Color Sources Research Articles

Judgments of learning (JOLs) impact item memory but not source memory: Insights into JOL reactivity using a multinomial model.

Past research has evaluated participants' understanding of their memory by soliciting judgments of learning (JOLs). Importantly, JOLs sometimes change memory for the judged material, leading to JOL reactivity. The cue-strengthening account (Soderstrom et al., 2015) and changed-goal account (Mitchum et al., 2016) propose different mechanisms that lead to JOL reactivity. In the present study, we collected measures that can provide further insight into these mechanisms. Specifically, participants studied related and unrelated word pairs in different colored fonts for a source recognition test. Across three experiments, data were analyzed using a hierarchical Bayesian model of multidimensional source memory to determine how JOLs impact item memory as well as relatedness and color source memory. In Experiment 2, we also compared the effects of making JOLs to making judgments of relatedness (JORs), and Experiment 3 examined how JOLs impact study time allocation. The results of our experiments failed to fully follow predictions of either account. Making JOLs (Experiments 1-3) and JORs (Experiment 2) strengthened item memory for related as well as unrelated pairs, the latter finding not predicted by either account. In addition, JOLs and JORs did not specifically strengthen source memory for relatedness, as the cue-strengthening account predicts, nor did JOLs change study time (Experiment 3), as suggested by the changed-goal account. In all, our results provide novel insight that enhanced item memory may be largely responsible for JOL reactivity, thus adjudicating between candidate explanations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Development, characterization and stability of a novel sport drink based on thermal water, apple juice and hibiscus

Isotonic drinks are sports beverages that replenish minerals and rapidly absorbable carbohydrates. We proposed to surpass traditional formulations of isotonic drinks by integrating thermal water, which remains unexploited as a source of electrolytes in isotonic despite the high mineral content. The novel formula combined thermal water with apple juice and hibiscus extract (as sources of sugars and color, respectively, and bioactive compounds). Through comprehensive analysis of chemical, physicochemical, and microbiological properties over 45 days at 4°C and 25°C, the results unveiled an isotonic drink with satisfactory characteristics for this product category: pH of 3.72, 7.93 mg/100 mL of total sugars, and 148.30 mg/100 mL minerals, predominantly sodium (34.99 mg/100 mL) and potassium (73.20 mg/100 mL). It showed significant phenolic compounds, notably chlorogenic acid (2.75±0.10 mg/100 mL), and antioxidant activity (472.72 µmol Trolox eq/100 mL). It maintained a vibrant red hue derived from hibiscus anthocyanins (delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside and cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside, totaling 4.06±0.03 mg/100 mL), and demonstrated microbiological stability throughout the storage period in both temperatures studied. Therefore, by harnessing the potential of thermal water, this study paves the way for a novel approach to developing sports beverages and can serve as a model for countries rich in thermal springs.

From Conventional to Craft Beer: Perception, Source, and Production of Beer Color-A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis.

Beer is a popular beverage consumed globally, and studies have emphasized the benefits of moderate consumption as well as its sensory effects on consumers. Color is a crucial sensory attribute, being the first aspect a consumer notices when assessing a beer's quality. This review seeks to offer detailed insights into how brewing methods, raw materials, and the chemical diversity of beer influence the production of beer color. The chemical mechanisms responsible for color development and how consumers and color systems perceive the color of beer were assessed. A systematic review following the PRISMA methodology, coupled with a bibliometric analysis, was performed using (Rayyan 2022) and (VOSviewer 1.6.20) software to assess and evaluate the scientific research retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. The findings highlight the significant roles of malt types, heat brewing processes, control of chemical parameters, and innovative brewing techniques in conventional beer color production. Novel chromophores like perlolyrine, pyrrolothiazolate, and furpenthiazinate are thought to affect Pilsen-style beers, along with melanoidins, Strecker aldehydes, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in conventional beers. In craft beers, such as fruit- or herb-based beers, flavonoids like anthocyanins, along with other natural pigments and synthetic colorants, are identified as the primary sources of color. However, studies related to the influence of chromophores like perlolyrine, pyrrolothiazolate, and furpenthiazinate on beer color are scarce, and emerging additives, such as pigments from microorganisms, spices, exotic herbs, and leaves of plants, on craft beer offer insights for future research.

Microfiltered red-purple pitaya concentrate: A promising multifunctional food-derived colorant.

