Message Source Research Articles

Efektivitas Komunikasi Interpersonal Antara Guru dan Siswa dalam Proses Belajar Mengajar di SMK Negeri 7 Ambon

Effectiveness of interpersonal communication (interpersonal) in the teaching and learning process to realize the ideals of national education, which in the end the quality of implementation lies in the hands of the teacher. As for the teaching and learning process, the source message can be delivered from students, teachers, and so on. With interpersonal communication in a persuasive and effective manner, communication between teachers and students in the teaching and learning process can help motivation and encourage students to move in a positive direction. The purpose of this study was to determine how the effectiveness of teacher and student interpersonal communication in the teaching and learning process at SMK Negeri 7 Ambon and to find out what factors could be a constraint on the effectiveness of teacher and student interpersonal communication in the teaching and learning process at SMK Negeri 7 Ambon. This study uses qualitative research with data collection techniques are observation and interview techniques. From the results of this study, it was seen that students sometimes did not understand the material provided by the teacher and had difficulty in making assignments because the way the material was delivered by the teacher was considered unclear by students. And the personal closeness between students and teachers, so that it also affects the teaching and learning process in the classroom.

Effects of Message Frames and Sources in TikTok Videos for Youth Vaping Cessation: Emotions and Perceived Message Effectiveness as Mediating Mechanisms

PurposeThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of message frames (gain vs. loss) and sources (formal expert: a health-care professional vs. informal expert: an individual who successfully quit vaping) on the persuasiveness of TikTok videos among youth who currently use e-cigarettes. Additionally, the study examined how emotional responses and perceived message effectiveness (PME) mediate the framing effect on youth intention to quit vaping. MethodsA 2 (gain frame vs. loss frame) × 2 (formal expert vs. informal expert) factorial design experiment was conducted with 378 youth aged 13 to 18 who currently use e-cigarettes. The study measured participant's emotional responses, PME of the messages, and intention to quit vaping after the video exposure. ResultsMessages from a formal expert resulted in stronger intention to quit vaping compared to messages from an informal expert. Gain-framed messages were associated with higher PME when delivered by an informal expert, whereas loss-framed messages showed stronger effects on PME from a formal expert. Positive emotional responses and increased PME mediated the relationship between gain-framed messages and youth intention to quit vaping. DiscussionTikTok could serve as an effective tool for formal experts to promote vaping cessation among youth who use e-cigarettes. Additionally, the findings suggest that gain frames may be more influential than loss frames in promoting vaping cessation among youth, by eliciting positive emotional responses from the audience. The differential impact of message frames depending on source type indicates a nuanced interaction between content and messenger.

When low social trust undermines social marketing campaigns: The impact of social trust on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns

Background Although COVID-19 social marketing vaccination campaigns have been developed and vigorously promoted to encourage citizens to vaccinate against COVID-19, many people have not responded to vaccination campaigns. Very little is known about the extent to which vaccination campaigns are effective at overcoming people’s resistance to getting the vaccine. Focus of the Article Integrating social trust into the elaboration likelihood model, the current study proposes a model to analyse the effectiveness of COVID-19 social marketing vaccination campaigns and to examine the extent to which social trust plays a role in influencing people’s perceptions of the effectiveness of COVID-19 social media vaccination campaigns. Research Hypotheses The study proposes hypotheses regarding the influence of argument quality and source credibility in COVID-19 vaccination campaigns on individuals’ perceptions of campaign usefulness. In addition, it suggests that source credibility and perceived usefulness of these campaigns play a role in shaping individuals’ attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination. Furthermore, the study posits that both attitude and perceived usefulness contribute to individuals’ intentions to take the COVID-19 vaccine. Lastly, the study hypothesises that perceived social trust moderates the impact of perceived usefulness on vaccination intentions. Importance to the Social Marketing Field The study holds significant importance in the field of social marketing for several reasons. Firstly, it contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics influencing individuals’ perceptions, attitudes, and intentions related to COVID-19 vaccination campaigns. Secondly, by examining the impact of argument quality, source credibility, and social trust, the study provides valuable insights into the factors that can enhance or hinder the success of vaccination campaigns. The inclusion of perceived social trust as a moderating factor in the study further enhances its importance in the field of social marketing. Understanding the role of social trust in influencing the relationship between perceived usefulness and vaccination intentions is crucial for designing context-specific strategies that account for the broader societal dynamics. Methods Online survey data were obtained from 413 adult South Africans. The partial least squares structural equation modelling technique was used to examine the model and test the hypotheses. Results The study found that the quality of arguments in vaccination campaigns and the credibility of the message sources affected how people viewed the usefulness of the messages and their overall attitudes. Surprisingly, although attitudes influenced individuals’ intentions to get the COVID-19 vaccine, the perceived usefulness of the campaign had no direct impact on vaccination intentions. Notably, the results revealed that low social trust played a role in making the perceived usefulness of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign message insignificant in predicting vaccination intentions. Recommendations for Research/Practice Social marketers aiming to improve vaccination attitudes and intentions should focus on two key strategies: emphasising the usefulness of vaccination by highlighting its benefits and leveraging credible sources like healthcare professionals and community leaders to enhance message trust. In addition, this study emphasises the crucial role of social trust in shaping individual responses to vaccination campaigns. Building trust in governing institutions, healthcare systems, and science can significantly impact vaccination acceptance and promotion. Limitations The limitations include potential social desirability bias influencing responses, the need for longitudinal data to establish causality, and the possibility of other influential factors beyond the study’s scope, such as culture and health literacy.

