Source Of Fluoride Exposure Research Articles

Assessment of fluoride accumulation in various vegetable and leafy greens consumed in Morocco

Fluoride is an essential element in preventing tooth decay, but excessive consumption can be harmful to health. There are various sources of fluoride exposure, including oral intake from water, tea, dates, toothpaste, and green vegetables; however, the extent of exposure varies among different groups in the population. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor the consumption of these sources to avoid the risk of excessive fluoride intake. Our study, analyzing 33 varieties of root, fruit, tuber, and leaf vegetables produced in the Rabat-Salé-Kenitra region of Morocco, should be aiming to understand fluoride accumulation in vegetables, classify different varieties based on their fluoride content, and assess the risks associated with high fluoride exposure through vegetable consumption. The results revealed fluoride levels ranging from 2.3 to 36.2 mg/kg for leaves of consumable plants, 0.17 to 13.2 mg/kg for leafy vegetables, 0 to 5.19 mg/kg for fruit vegetables, 1.45 to 3.66 mg/kg for tuber vegetables, 1.62 to 8.33 mg/kg for bulb vegetables, and 0.85 to 3.40 mg/kg for root vegetables. This study emphasizes the significance of understanding fluoride concentrations in vegetables. It suggests classifying different varieties based on their fluoride content to prevent the risks associated with excessive fluoride exposure from consuming these vegetables. High fluoride exposure through vegetables can result in various health problems, including dental, skeletal, and other types of fluorosis.

Fluoride sources, toxicity and fluorosis management techniques – A brief review

Fluoride contamination in drinking water is a global issue. Frequent over-exposure to fluoride causes several health problems such as fluorosis, neurological, thyroid, osteoporosis, etc. The guideline values prescribed by the WHO and other nationals for fluoride in drinking water are reasonable but mostly relevant to fluorosis. However, these guideline values cannot be satisfied in some regions due to economic and financial shortcomings. Several fluorosis management techniques were suggested to address excess fluoride in drinking water, but each have specific drawbacks. Defluoridation techniques like the Nalgonda technique, reverse osmosis (RO), and adsorption using activated alumina have found to be promising to reduce fluoride concentration within the prescribed limits, and RO water is most widely used for drinking in fluorosis affected regions. However, these techniques are still associated with certain drawbacks, and prior research on this theme has focused on one dimension of removing excess fluoride from water. Hence, it is essential to understand the basic problems associated with fluoride contamination, such as sources of fluoride exposure, adverse health effects and defluoridation techniques feasibility. Furthermore, perception of the effect of co-existing ions with fluoride in drinking water is crucial in deciding fluoride toxicity level and developing efficient strategies for fluorosis mitigation.

Fluoride exposure and factors affecting dental caries in preschool children living in two areas with different natural levels of fluorides

BackgroundSuccessful oral health interventions must be based on the specific needs of the population that they serve. Evaluation of habits related to dental caries development and estimation of fluoride exposure in a target group of young patients helps to plan effective and safe caries prevention strategies. ObjectivesThe study aimed to evaluate factors affecting dental caries experience and sources of fluoride exposure in preschool children living in two areas: with optimal and low natural content of fluoride in drinking water. Materials and methodsThe study included a group of 73 children of both sexes aged 4–7 years attending two kindergartens in Środa Wielkopolska and Turek (Wielkopolska Voivodeship, Poland), where the content of fluoride in drinking water according to data obtained in the sanitary station ranged from 0.68 to 0.74 mg/L (optimal concentration of fluoride) and from 0.19 to 0.30 mg/L (low concentration of fluoride), respectively. Parents of patients completed a survey about diet, hygiene, and dental care, taking into account the child's fluoride exposure. The calibrated dentist assessed the oral health condition using a mirror, a CPI probe, and a headlamp. Oral hygiene was recorded using the Silness and Löe plaque index, caries experience by calculating the numbers of decayed, missing, and filled primary, and permanent teeth (dmf and DMF, respectively) while caries frequency by calculating the percentage of children with caries experience above 0. In order to assess the fluoride concentrations in urine and drinking water, parents were asked to provide a urine sample collected on fasting and a tap water sample. Fluoride concentrations were assessed using a 09–37 (MARAT) fluoride ion-selective electrode and a RAE 111 silver-chloride reference electrode. Statistical analysis was conducted using the data analysis software system Statistica (version 12, StatSoft, Inc. 2014), assuming a statistical significance level p < 0.05. ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found between caries indices of the examined children in each kindergarten (p > 0.05). Urinary fluoride levels were higher in children who tended to swallow toothpaste or used fluoride rinses and positively correlated with fluoride concentrations in the drinking water. Dental caries experience in the examined children depended on the effectiveness and frequency of oral hygiene procedures and dietary habits. ConclusionsThe strategy aimed at improving the oral health of the examined group of children should include accomplishing oral hygiene, promoting a non-cariogenic diet, and, finally, controlling fluoride exposure from at-home fluoride products. Caries prevention program ought to be adjusted to individual characteristics of each child, taking into consideration oral hygiene practices, dietary habits and total fluoride intake.

