Source PDF Research Articles

Performance of two large language models for data extraction in evidence synthesis.

Accurate data extraction is a key component of evidence synthesis and critical to valid results. The advent of publicly available large language models (LLMs) has generated interest in these tools for evidence synthesis and created uncertainty about the choice of LLM. We compare the performance of two widely available LLMs (Claude 2 and GPT-4) for extracting pre-specified data elements from 10 published articles included in a previously completed systematic review. We use prompts and full study PDFs to compare the outputs from the browser versions of Claude 2 and GPT-4. GPT-4 required use of a third-party plugin to upload and parse PDFs. Accuracy was high for Claude 2 (96.3%). The accuracy of GPT-4 with the plug-in was lower (68.8%); however, most of the errors were due to the plug-in. Both LLMs correctly recognized when prespecified data elements were missing from the source PDF and generated correct information for data elements that were not reported explicitly in the articles. A secondary analysis demonstrated that, when provided selected text from the PDFs, Claude 2 and GPT-4 accurately extracted 98.7% and 100% of the data elements, respectively. Limitations include the narrow scope of the study PDFs used, that prompt development was completed using only Claude 2, and that we cannot guarantee the open-source articles were not used to train the LLMs. This study highlights the potential for LLMs to revolutionize data extraction but underscores the importance of accurate PDF parsing. For now, it remains essential for a human investigator to validate LLM extractions.

Capabilities of Algae to Be Utilized As a Renewable Energy Source PDF

Algae are simple plants and most of them are aquatic and can grow in different water assets, for example, fresh water, salty water, and wastewater so they are considered as the more secure, non-focused and more effective plant. They have different pathways to fix dangerous gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) that causing climate change and converting sunlight, nitrogen and phosphorous into biomass. The objective of this article is to review the literature regarding the algae as biological alternative products and renewable energy source to throw light on a broad range of algae applications for provide some information on their related technology and industry that are financially feasible to counter balance in oil, and alleviate CO2 discharge or not. Algae have been explored for different applications as food; bioactive substances due to their high development rates, sensible developmental densities and high oil contents all that have been referred to as motivations to turn algae into biofuels. However, there are various obstacles including the sourcing of these algae, strain isolation, nutrient source, production management, harvesting, coproduct improvement, fuel extraction, refining and lingering biomass use. The use of algae as fuel might seem of no importance today, but it can gain importance tomorrow as petroleum is getting depleting day after day. The International Energy Agency expects contribution of biofuels by 6% of aggregate fuel use by 2030, yet could extend essentially if undeveloped oil fields are not gotten to or if generous new fields are not distinguished.

A Rigorous Approach to High-Resolution Entropy-Constrained Vector Quantization

The nonnegativity of relative entropy implies that the differential entropy of a random vector X with probability density function (pdf) $f$ is upper bounded by $- {\mathsf {E}}_{}\!\left [{\log g(\text {X})}\right]$ for any arbitrary pdf $g$ . Using this inequality with a cleverly chosen $g$ , we derive a lower bound on the asymptotic excess rate of entropy-constrained vector quantization for $d$ -dimensional sources and $r$ th-power distortion, where the asymptotic excess rate is defined as the difference between the smallest output entropy of a vector quantizer satisfying the distortion constraint and the rate-distortion function in the limit as the distortion tends to zero. Specialized to the one-dimensional case, this lower bound coincides with the asymptotic excess rate achieved by a uniform quantizer, thereby recovering the result by Gish and Pierce that uniform quantizers are asymptotically optimal as the allowed distortion tends to zero. Furthermore, in the one-dimensional case, the derivation of the lower bound reveals a necessary condition for a sequence of quantizers to be asymptotically optimal. This condition implies that any sequence of asymptotically optimal almost-regular quantizers must converge to a uniform quantizer as the distortion tends to zero. While the obtained lower bound itself is not novel, to the best of our knowledge, we present the first rigorous derivation that follows the direct approach by Gish and Pierce without resorting to heuristic high-resolution approximations commonly found in the quantization literature. Furthermore, our derivation holds for all $d$ -dimensional sources having finite differential entropy and whose integer part has finite entropy. In contrast to Gish and Pierce, we do not require additional constraints on the continuity or decay of the source pdf.

Publisher Correction: 100 articles every ecologist should read.

This Article originally suggested that readers may be able to source PDF files of the papers analysed via a website that is involved in litigation over breach of copyright. This suggestion and the related URL have now been removed.