Red pitaya fruit has become a source of natural colorant, because it is rich in betalains, a pigment that imparts a red-purple color that intereststhefood and cosmetics industries. This fruit also possesses high nutritional value, with a range of bioactive compounds known to confer potential health benefits and prevent chronic diseases, such as diabetes, which makes it useful for use as pharmaceutical agents and dietary supplements. In order to improve its technological and biological effects, a concentration will be required. Thus, the microfiltration, followed by vacuum concentration, can be an interesting strategy for this purpose. This study aimed to explore tangential microfiltration to produce microfiltered material, which is an important step to obtain the microfiltered red-purple pitaya concentrate. Therefore, physicochemical and chemical characterization (including 1H NMR analysis) and biological properties (toxicity and diabetes) of this concentrate were assessed, using adult zebrafish as a model. The results show that microfiltration was carried out efficiently, with an average consumption of 95.75±3.13 and 74.12±3.58kW h m-3, varying according to the material used ("unpeeled pitaya pulp" or "pitaya pulp with peel," respectively). The in vivo tests indicated non-toxicity and hypoglycemic effect of the concentrate, since the blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the zebrafish groups treated with this concentrate in comparison with that of control group. Thus, this study suggests the potential of microfiltered red-purple pitaya concentrate as a promising multifunctional food-derived colorant, exhibiting beneficial biological effects far beyond its attractive color. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Hylocereus polyrhizus(F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose has attracted attention as a potential source of natural colorants because of its red-purple skin and flesh color. In addition, this fruit has a range of bioactive compounds, which make it a valuable resource for providing potential health benefits and preventing chronic diseases such as diabetes. In this paper, the microfiltered red-purple pitaya concentrate showed beneficial biological effects far beyond its attractive color. Thus, this product can be considered a promising multifunctional food-derived colorant to use in the food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetics industries.

Quark core-gluon model for heavy hybrid baryons

Besides the ordinary hadrons, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) allows the existence of states in which excitations of the gluonic field can play the role of valence particles, either alone in a glueball, or coupled to quarks in a hybrid. So, hybrid baryons, made of three quarks and a gluon, can exist. Till now, there is no experimental evidence for such exotic hadrons but experimental efforts are being made to search for them at CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer. In this work, a hybrid baryon is considered as a two-body system composed of a color octet three-quark core and a gluon, interacting via a QCD-inspired interaction. A semirelativistic potential model is built in which the dominant interaction is a potential simulating the flux tube confinement, and the Casimir scaling is assumed to link interactions between triplet and octet color sources. This picture is similar to the quark-diquark description for baryons. It is chosen in order to take properly into account the helicity of the gluon. Only cccg and bbbg states are considered because the strong mass asymmetry between the quark core and the gluon is expected to favor the formation of the core. As the results for heavy hybrid baryons seem relevant, we consider this paper as a proof of concept which can be extended for the study of light hybrid baryons. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Early evidence of an archaeological dyed textile using scale-insects: The Cave of Skulls, Israel

The color red has held significant historical symbolism and meaning throughout history and can be produced from various sources, including plants and animals. Some of the most luxurious red dyes were derived from various species of scale insects, particularly those of the Coccoidae superfamily. Today, advanced analytical methods allow to trace the origins of dyes even after thousands of years, providing insights into the technological capabilities of the ancient world as well as past economic and social conditions. In our research on textiles discovered in the Cave of Skulls in the Judean Desert, we conducted dye analyses using High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and identified one unique, red-dyed textile, which was dyed with scale insects. Our analysis enables to pinpoint the precise source of the red color in archaeological textiles down to the species level, and it can be determined with a high degree of certainty that the dye used was Kermes vermilio. Direct radiocarbon dating places this textile in the Middle Bronze Age (1954–1767 BCE), shedding light on the early use of scale-insect dyes in ancient textile production.

Multi‐omics reveal the molecular basis of LrAN2 overexpression in black goji callus promoting the excessive accumulation of petanin, a promising food blue colorant