CHAM-CLAS: A Certificateless Aggregate Signature Scheme with Chameleon Hashing-Based Identity Authentication for VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), which are the backbone of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), facilitate critical data exchanges between vehicles. This necessitates secure transmission, which requires guarantees of message availability, integrity, source authenticity, and user privacy. Moreover, the traceability of network participants is essential as it deters malicious actors and allows lawful authorities to identify message senders for accountability. This introduces a challenge: balancing privacy with traceability. Conditional privacy-preserving authentication (CPPA) schemes are designed to mitigate this conflict. CPPA schemes utilize cryptographic protocols, including certificate-based schemes, group signatures, identity-based schemes, and certificateless schemes. Due to the critical time constraints in VANETs, efficient batch verification techniques are crucial. Combining certificateless schemes with batch verification leads to certificateless aggregate signature (CLAS) schemes. In this paper, cryptanalysis of Xiong’s CLAS scheme revealed its vulnerabilities to partial key replacement and identity replacement attacks, alongside mathematical errors in the batch verification process. Our proposed CLAS scheme remedies these issues by incorporating an identity authentication module that leverages chameleon hashing within elliptic curve cryptography (CHAM-CLAS). The signature and verification modules are also redesigned to address the identified vulnerabilities in Xiong’s scheme. Additionally, we implemented the small exponents test within the batch verification module to achieve Type III security. While this enhances security, it introduces a slight performance trade-off. Our scheme has been subjected to formal security and performance analyses to ensure robustness.

Perceived negativity in British general election communications

British parties – and their candidates – frequently engage in the use of negative messaging. While previous studies shed light on the frequency and source of such messages, we know less about how negative messages are received. In this research note, we present the results of a pilot survey designed investigate perceptions of the different types of messages that political elites use to discuss their opponents. Our preliminary results suggest that there is significant variation in the perceived negativity of messages, with messages referencing specific individuals being more likely to be perceived to be negative.

Quitting on TikTok: Effects of Message Themes, Frames, and Sources on Engagement with Vaping Cessation Videos

This study examined how message themes, frames, and sources in vaping cessation videos on TikTok influenced positive (i.e. likes, shares, positive comments regarding quitting vaping) and negative video engagement (i.e. negative comments regarding quitting vaping). TikTok videos (N = 412) with the hashtags #quitvaping and #quittingvaping were analyzed. Aspect-based sentiment analysis was conducted to evaluate the sentiment of quitting vaping in comments. Negative binomial regression models predicted video engagement from six message themes, ratios of gain and loss frames, and message sources. Themes related to nicotine addiction and physical health effectively drove positive engagement, such as likes and shares. The theme of harmful chemicals elicited mixed responses, generating both positive and negative comments regarding quitting vaping. Videos with a higher ratio of gain frames led to more positive engagement, including likes, shares, and positive comments regarding quitting vaping. Sources with informal expertise (e.g. those who have successfully quit vaping) and current e-cigarette users were more effective in engaging the TikTok audience than non-expert and non-user sources. These findings provide insights into messaging strategies that can effectively engage TikTok audiences and encourage vaping cessation.

Peer-Led Versus Authority-Led Video Intervention Effects on Musculoskeletal Injury Help-Seeking Intentions in Reserve Officers' Training Corps.

Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) trainees are college students who complete military courses and participate in physical and tactical training under the direction of military Service Members assigned to ROTC programs to serve as faculty and staff at US colleges. ROTC trainees report musculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs) attributable to ROTC training in line with MSKI incidence in other training environments. However, concealment is prevalent, as 66% of MSKIs in ROTC go unreported. The current study investigated if a brief, online educational video could increase ROTC trainees' reporting intentions. In addition, we investigated if the message's source (i.e., peer or authority figure) affected reporting intentions. A repeated measures design was used to evaluate the impact of 2 MSKI educational interventions, one delivered by a high-achieving Army ROTC trainee (peer-led) and the other delivered by an Army ROTC battalion commander (authority-led), on MSKI reporting intentions, as compared to each other and a control intervention. Other than their personal introductions, both individuals had the same script addressing 4 areas: (1) MSKI prevalence in ROTC, (2) evidence of improved outcomes with early treatment, (3) encouraging injury reporting, and (4) addressing specific barriers and stigma beliefs previously identified in ROTC. The control condition consisted of a video demonstrating exercise technique with voiceover. A survey was developed to measure stigma regarding MSKI reporting and intentions to seek help for MSKI. ROTC trainees at 23 universities were invited to participate via an anonymous survey link. Participants completed the following using an online survey platform: (1) pre-intervention MSKI intentions scale, (2) randomly assigned intervention video, and (3) repeat MSKI intentions scale post-intervention. A two-way mixed, ANOVA was performed to assess interaction effects and main effects pre- and post-intervention. One-hundred ROTC trainees (39% female; age = 21 ± 2 years, ROTC experience = 2 ± 1 years) completed the study. Participants were primarily from Army ROTC programs (72 Army, 14 Air Force, and 14 Naval). Pre-intervention survey scores (possible score range 8-56 with lower scores indicating greater intention to seek help): authority-led (n = 31) 20.3 ± 9.4, peer-led (n = 32) 21.8 ± 8.7, control (n = 37) 19.1 ± 10.1, total 20.3 ± 9.4. Post-intervention scores: authority-led 20.9 ± 11.2, peer-led 20.2 ± 10.0, control 17.3 ± 7.7, total 19.7 ± 9.3. There was no significant group*time interaction (F2,97 = 0.92, P = .403, η2partial = 0.02). There were no significant main effects for time (F1,97 = 1.461, P = .230, η2partial =0.015) or group (F2,97 = 1.08, P = .342, η2partial = 0.02). Findings did not support the use of a single educational intervention video to influence MSKI help-seeking intentions of ROTC trainees. Intentions may already be ingrained such that a single intervention could not influence change. Previous research on concussion reporting indicates that concealment cultures may be systematic and indoctrination of concealment can influence one's reporting intentions. Our sample had already participated in ROTC for 2 years. Future research should evaluate if MSKI help-seeking intentions change over the course of ROTC participation, or even over a military career.

Effect of Messaging on Support for Breast Cancer Screening Cessation Among Older US Women

Many older women are screened for breast cancer beyond guideline-recommended thresholds. Messaging holds promise to reduce overscreening. To investigate the effect of a message on older women's support for and intentions of stopping breast cancer screening. A 2-wave randomized clinical online survey trial using a nationally representative online panel was performed from May 12 to June 19, 2023. Women 65 years or older without breast cancer were eligible to participate. A pilot-tested breast cancer screening cessation message delivered to a hypothetical older woman with serious illnesses and functional impairment. The message was described as from 1 of 3 sources (clinician, news story, or family member). Participants were randomized into 4 groups: no message (group 1 [control]), a single message from a clinician at wave 1 and no message at wave 2 (group 2), a message from a news story (wave 1) and a clinician (wave 2) (group 3), and a message from a family member (wave 1) and a clinician (wave 2) (group 4). Support for stopping screening in the hypothetical older woman (primary) and screening intentions for oneself (secondary) were assessed on 7-point scales, with higher values indicating stronger support for and intentions to stop screening. Means were compared using analysis of variance. The message effect on screening intentions among participants 75 years or older and those with life expectancy of less than 10 years were also explored. A total of 3051 women participated in wave 1 of the trial. The mean (SD) age was 72.8 (5.9) years; 272 (8.9%) were non-Hispanic Black and 2506 (82.1%) were non-Hispanic White. Of these women, 2796 (91.6%) completed wave 2. Group 2 had significantly higher support for screening cessation in the hypothetical patient at wave 2 (mean score, 3.14 [95% CI, 2.99-3.29]) compared with group 1 (mean score, 2.68 [95% CI, 2.54-2.82]; P < .001). The effect was even stronger in group 3 (mean score, 4.23 [95% CI, 4.09-4.38]) and group 4 (mean score, 4.12 [95% CI, 3.97-4.27]) compared with both groups 1 and 2 (all P < .001). Message effects on self-screening intentions followed a similar pattern, with larger effects among participants 75 years or older or with limited life expectancy. In this randomized clinical trial, a breast cancer screening cessation message significantly increased older women's support for and intentions of screening cessation. The strongest effects were observed when the message was delivered over time from multiple sources. Future work needs to engage potential message sources to examine the feasibility and acceptability of multilevel messaging strategies and their effect on screening behavior. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05821023.