Determination of the Fluoride Content in Water of Aqueducts of Cauca (Colombia) by Ion Exchange Chromatography.

Water for human consumption is the main source of fluoride exposure. The concentration in water should not exceed 1mg/L of fluoride since, at higher levels; it increases the risk of dental fluorosis, among other adverse effects. The fluoride content of 149 water samples from different aqueducts in Cauca (Colombia) has been determined by ion exchange chromatography with the aim of fluoride risk assessment. The rural area of the Municipality of Santander de Quilichao registered fluoride concentrations between 0.012 and 0.150mg/L. The urban area of Santander de Quilichao recorded lower fluoride levels than the rural area (0.027-0.068mg/L). The urban area of the Municipality of Cajibío registered fluoride levels of 0.082-0.186mg/L. The highest levels of fluoride were found in Timbío (0.121-0.210mg/L). The fluoride levels recorded in this study are not considered sufficient to trigger dental fluorosis. Likewise, optimal levels are not considered to protect the child population against dental caries. However, a monitoring plan of fluoride concentrations in water should be implemented to assure the quality and safe of the water.

Predictors of Plasma Fluoride Concentrations in Children and Adolescents.

Despite increasing concerns about neurotoxicity of fluoride in children, sources of fluoride exposure apart from municipal water fluoridation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the associations of demographics, drinking water characteristics, diet, and oral health behaviors with plasma fluoride concentrations in U.S. children. We used data from 3928 6–19-year-olds from the 2013–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We used a 24-h dietary recall to estimate recent consumption of fluoridated tap water and select foods. We estimated the associations of fluoridated tap water, time of last dental visit, use of toothpaste, and frequency of daily tooth brushing with plasma fluoride concentrations. The participants who consumed fluoridated (≥0.7 mg/L) tap water (n = 560, 16%) versus those who did not had 36% (95% CI: 22, 51) higher plasma fluoride. Children who drank black or green tea (n = 503, 13%) had 42% higher plasma fluoride concentrations (95% CI: 27, 58) than non-tea drinkers. The intake of other foods and oral health behaviors were not associated with plasma fluoride concentrations. The consumption of fluoridated tap water and tea substantially increases plasma fluoride concentrations in children. Quantifying the contribution of diet and other sources of fluoride is critical to establishing safe target levels for municipal water fluoridation.

Fluoride Levels in Mexican Foods and Beverages

INTRODUCTIONThe sources of fluoride exposure for the Mexicans are foods, beverages, fluoridated salt and naturally fluoridated water. The main objetive of this study was to estimate the concentrati...

Fluoride in Polish Drinking Water and the Possible Risk of Dental Fluorosis

The role of fluoride in dental caries prevention is well-documented. However, excessive fluoride exposure may have detrimental effects on human health. The first overt sign of chronic fluoride overdose is enamel fluorosis. The increasing prevalence of this condition has been observed recently due to widespread use of water fluoridation, dental cavity prevention products, and environmental pollution. Our review provides basic information regarding the sources of fluoride exposure in Poland, with special attention to drinking water as well as current Polish and European Union legislation on drinking water quality. The notion of infant formula reconstituted in fluoridated water as a risk factor for enamel fluorosis development is discussed. The implications of setting the upper limit of fluoride content in the drinking water at 1.5 mg/l were mentioned. The need for increasing knowledge about adverse effects of fluoride as well as the availability of data on fluoride content in the environment is emphasized.

EPA ACTS ON FLUORIDE

EPA PROPOSED on Jan. 10 to phase out use of the pesticide sulfuryl fluoride on food because of concerns that children are being exposed to too much fluoride. The announcement came just days after the agency said that it is considering lowering the limit for fluoride in drinking water ( C&EN Online Latest News, Jan. 10). Both actions were prompted by new EPA risk assessments suggesting that some children are being exposed to levels of fluoride that put them at risk for developing dental fluorosis, a condition that can lead to severe pitting and staining of teeth. “EPA has found that sources of fluoride exposure have increased over the years because of several factors, including increased access to fluoridated drinking water, foods and beverages processed with fluoridated water, and consumer dental products such as fluoride toothpastes and rinses,” Robert M. Sussman, EPA senior policy counsel, said at a briefing on Jan. 7. The data show ...