AbstractLycium ruthenicum fruit (LRF) is a potential source of natural colorant in a wide pH range due to richness in monoacylated anthocyanin petanin. However, the yield of LRF largely lags behind the market demand in food industry. In this study, overexpressing LrAN2 (LrAN2OE), an anthocyanin activator in LRF, produced excessive acylated anthocyanins including petanin in L. ruthenicum callus (LRC). Physiological analysis indicates that LrAN2OE extensively orchestrate the redox homeostasis, including antioxidant enzymes system and antioxidants with low molecular weight. KEGG enrichment analysis indicates that LrAN2 hierarchically orchestrate the acylated anthocyanin biosynthesis in LRC at multi‐omics level, such as small RNAome, transcriptome, and metabolome. The anthocyanin yield of LrAN2OE callus cultured by 5% sucrose or glucose is significantly enhanced. Furthermore, the anthocyanin yield approach to 96.23 mg/g dry weight, approximately 3.5 folds of that in LRF, when LrAN2OE suspension cells are cultured in liquid MS medium supplement with 5% sucrose and 100 mM NaCl. Notably, anthocyanins extracted from LrAN2OE callus are stable in pH 1.0–2.0, pH 7.0, and pH 9.0, showing red or blue color within 30 days at 4°C. Our findings suggest that LrAN2 is perfect gene resource for metabolic engineering of acylated anthocyanins in LRC, a promising chassis producing acylated anthocyanins. Taken together, LRC metabolically engineered by LrAN2 is a potential source of natural food color, which facilitates to make up the shortfall of LRF as source of natural colorant in future food industry.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves as natural colorant for cotton dyeing using an ecofriendly approach toward industrial progress.

In the industrial sector, vegetable residual materials have received attention in the production of bio-colorant for textile dyeing. The current research endeavor is centered on investigating the possibility of using sugar beet leaves as a natural source of dye for the purpose of dyeing cotton fabrics. Different extraction methods were utilized to isolate the bio-colorant present in sugar beet residual material, and the most favorable colorant yield was obtained using a 5% methanolic KOH solution. For optimal dyeing results, the cotton fabric performed dyeing for a duration of 45 min at a temperature of 60 °C, using a salt solution concentration of 6 g/100 mL and 50 mL of the extracted dye solution. Characterization of dye using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of quercetin in the leaf extract. For the creation of a range of color variations, mordants that were chemical in nature, such as tannic acid, iron sulfate, potassium dichromate, and copper sulfate, as well as mordants that were bio-based, such as onion peel, pomegranate peel, henna, golden shower bark, and turmeric, were employed in harmony. In comparison, the utilization of bio-mordants resulted in darker shades that exhibited enhanced color intensity and superior color fastness properties with the value of 4-5 for wash, 4 for wet rubbing, 4-5 for dry rubbing, and 4-5 for light. The findings of this study hold significant value in terms of ecofriendly waste management and contribute to advancements in the industrial sector by utilizing waste residual materials as a natural source of colorants.

Rapid and complete prediction of alizarin in solution by combining experimental data with computational methods

In the field of cultural heritage, understanding the nature of pigments and dyes is of great importance for conservation issues. Among the many natural dyes used in paintings or textiles, madder was one of the most important sources of red color at the time and was present in a wide variety of objects. However, due to extraction challenges, impurities, and high costs, a lot of information are not easily available. In this publication we designed a computational protocol able to reproduce the spectroscopic properties of two dyes, alizarin and alizarin red S. This framework allows us to compute both Ultraviolet–Visible absorption spectra and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) with good accuracy as well as reproduce with precision the CIELAB color. We have also explored different types of interactions that impact these properties, notably the solvation effect. We found that microsolvation is sufficient to reproduce the experimental measurements made in water. The high accuracy of the computation method makes this technique particularly promising for a non-destructive study of dyes on works of art and the preservation of cultural heritage.

Optimization of ultrasonic assisted ethanolic extraction for natural pigments from butterfly pea flower applied in Thai dessert using Box-Behnken approach

Butterfly pea is a natural color source used in food and dessert. This study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol for pigments from butterfly pea flowers (BPF) using a Box-Behnken method. Key factors explored were solid-to-solvent ratio, ultrasound extraction time, and ethanol concentration. The extracted compounds were evaluated for extraction yield (EY), total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and DPPH antioxidant activity. EY increased significantly with reduced ethanol concentration. Optimal conditions were predicted and experimentally validated. BPF extracts showed distinct absorption wavelengths at different pH levels. BPF extract was used in coconut milk jelly, resulting in the lowest b* value. These findings highlight the value of optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction for enhancing BPF's natural colorant extraction and promoting sustainable use in food and dessert applications.

Obtaining Bixin- and Tocotrienol-Rich Extracts from Peruvian Annatto Seeds Using Supercritical CO2 Extraction: Experimental and Economic Evaluation.