News bylines and perceived AI authorship: Effects on source and message credibility

With emerging abilities to generate content, artificial intelligence (AI) poses a challenge to identifying authorship of news content. This study focuses on source and message credibility evaluation as AI becomes incorporated into journalistic practices. An experiment (N = 269) explored the effects of news bylines and AI authorship on readers’ perceptions. The findings showed that perceived AI contribution, rather than the labeling of the AI role, predicted readers’ perceptions of the source and the content. When readers thought AI contributed more to a news article, they indicated lower message credibility and source credibility perceptions. Humanness perceptions fully mediated the relationships between perceived AI contribution and perceived message credibility and source credibility. This study yielded theoretical implications for understanding readers’ mental model of machine sourceness and practical implications for newsrooms toward ethical AI in news automation and production.

Visioning a two-level human–machine communication framework: initiating conversations between explainable AI and communication

Abstract Amid mounting interest in artificial intelligence (AI) technology, communication scholars have sought to understand humans’ perceptions of and attitudes toward AI’s predictions, recommendations, and decisions. Meanwhile, scholars in the nascent but growing field of explainable AI (XAI) have aimed to clarify AI’s operational mechanisms and make them interpretable, visible, and transparent. In this conceptual article, we suggest that a conversation between human–machine communication (HMC) and XAI is advantageous and necessary. Following the introduction of these two areas, we demonstrate how research on XAI can inform the HMC scholarship regarding the human-in-the-loop approach and the message production explainability. Next, we expound upon how communication scholars’ focuses on message sources, receivers, features, and effects can reciprocally benefit XAI research. At its core, this article proposes a two-level HMC framework and posits that bridging the two fields can guide future AI research and development.

Voltage inspector: Sender identification for in-vehicle CAN bus using voltage slice

Controller Area Network (CAN) serves as the neural system of modern cars, connecting and coordinating various electronic control units (ECUs) responsible for vehicle operation. However, the inherent features of CAN, such as broadcast communication and lack of authentication, make it increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks. Although existing intrusion detection systems (IDSs) perform well in detecting malicious attacks, they often lack the ability to accurately locate the senders of these malicious messages. In this paper, we propose an efficient sender identification method called Voltage Inspector, which leverages physical voltage signal slice to accurately identify the source of messages for CAN bus. We start by extracting voltage slices from the raw physical signals of the CAN bus. Next, we leverage clustering technology to infer the ECU mapping information, which is typically considered confidential. This mapping information, combined with a machine learning classifier, is then utilized to construct an identification model capable of accurately identifying the sender of each message. To validate the effectiveness of our proposed method, we conducted extensive experiments using a publicly available voltage dataset collected from ten real vehicles. The experimental results demonstrate the remarkable accuracy of our approach, achieving a minimum identification accuracy of 99%. Furthermore, our method significantly reduces the data volume by half and reduces the identification time by a quarter when compared to state-of-the-art methods. Our research reveals that even a small portion of the voltage signal can be used to uniquely fingerprint an ECU. We emphasize that our method serves as an alternative identification approach and can complement existing works in the field.

Applying natural language processing to patient messages to identify depression concerns in cancer patients.

This study aims to explore and develop tools for early identification of depression concerns among cancer patients by leveraging the novel data source of messages sent through a secure patient portal. We developed classifiers based on logistic regression (LR), support vector machines (SVMs), and 2 Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) models (original and Reddit-pretrained) on 6600 patient messages from a cancer center (2009-2022), annotated by a panel of healthcare professionals. Performance was compared using AUROC scores, and model fairness and explainability were examined. We also examined correlations between model predictions and depression diagnosis and treatment. BERT and RedditBERT attained AUROC scores of 0.88 and 0.86, respectively, compared to 0.79 for LR and 0.83 for SVM. BERT showed bigger differences in performance across sex, race, and ethnicity than RedditBERT. Patients who sent messages classified as concerning had a higher chance of receiving a depression diagnosis, a prescription for antidepressants, or a referral to the psycho-oncologist. Explanations from BERT and RedditBERT differed, with no clear preference from annotators. We show the potential of BERT and RedditBERT in identifying depression concerns in messages from cancer patients. Performance disparities across demographic groups highlight the need for careful consideration of potential biases. Further research is needed to address biases, evaluate real-world impacts, and ensure responsible integration into clinical settings. This work represents a significant methodological advancement in the early identification of depression concerns among cancer patients. Our work contributes to a route to reduce clinical burden while enhancing overall patient care, leveraging BERT-based models.

