Source Of Traditional Medicine Research Articles

In-vitro Antioxidant, In-vitro and In-silico Ovarian Anticancer Activity (Ovarian Cancer Cells-PA1) and Phytochemical Analysis of Cissus quadrangularis L. Ethanolic Extract.

Cissus quadrangularis is a valuable natural source of traditional medicines. An in vitro investigation was performed to determine whether the ethanolic extract from the whole portions of C. quadrangularis had anticancer and free radical scavenging activities against ovarian cancer cells-PA1. C. quadrangularis is a herb collected from rural areas in Andhra Pradesh, India. C. quadrangularis was air-dried and crushed, and the powder and ethanol (0.5 kg) were used in a Soxhlet device for continuous extraction. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts was performed using a standard procedure. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of C. quadrangularis was evaluated using DPPH. An in vitro anticancer study used an ethanolic extract against the PA1 cell line. Apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells was studied using DAPI and carboxy-H2DCFDA staining. From LC-MS analysis, quercetin-3-O-alpha-Lrhamnopyranoside and erucic acid were docked with the threonine tyrosine kinase (TTK) enzyme using auto docking. The ethanolic extract of C. quadrangularis demonstrated significant dose-dependent antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid. The ethanolic extract of C. quadrangularis was found to have high anticancer activity against ovarian cancer cell lines (PA1), with an IC50 value of 482.057 ± 113.857 μg/ml. DAPI and carboxy-H2DCFDA staining confirmed that C. quadrangularis ethanolic extract induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells (p < .001). Molecular docking studies helped identify the binding affinities between the protein and ligand complexes, such as Quercetin-3-O-alpha-Lrhamnopyranoside binding sites of target proteins 5N7V (MET602, GLN672) and erucic acid 5N7V (GLY354). Quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside was reported to bind with 5N7V by hydrogen bonding at MET602 and GLN672 amino acids with 2.02, 2.99 Å bonding length distance and binding affinity of -7.9 kcal/mol. Erucic acid was reported to bind with 5N7V by hydrogen bonding at GLY354 amino acid with 3.18, 2.93 Å bonding length (Å) distance and binding affinity of -4.3 kcal/mol. The current analysis showed that the ethanolic extracts of C. quadrangularis L. exhibited antioxidant and anticancer properties against ovarian PA1 cells. The experimental results confirmed that C. quadrangularis L. is a promising, safe chemotherapeutic plant for ovarian cancer PA1 cells. The docking results demonstrated that Quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside strongly binds threonine tyrosine kinase at the MET602 and GLN672 positions. This study showed that the C. quadrangularis ethanolic extract has Quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, which can be used as an anticancer agent.

Pharmacological and phytochemical insights on the pancreatic β-cell modulation by Angelica L. roots

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAngelica roots are a significant source of traditional medicines for various cultures around the northern hemisphere, from indigenous communities in North America to Japan. Among its many applications, the roots are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, this application is not mentioned often. Ethnopharmacological studies have reported the use of A. japonica var. hirsutiflora, A. furcijuga, A. shikokiana, and A. keiskei to treat diabetes symptoms, and further reports have demonstrated the three angelica roots, i.e., A. japonica var. hirsutiflora, A. reflexa, and A. dahurica, exhibit insulin secretagogue activity. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to phytochemically characterize and compare angelica roots monographed in the European Pharmacopeia 11th, isolate major plant metabolites, and assess extracts and isolates' capability to modulate pancreatic β-cell function. Materials and methodsRoot extracts of Angelica archangelica, Angelica dahurica, Angelica biserrata, and Angelica sinensis were phytochemically profiled using liquid chromatography method coupled with mass spectrometry. Based on this analysis, simple and furanocoumarins were isolated using chromatography techniques. Extracts (1.6–50 μg/mL) and isolated compounds (5–40 μmol/L) were studied for their ability to modulate insulin secretion in the rat insulinoma INS-1 pancreatic β-cell model. Insulin was quantified by the homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence method. ResultsForty-one secondary metabolites, mostly coumarins, were identified in angelica root extracts. A. archangelica, A. dahurica, and A. biserrata root extracts at concentration of 12.5–50 μg/mL potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion, which correlated with their high coumarin content. Subsequently, 23 coumarins were isolated from these roots and screened using the same protocol. Coumarins substituted with the isoprenyl group were found to be responsible for the extracts' insulinotropic effect. ConclusionsInsulinotropic effects of three pharmacopeial angelica roots were found, the metabolite profiles and pharmacological activities of the roots were correlated, and key structures responsible for the modulation of pancreatic β-cell function were identified. These findings may have implications for the traditional use of angelica roots in treating diabetes. Active plant metabolites may also become lead structures in the search for new antidiabetic treatments.