Currently, Bixa orellana L. extracts are used as a color source in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries because they are important as a potential source of antioxidant activity. The extraction is carried out by conventional methods, using alkaline solutions or organic solvents. These extraction methods do not take advantage of the lipid fraction of annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seeds, and the process is not friendly to the environment. In this work, the objective was to obtain an extract rich in nutraceuticals (bixin and tocols) of high antioxidant power from Peruvian annatto seeds as a potential source for a functional food or additive in the industry using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Experiments related to extraction yield, bixin, tocotrienols, tocopherols, and antioxidant activity were carried out. The SFE was performed at 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C, and 100, 150, and 250 bar with 0.256 kg/h carbon dioxide as the supercritical solvent (solvent-to-feed ratio of 10.2). Supercritical extraction at 60 °C and 250 bar presented the best results in terms of global extraction yield of 1.40 ± 0.01 g/100 g d.b., extract concentration of 0.564 ± 0.005 g bixin/g extract, 307.8 mg α-tocotrienol/g extract, 39.2 mg β-tocotrienol/g extract, 2 mg γ-tocopherol/g extract, and IC50 of 989.96 μg extract/mL. Economical evaluation showed that 60 °C, 250 bar, and 45 min presented the lowest cost of manufacturing (2 × 2000 L, COM of USD 212.39/kg extract). This extract is a potential source for functional food production.

A study of the effect of organic acids (gallic acid and ascorbic acid) on the coloration and functionalization of wool yarns with Millettia laurentii sawdust natural dye

Wastewater from the textile industry, especially the dyeing sector, is a major contaminant for aquatic ecosystems. Synthetic dye compounds and metal salts from leftover mordant and dyeing baths are washed into rivers, endangering aquatic life and the environment. In regards to the current study’s examination of Millettia laurentii sawdust’s potential as a natural color source, eco-friendly organic acids (gallic acid and ascorbic acid) were studied in conjunction with small amounts of metal salts (aluminum sulfate, stannous chloride, copper sulfate, and ferrous sulfate) for enhancing the color shade palette with simultaneous functionalization (antimicrobial and UV-protection) of wool yarns. The effects of metal salts up to ecologically permissible concentration limits on the dyeing and functional properties were assessed in combination with organic acids. The study focused on optimizing dyeing variables including pH (2–8), temperature (65–95 °C), dye concentration (25–125% o.w.f.), and dyeing time (15–90 min) using a one-factor-at-a-time (OFT) optimization by determining the color depth (K/S) values on the wool yarns. The optimized dyeing conditions were pH of 4, temperature of 95 °C, dye concentration of 75.0% (o.w.f.), and dyeing time of 60 min. The color characteristics (CIEL*a*b*c*ho) and fastness (Wash, rub, and light) properties are evaluated comparatively against control dyed wool yarns using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of control dyed and mordanted dyed wool yarns was evaluated in terms of the percentage microbial reduction of bacterial colonies. Metal salts especially ferrous sulfate in conjunction with gallic acid (Fe/GA) provided the highest average color strength (13.50) with a maximum percentage microbial reduction of 96.67%. UV protection ability was assessed by an Australian and New Zealand standards (AS/NZS 4399: 1996) method in terms of UPF values. UV protection levels were significantly improved by using binary combinations of organic acids and metal salts with the maximum protection offered by Fe/GA (97.66) and Sn/GA (97.90). Dyeing outcomes were significantly impacted by the chemical structure of organic acids (gallic acid and ascorbic acid) and the type of metal salts; the research proposes a more environmentally friendly natural dyeing process for the textile industry.

Supplemental Material for Two Sources of Color–Word Contingency Learning: Episodic Retrieval of Stimulus-Response Bindings and Propositional Knowledge

Supplemental Material for Two Sources of Color–Word Contingency Learning: Episodic Retrieval of Stimulus-Response Bindings and Propositional Knowledge

Efficient Anthocyanin Recovery from Black Bean Hulls Using Eutectic Mixtures: A Sustainable Approach for Natural Dye Development.