Determination of Noise Threshold from Signal Histogram in the Wavelet Domain

Thresholding in frequency domain is a simple and effective noise reduction technique. Determination of the threshold is critical to the image quality. The optimal threshold minimizing the Mean Square Error (MSE) is chosen adaptively in the wavelet domain; we utilize an equation of the MSE for the soft-thresholded signal and the histogram of wavelet coefficients of the original image and noisy image. The histogram of the original signal is estimated through the deconvolution assuming that the probability density functions (pdfs) of the original signal and the noise are statistically independent. The proposed method is quite general in that it does not assume any prior for the source pdf.

Edgeworth Expansion Based Model for the Convolutional Noise pdf

Recently, the Edgeworth expansion up to order 4 was used to represent the convolutional noise probability density function (pdf) in the conditional expectation calculations where the source pdf was modeled with the maximum entropy density approximation technique. However, the applied Lagrange multipliers were not the appropriate ones for the chosen model for the convolutional noise pdf. In this paper we use the Edgeworth expansion up to order 4 and up to order 6 to model the convolutional noise pdf. We derive the appropriate Lagrange multipliers, thus obtaining new closed-form approximated expressions for the conditional expectation and mean square error (MSE) as a byproduct. Simulation results indicate hardly any equalization improvement with Edgeworth expansion up to order 4 when using optimal Lagrange multipliers over a nonoptimal set. In addition, there is no justification for using the Edgeworth expansion up to order 6 over the Edgeworth expansion up to order 4 for the 16QAM and easy channel case. However, Edgeworth expansion up to order 6 leads to improved equalization performance compared to the Edgeworth expansion up to order 4 for the 16QAM and hard channel case as well as for the case where the 64QAM is sent via an easy channel.

An information theoretic approach to a novel nonlinear independent component analysis paradigm

This paper introduces a novel independent component analysis (ICA) approach to the separation of nonlinear convolutive mixtures. The proposed model is an extension of the well-known post nonlinear (PNL) mixing model and consists of the convolutive mixing of PNL mixtures. Theoretical proof of existence and uniqueness of the solution under proper assumptions is provided. Feedforward and recurrent demixing architectures based on spline neurons are introduced and compared. Source separation is performed by minimizing the mutual information of the output signals with respect to the network parameters. More specifically, the proposed architectures perform on-line nonlinear compensation and score function estimation by proper use of flexible spline nonlinearities, yielding a significant performance improvement in terms of source pdf matching and algorithm speed of convergence. Experimental tests on different signals are described to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Robust rank-EASI algorithm for blind source separation

Robustness against deviations from nominal source pdf assumptions is very desirable in blind source separation (BSS) algorithms. In the paper, a new approach for robust BSS is proposed. The EASI (equivariant adaptive separation by independence) algorithm (Cardoso and Laheld, 1996) is modified to use ranks of observed signals. The modified EASI algorithm can be applied to both real-valued and complex-valued data. Design guidelines are discussed for the nonlinear rank weighting functions in the modified EASI algorithm. Simulation results for two examples are given, showing very good performance.

Discovery of an Extremely Red Galaxy at [CLC][ITAL]z[/ITAL][/CLC] = 0.65 with Dusty Star Formation and Nuclear Activity

In the course of the follow-up multiwavelength study of a deep radio survey, we have discovered that the millijansky radio source PDF J011423 is a low-redshift (z = 0.65) extremely red galaxy (ERG) with K = 15.3, R-K = 5.8, and J-K = 3.1. Optical, infrared, and radio photometry, together with optical and near-infrared spectroscopy, reveal a heavily obscured galaxy (AV = 5-6, from the observed Balmer decrement) undergoing vigorous star formation and presenting an active galactic nucleus. PDF J011423 is a representative member of the dusty ERG population, providing a local counterpart for studying more distant ERGs.

AMERICAN TRANSPLANTS IN 1994

[See Table in Source Pdf.]

Dexamethasone Therapy For Bacterial Meningitis

There are four studies published to date (the most recent is in Pediatrics. 1995;95:21-28) assessing the effect of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy on the outcome of pediatric bacterial meningitis that fulfill the following minimal design standard criteria: prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled; compared demographically-equivalent groups of patients with microbiologically-confirmed bacterial meningitis; administered a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic and either dexamethasone or placebo; evaluated neurologic and audiologic outcomes more than 6 weeks after hospital discharge. [SEE TABLE IN SOURCE PDF]

PRACTICAL EPIGRAM OF APGAR SCORE

Despite the value of the [Apgar] scoring system, experience has shown that it may be difficult to memorize the categories that make up the score and that [some] medical personnel are not familiar with it. The purpose of this communication is to describe an epigram (Figure) which embodies the basic components of the scoring system and implements its application. [SEE TABLE 1 IN SOURCE PDF.] The epigram has not altered the essence of the Apgar scoring system. . . . It does afford a means of remembering it easily. This has been an effective adjunct in expanding the use of the Apgar Score in this medical center, and it may be of value to those physicians who are interested in furthering the employment of this scoring system in their hospitals.