Micropropagation, genetic fidelity and chromatographic analysis in Evolvulus alsinoides (L.): A potent multipurpose medicinal plant

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) is an annually growing medicinal plant used in many popular systems as a source of traditional medicine. However, fresh plant material for medicinal uses and research purposes is critically unavailable year-round due to its short life cycle. A micropropagation method for E. alsinoides was developed, and its genetic diversity was described. Surface sterilized nodal explants were inoculated onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different plant growth regulators; the best response of multiple shoot induction was observed on MS media augmented with 5 μM kinetin (Kn) and 0.1 μM Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which gave a maximum number of 10.27 ± 0.0118 shoots. Further, the addition of 30 μM of adenine sulfate to the MS media enhanced shoot multiplication (18). The cloned shoots were accomplished to in vitro rooting on MS medium with 0.1 μM Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 10 μM phloroglucinol, resulting in 16 healthy roots. The rooted plantlets were acclimatized in the shade house. The genetic stability of micropropagated plants was confirmed through molecular marker analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the tissues of clones revealed the contents of secondary metabolites. High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) revealed that squalene levels were highest in plants cultured in MS medium supplemented with adenine sulfate (378.89 ng/ 15 μl). The methods developed and defined are highly reproducible and can be used for commercial production of E. alsinoides valued for human health.

Corms As Additional Features to identify Gladiolus species Used in Ethnomedicine

Background: Plants remain vital as sources of traditional medicine towards management of various health challenges. Various parts such as leaves, stem bark, roots, flowers, and corms of different plants are utilized to manage a lot of human ailments. Proper identification of these plants together with their parts remain imperative for effective utilization. Gladiolus (Iridaceae) is a genus that consists of underground corms and has strikingly showy flowers. The corms are mostly rounded and symmetrically enveloped with fibrous tunics. Species in this genus are utilized widely to treat a number of diseases and health conditions. Presently the main and sure way to identify these plants is by use of their showy flowers; however, in Kenya, this becomes a challenge during dry seasons when the plants are not in flower. Objective: This study investigated the use of features of corms as possible additional features for identification of Gladiolus species found in Kenya; Gladiolus watsonoides, G. goetzenii, G. ukambanensis and G.newii. Method: Physical and histological features of corms were evaluated according to Rolls, 2011, to investigate for possible differences across the different species. Results: Although the analysis of the cells of corms and leaves compared did not reveal any obvious differences, the outward morphologies of corms were different across different species in terms of colour, shape, and textures of the tunics. Conclusion: Therefore, corms form an additional feature of taxonomic value for identification and collection of these plants in the absence of flowers.

Phytochemical Analysis and Potential Inhibitory Property of Tubli (Derris elliptica Benth) Root Extract on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds which are used for the treatment of various human diseases. One of these plants is the Tubli (Derris elliptica Benth) which comes from the genus of the family Papilionaceae locally known in Southeast Asian Countries as "Derris" or Tuba" and "Tubli" or "Tugling-pula" in Philippines. In this paper, is reported inhibitory property of this plant which had been studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to find new substances with antimicrobial properties. The main purpose of the study was to identify the biochemical compounds of Tubli (Derris elliptica Benth) that inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; to determine the result of the mean average of zone inhibition between Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and to differentiate the mean average of zone of inhibition between Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The experiments conducted used the Completely Randomized Designed (CRD). The data were analyzed using T-Test. Phytochemical analysis of Tubli (D. elliptica Benth) revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and steroids which contributed to the antimicrobial ability of the root extract. It was found out that Tubli (D. elliptica Benth) was more active against the S. aureus having the total average zone of inhibition of 24.66 mm than the E. coli having the total average zone of inhibition of 20 mm. T-Test revealed that there is a significant difference on zone of inhibitions of the S. aureus and E. coli tested under Tubli (D. elliptica Benth) ethanolic root extract. The presence of phytochemicals suggests that D. elliptica has a potential antimicrobial property that could serve as a natural source of traditional medicine for treatment of various diseases.