Strategies and Errors in Interpreting Conversational Implicatures of Political Discourse

This study aims to examine Barik's (1971) categorization, as strategies or errors, in the interpretation of implicatures in English&gt;Arabic and Arabic&gt;English political discourses and, further, to find the effect of employing the categorization on the original message's recovery. Qualitative content analysis methodology is used in this study. Occurrences of Barik's (1971) categorization were collected to be examined. The study finds that interpreters' use of Barik's (1971) categorization in implicature interpreting is as errors rather than strategies in English&gt;Arabic interpretation, but as strategies rather than errors in Arabic&gt;English interpretation. The use of errors can be attributed to a lack of source message comprehension. Substitution was the dominant strategy in English&gt;Arabic implicature interpreting; gross phrasing substitutions, which entail differences in meaning, were the dominant type of substitution. Misinterpreting implicature includes a partial or total loss of the source message. However, instances of coining unstated, unintended meanings were detected, which does not only lose the communicative function but also misleads the audience.

Examining Audiences' Psychological Reactance to Christian-Sourced Excessive Alcohol Consumption Messages in the United States.

This study experimentally investigated the effect of dogmatic and suggestive language in Christian-sourced excessive alcohol consumption messages among college-aged participants who identify as Christians or non-Christians, as well as the role of perceived similarity with the message source, on their self-reported freedom-threat, psychological reactance, and behavioral intentions to consume alcohol. The results from this study support psychological reactance theory and demonstrate the various message strategies to effectively communicate the negative health effects of excessive alcohol consumption to individuals who identify either as Christians or non-Christians.

Application effect of the online and offline mixed education mode in nursing practice based on the SMCR communication model.

To explore the application effect of the online and offline mixed teaching mode in nursing practice teaching based on the Source Message Channel Receiver (SMCR) communication model. By using the convenience sampling method, 15 nursing students who practiced their internship in the Department of Critical Care Medicine at Beijing Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University for 4 weeks, from 1 April 2022 to 31 December 2023, were selected as the experimental group. A total of 16 nursing students who practiced in the same hospital in 2021 were selected as the control group. The control group used traditional teaching mode for teaching, and the experimental group used the online and offline teaching mode for teaching. The theoretical and practical achievements, competency, and teaching satisfaction of the two groups of nursing students were compared and analyzed after the internship. The theoretical knowledge, operational performance, competence of the nurses, and satisfaction with the teaching in the experimental group were higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Based on the SMCR communication model, exploring the online and offline mixed teaching mode plays an important role in the teaching process of nursing practice, which can not only effectively improve the comprehensive performance of nursing students but also help to improve their satisfaction with teaching and has a positive impact on the cultivation of high-quality nursing talents.

Pragmatic Failures in Movie Subtitles: The Case of Kurdish Subtitles of Treasure Island

Pragmatic failures are critical in movie translation as they affect the message of the movie. Pragmatic failure refers to the mismatches that may occur between speakers’ intended meaning and translators’ constructed meaning. The paper aims to investigate the nature of pragmatic failures in translating movie subtitles from English into Kurdish. It attempts to identify the factors that cause pragmatic failures and find out the types of failures in the selected movie. The data of the study are taken from the transcripts of the English adventure movie Treasure Island which has been translated into Kurdish. The English source text and the Kurdish subtitles were compared to find out the types and identify the causes of pragmatic failures. The paper draws upon Thomas’s (1983) category to classify pragmatic failures. The results of the study show that both types of pragmalinguistic failure and sociopragmatic failure are found in the movie which resulted from a lack of translator’s qualification in translation, a lack of pragmatic as well as cultural knowledge of both the source and target languages. It has also been found that pragmatic failures are failures of transferring speech acts from the source language to the target language that cause a lack of proper understanding of the source message. In other words, pragmatic failures are the result of mistranslation, under-translation, and over-translation errors which cause non-equivalency between the message in the source language and the one in the target language.