Erratum

In the report "Activation of salivary secretion: Coupling of cell volume and [Ca(2+)](i) in single cells" by J. K. Foskett and J. E. Melvin (30 June, p. 1582), figures 1 and 2 were inadvertently interchanged. The correct figures are printed below. [See Figures in source pdf.].

Erratum: Seroprevalence and Epidemiological correlates of HTLV-I Infection in U.S. Blood Donors

Table 3 of the report "Seroprevalence and epidemiological correlates of HTLV-I infection in U.S. blood donors" by Alan E. Williams et al. (29 Apr. 1988, p. 643) contained errors. The correct table is printed below. [See Table 3 in Source Pdf.].

ERRATA

In the article "Infant-Feeding Practices and Their Relationship With Diarrheal and Other Diseases in Huascar (Lima), Peru," by Brown et al (Pediatrics 1989;83:31-40), the following errors appeared. In Tables 2 and 3, the word "incidence" should be replaced by the word "prevalence." Table 5, as printed, is incorrect and should be replaced by the following. [SEE TABLE 5. IN SOURCE PDF.]

Prophylaxis With Oral Penicillin in Children With Sickle Cell Anemia: A Randomized Trial

Children with sickle cell anemia have an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, especially to those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. We therefore conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to test whether the regular, daily administration of oral penicillin would reduce the incidence of documented septicemia due to S pneumoniae in children with sickle cell anemia who were younger than 3 years of age at the time of entry. The children were randomly assigned to receive either 125 mg of penicillin potassium (105 children) or placebo (110 children) twice daily. The trial was terminated 8 months early, after an average of 15 months of follow-up, when an 84% reduction in the incidence of infection was observed in the group treated with penicillin, as compared with the group given placebo (13 of 110 patients v 2 of 105; P = .0025). There were no deaths from pneumococcal septicemia in the penicillin-treated group but three deaths from the infection occurred in the placebo group. On the basis of these results, we conclude that children should be screened in the neonatal period for sickle cell hemoglobinopathy and that those with sickle cell anemia should receive prophylactic therapy with oral penicillin by 4 months of age to decrease the morbidity and mortality [SEE FIGURE IN SOURCE PDF.] associated with pneumococcal septicemia. (Previously published in N Engl J Med 1986;314:1593-1599.

Erratum

In the report "Similarity of synthetic peptide from human tumor to parathyroid hormone in vivo and in vitro," by N. Horiuchi et al. (11 Dec., p. 1566), the caption for figure 1 was inadvertently omitted. The figure is reprinted below with the caption. [See Fig. 1. in Source PDF].

Erratum

In the report "Site-specific nick in the T-DNA border sequence as a result of Agrobacterium vir gene expression" by K. Wang et al. (30 Jan., p. 587), figure 2A on page 588 should have shown a 3.2-kilobase band in lane b that was not visible. Also, 1.9-kilobase bands in lane c and g were not visible. A Print that shows the bands in figure 2, A and B, appears below. In addition, reference 24 should have been to J. L. Slightom, L. Jouanin, F. Leach, R. F. Drong, D. Tepfer, EMBO J. 4, 3069 (1985). [See Table A and B in Source PDF].

Erratum

In the report "The color of the surface of Venus" by C. M. Pieters et al. (12 Dec., p. 1379), figure 2 on page 1382 was incorrectly printed upside down. The correct figure and caption appear below. Reference 11 in the caption is to A. S. Selivanov et al., Kosm. Issled. 21, 176 (1983) and A. S. Selivanov et al., ibid., p. 183. [SEE FIGURE 2 IN SOURCE PDF].

Erratum: Bloch Prepares NSF for Lean Years

In the article "Bloch prepares NSF for lean years" by John Walsh (News & Comment, 25 Apr., p. 440), the labels for "Coordinated research" and "Large projects" were inadvertently reversed in a chart depicting the breakdown of the fiscal year 1986 National Science Foundation budget. Coordinated research accounts for 14% of total research, and large projects account for 20%. A corrected chart is shown below. [See Chart in Source PDF].