There is a growing interest in exploring new natural sources of colorants. This study aimed to extract anthocyanins from broken black bean hulls (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by modifying water with a eutectic mixture (choline chloride:citric acid (ChCl:Ca)). Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed and optimized in terms of temperature (30-70 °C), ultrasound power (150-450 W), and eutectic mixture concentration in water (1-9% (w/v)), resulting in an optimal condition of 66 °C, 420 W, and 8.2% (w/v), respectively. The main quantified anthocyanins were delphinidin-3-O-glycoside, petunidin-3-O-glycoside, and malvidin-3-O-glycoside. The half-life of the anthocyanins at 60 °C increased twelvefold in the eutectic mixture extract compared to the control, and when exposed to light, the half-life was 10 times longer, indicating greater resistance of anthocyanins in the extracted eutectic mixture. Additionally, the extracts were concentrated through centrifuge-assisted cryoconcentration, with the initial cycle almost double the extract value, making this result more favorable regarding green metrics. The first concentration cycle, which showed vibrant colors of anthocyanins, was selected to analyze the color change at different pH levels. In general, the technology that uses eutectic mixtures as water modifiers followed by cryoconcentration proved to be efficient for use as indicators in packaging, both in quantity and quality of anthocyanins.

Exploring quantum entanglement in chiral symmetry partial restoration with 1+1 string model

Within the confining color flux tube picture, we assess the color electric field generated by quark-antiquark pairs within the framework of the Schwinger model and estimate its impact on the chiral condensate. We observe differences in the distribution of the color flux tube generated by quark-antiquark pairs at different separation distances, leading to discrepancies in the partial restoration of chiral symmetry. Furthermore, we suggest incorporating the color magnetic field in the calculation of chiral condensate, leading to quantum entanglement effects, and proceed to compute the entanglement entropy. We observe that the entanglement entropy increases with the distance of the color source (the separation distance between quark and anti-quark), and the magnitude of the color electric field and chiral condensate restoration after spatial integration also increases with the distance of the color source. Then, we try to provide a qualitative explanation for the existence of these phenomena.

Diversity of Plant Colorant Species in a Biodiversity Hotspot in Northern Thailand

Growing concerns regarding health and eco-safety have led to a resurgence in the recognition of natural products. Although plant colorants are often mentioned in ethnobotanical studies in northern Thailand, they have not been comprehensively examined. This study aims to (i) investigate the colorant plants used by ethnic minorities in northern Thailand and (ii) compare colorant plants used among the groups in northern Thailand with other regions worldwide. Data on colorant plants used by ten ethnic groups across 142 villages in northern Thailand were extracted in a systematic review of 42 published references. The importance of the colorant plant species was evaluated using the ethnobotanical index “use value” (UV), and the homogeneity of knowledge was assessed using the “information consensus factor” (ICF). The similarity of colorant plants used among the ethnic minority groups and beyond was evaluated using Jaccard’s index. The 42 published references included information about 104 colorant plant species belonging to 85 genera and 43 families from seven provinces in northern Thailand. This represents nearly half of the 212 colorant plant species reported across all 72 provinces in Thailand. The most important species were Strobilanthes cusia and Morinda angustifolia, which are sources of blue and red colors. Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, and Lamiaceae were the plant families with most species used as colorants. The colorant plant species yielded ten different color shades, with blue being the most prevalent. The Jaccard’s index varied from 0 to 0.27 among the northern Thai ethnic minorities and from 0 to 0.13 for regions outside of northern Thailand. The regions located closest to northern Thailand exhibited the highest degree of similarity. This study provides valuable insights into the traditional knowledge and usage of dye plants in northern Thailand, contributing to preserving the cultural heritage and providing basic knowledge for the sustainable use of natural colorants for modern applications.

Effect of gamma irradiation and electrospinning applications on the physicochemical, antioxidant, and molecular properties of anthocyanin colorant obtained from black carrot pomace

This research article describes the approach of the electrospinning technique for the development of nanofibers from anthocyanin powder and the possibility of using biodegradable polymers, such as gelatin. The irradiation technique was also examined to improve the technological properties of the AP, which was prepared from black carrot pomace. In the present study, the monomeric anthocyanin content of the anthocyanin powder was reduced from 254.6 to 167.9 mg/g after irradiation treatment. The nano-encapsulated anthocyanin powder with wall material showed stronger color properties compared to those of the irradiated samples. FTIR results revealed that changes in OH stretching and galacturonic acid peaks were observed in anthocyanin powder samples at wave numbers of 3500–3200 cm−1 and 800–1000 cm−1, respectively. The electrospinning technique showed a significant improvement in the thermal stability of the AP compared to that with irradiation. Based on this evidence thus far, it can be concluded that irradiation and electrospinning are promising techniques to develop a natural red colorant from industrial food waste for food, food supplement, and pharmaceutical applications. Industrial relevanceNatural colorants are attracting growing attention as a result of consumer demand. For this reason, the black carrot pomace can be considered an important source of natural colorants from industrial food waste resulting from juice extraction. However, the use of BCP to produce red colorants for various products (eg., food and food supplements) is not an easy task. In this regard, both electrospinning and irradiation are beneficial and effective technologies to produce a red colorant from industrial food waste sources, and improve its technological properties that provide opportunities for clean labeling.

