sources of lead contamination using lead isotopic compositions in Australian red wine’

Reply to Gulson's comments on ‘Tracing changes in atmospheric sources of lead contamination using lead isotopic compositions in Australian red wine’

Discussion: Tracing changes in atmospheric sources of lead contamination using lead isotopic compositions in Australian red wine Chemosphere (2016) 154, 40–47. Authors Kristensen LJ, Taylor MP, Evans AJ

Discussion: Tracing changes in atmospheric sources of lead contamination using lead isotopic compositions in Australian red wine Chemosphere (2016) 154, 40–47. Authors Kristensen LJ, Taylor MP, Evans AJ