Exploring stroke discourse on Twitter through content and network analysis among Indian users

The study aimed to understand stroke-related Twitter conversations in India, focusing on topics, message sources, reach, and influential users to provide insights to stakeholders regarding community needs for knowledge, support, and interventions. Geo-tagged Twitter posts focusing on stroke originating from India and, spanning from November 7, 2022, to February 28, 2023, were systematically obtained via the Twitter application programming interface, using keywords and hashtags sourced through Symplur Signals. Preprocessing involved the removal of hashtags, stop words, and URLs. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model was used to identify recurring stroke-related topics, while influential users were identified through social network analysis. About half of the tweets about stroke in India were about seeking support and post-stroke bereavement sharing and had the highest reachability. Four out of 10 tweets were from the individual twitter users. Tweets on the topic risk factors, awareness and prevention (14.6%) constituted the least proportion, whereas the topic management, research, and promotion had the least retweet ratio. Twitter demonstrates significant potential as a platform for both disseminating and acquiring stroke-related information within the Indian context. The identified topics and understanding of the content of discussion offer valuable resources to public health professionals and organizations to develop targeted educational and engagement strategies for the relevant audience.

Anonymous Complaint Aggregation for Secure Messaging

Private messaging platforms provide strong protection against platform eavesdropping, but malicious users can use privacy as cover for spreading abuse and misinformation. In an attempt to identify the sources of misinformation on private platforms, researchers have proposed mechanisms to trace back the source of a user-reported message (CCS '19,'21). Unfortunately, the threat model considered by initial proposals allowed a single user to compromise the privacy of another user whose legitimate content the reporting user did not like. More recent work has attempted to mitigate this side effect by requiring a threshold number of users to report a message before its origins can be identified (NDSS '22). However, the state of the art scheme requires the introduction of new probabilistic data structures and only achieves a "fuzzy" threshold guarantee. Moreover, false positives, where the source of an unreported message is identified, are possible. This paper introduces a new threshold source tracking technique that allows a private messaging platform, with the cooperation of a third-party moderator, to operate a threshold reporting scheme with exact thresholds and no false positives. Unlike prior work, our techniques require no modification of the message delivery process for a standard source tracking scheme, affecting only the abuse reporting procedure, and do not require tuning of probabilistic data structures.

Associations of educational and marketing messages with beliefs about nicotine and reduced nicotine cigarettes

IntroductionWidespread misperceptions about nicotine may have unintended effects on public health. We examined associations between existing messages about nicotine or tobacco and beliefs about nicotine and reduced nicotine cigarettes (RNC). Methods2962 U.S. 18–45-year-olds were randomized in a May 2022 web-based survey to view one of 26 text-based messages about tobacco or nicotine from three sources: ongoing research (n = 8), messages authorized by FDA for VLN cigarettes (n = 6), and FDA's “From Plant to Product to Puff” campaign (n = 12); six messages from FDA's campaign did not reference nicotine and were treated as the reference source. Analyses examined associations between messages, grouped by source and individually, with beliefs about nicotine and RNC addictiveness and harms. ResultsRelative to FDA messages that did not reference nicotine, all message sources were associated with greater odds of a correct belief about nicotine (Odds Ratios [ORs] = 1.40–1.87, p's < 0.01); VLN messages were associated with greater correct beliefs about RNC addictiveness (b = 0.23, p < .05). No campaign produced greater correct beliefs about RNC harms. At the individual level, only five messages were associated with a correct belief about nicotine (ORs = 2.12–2.56, p-values < .01), and one with correct beliefs about RNC harms (b = 1.09, p < .05), vs. the reference message. ConclusionsFew existing messages improved understanding of the risks of nicotine separately from the risks of combustible products. Communication research is needed to promote greater public understanding of nicotine while minimizing unintended effects on nicotine and tobacco use.

Explicating the Pathways Among Memorable Message Themes About Religion and Spirituality, Positive Role Models for Aging, and Successful Aging

ABSTRACT Grounded in the communicative ecology model of successful aging (CEMSA), this study asked older adults to report on a memorable message about religion or spirituality. The message themes were tested as directly predicting perceptions of the message source as a positive role model for aging and indirectly predicting successful aging. Messages with an ethical actions theme, personal relationship with God theme, and eternal damnation theme were directly associated with perceptions of the source as a positive role model. Further, messages with an eternal damnation theme were indirectly associated with successful aging, via perceptions of the source as a positive role model and aging efficacy. Findings address how religious memorable messages and role models for aging might operate in the CEMSA.