Identifying potential uses for green roof discharge based on its physical-chemical-microbiological quality.

Green roofs are promising tools in sustainable urban planning, offering benefits such as stormwater management, energy savings, aesthetic appeal, and recreational spaces. They play a crucial role in creating sustainable and resilient cities, providing both environmental and economic advantages. Despite these benefits, concerns persist about their impact on water quality, especially for non-potable use, as conflicting results are found in the literature. This study presents a comparative analysis of the quantity and quality of water drained from an extensive green roof against an adjacent conventional rooftop made of fiber-cement tiles in subtropical Brazil. Over a 14-month period, the water drained from both roofs was evaluated based on physical (turbidity, apparent color, true color, electrical conductivity, total solids, total dissolved solids, suspended solids), chemical (pH, phosphate, total nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, chlorides, sulfates, and BOD), microbiological (total coliforms and E. coli), and metal (copper, iron, zinc, lead, and chrome) concentration parameters. The discharge from the green roof was 40% lower than its counterpart measured at the control roof, while the water quality from both roofs was quite similar. However, the green roof acted as source of chlorides, electrical conductivity, color, BOD, total hardness, E. coli, phosphate, sulfate, and turbidity. On the other side, the green roof neutralized the slightly acidic character of rainwater, showcasing its potential to mitigate the effects of acid rain. The study's results underscored that the water discharged from the green roof generally aligned with non-potable standards mandated by both Brazilian and international regulations. However, the findings emphasized the imperative need for pre-treatment of the green roof discharge before its utilization, specifically adjusting parameters like turbidity, BOD, total coliforms, and E. coli, which were identified as crucial to ensure water safety and compliance with non-potable use standards.

Color and Nutritional Analysis of Ten Different Purple Sweet Potato Varieties Cultivated in China via Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis.

Purple sweet potato (PSP) has abundant nutritional compounds, which are valuable constituents of the human diet, but its development and utilization are still in the primary processing phase. This study examined the differences in nutritional characteristics of 10 PSP varieties. A variety of nutritional components were evaluated and comprehensively compared using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). The PSP had 60.9-70.1% moisture. The dried PSP had abundant starch (43.9~67.2%) and dietary fiber (9.40~16.5%), moderate levels of protein (3.19~8.75%) and reducing sugar (1.44~4.01%), and low amounts of crude fat (0.51~1.01%). The anthocyanin profile varied significantly between the different varieties. A correlation analysis showed that a higher content of anthocyanins resulted in a darker color. The PCA and CA suggested that varieties XS, ZL, and JS18 are desirable for developing the diabetic patient's diet. JS1 had the highest anthocyanin, protein, and dietary fiber contents and the lowest starch, implying that it could be used as a source of natural colorants or functional foods. Varieties FX, GS, ES13, and EN are suitable for producing various starch-based food products, such as noodles, cookies, and pastries. This study provides a reference for the practical use and rational processing of PSP resources.

Combined effect of LED light color and nitrogen source on growth, pigments composition and oxidative stress in Arthrospira platensis

Artificial lighting with light-emitting diodes (LED) is proposed as a suitable solution to reach stable yearly production of high value molecules from microalgae under unfavorable climates. However, available studies are inconsistent regarding the effect of LED color on cultures performance. This study examined the response of Arthrospira platensis to three different LED lighting conditions (white, red, and red-blue 70:30) when is grown in three media with different nitrogen composition. Growth, phycobiliproteins and lipophilic pigments content were determined. In addition, antioxidant enzymes (GST, lipid peroxidation) and morphology were analyzed to enlighten new perspectives on the health status of microalgae production.The highest biomass production (2.13 g/L) was achieved under red LED when Zarrouk medium was supplemented with urea. Regarding pigment production (phycobilins, chlorophyll a and β- carotene), the most desirable combination was red: blue together with urea supplementation. In addition, this combination showed a high biomass production (2.03 g/L) and low expression of antioxidant enzymatic activity. This research shows a novel combination of LED technology and nutrients to enhance microalgae biomass production and high value metabolites with a lower economic cost.