The genus Cochlospermum Kunth: a comprehensive review of key species with a focus on botanical, pharmacological, and chemical atributes

The Cochlospermum genus plant species are commonly used in traditional medicine for its antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic properties. The objective of this review is to describe the mainly important medicinal plant species of the genus Cochlospermum Kunth in terms of its botanical aspects, popular use, biological activity (pharmacology), and chemical compounds, intending to identify potential areas for innovative studies. The study considered literature published between 2010 - 2024 on the ethnobotany, pharmacology, botanical aspects, biological activity, and chemical compounds. Excluded from this study were eBooks, book chapters, patents, review articles, course completion articles, theses, and abstracts published in the proceedings of the event. Chem Draw software was used to draw a total of sixty-one bioactive compounds. The results show that six species of the Cochlospermum genus are documented as vital sources of traditional medicine. Ten species of this genus have been identified to contain secondary metabolites, including Cocholospermin A and B, polysaccharides, polyphenols (such as gallic and ellagic acids), flavonoids, and tannins. These compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, contribute to the pharmacological activities of this genus. The compounds in the Cochlospermum genus have demonstrated various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and potential antidiabetic properties. The genus has demonstrated some of these activities both in vitro and in vivo, making it of great pharmacological importance. This work presents a comprehensive overview of the botanical aspects, ethnopharmacology, biological activities, and chemical properties of the Cochlospermum genus. Its abundant chemical molecules can serve as an alternative source for the treatment of various diseases. This work provides a new perspective for future studies.

Composition and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plants in Kenyah Ethnic, Borneo, Malaysia

Ethnomedicinal plants are an important source of traditional medicine for many indigenous communities around the world. In Malaysia, several indigenous groups rely on these plants to treat a variety of ailments. The Kenyah people are one such group, and they have a rich tradition of using medicinal plants to maintain their health and well-being. In this study, we aimed to understand the composition and utilization of ethnomedicinal plants among the Kenyah people in Malaysia. We conducted a survey of Kenyah community members using a questionnaire and collected data on the plant species they use, the parts of the plants that are used, the methods of preparation and administration, and the ailments that the plants are used to treat. We found that the Kenyah people use a wide variety of plant species for medicinal purposes and that these plants are used to treat a range of ailments, including diabetes, release urine, pain relief and digestive disorders. The plants are prepared and administered in a number of different ways, including boiling, sun drying and grounding; and also administered either internally or externally. The Bland-Altman plot for agreement analysis revealed that the mean difference between the two sets of measurements i.e demographic description of respondents and method of uses for reported medicinal plants was small and within the limits of agreement. Our results provide important insights into the medicinal plant practices of the Kenyah people and add to our understanding of the traditional medicine practices of indigenous communities in Malaysia. Further research is needed to fully understand the medicinal properties of these plants and the optimal ways in which they should be used to treat various ailments. This research can inform the development of new pharmaceuticals, and contribute to the conservation of important plant species. It is also a valuable resource for understanding the cultural and social context in which these plants are used, ...

Morphological study and DNA fingerprint pattern of Goniothalamus tapis and G. umbrosus (Annonaceae) using M13 marker and its taxonomic implication

Abstract. Mahadi I, Fathurrahman F, Sofiyanti N, Susatya A. 2023. Morphological study and DNA fingerprint pattern of Goniothalamus tapis and G. umbrosus (Annonaceae) using M13 marker and its taxonomic implication. Biodiversitas 24: 6299-6306. The species of Goniothalamus (Blume) JD Hooker &amp; Thomson (Annonaceae) is widely considered a source of traditional medicine and containsoniothalamin, which is used for anti-cancer and anti-bacterial drugs. Goniothalamus tapis and G. umbrosus are traditional medicines in Sumatra, Indonesia, and Malaysia Peninsula, respectively. The community uses this plant as a source of traditional medicinal ingredients. Clinically, Goniothalamus contains the compound goniothalamin, an anti-cancer and anti-bacterial drug. The existence of this plant is gradually maintained. G. tapis is often used as a traditional medicine for the Malay community in Sumatra, and G. umbrosus is widely used by the Malay community in the Peninsular Malaysia. These two plants are morphologically similar, but the two species are different. Some researchers consider these plants to be the same. For this reason, it needs to be studied by combining two methods, both molecular and morphological. G. tapis and G. umbrosus are species of the Goniothalamus distributed in Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Their taxonomic status needs to be clarified due to the morphological character similarity. This study aimed to study the morphological characters of G. tapis and G. umbrosus as well as their DNA fingerprint pattern using M13 Marker. The morphological examination showed that G. tapis and G. umbrosus characters are distinguished by leaf, flower, and fruit. This result is supported by a DNA fingerprint pattern using an M13 marker. The results show that these two species are different both in terms of morphology and fingerprints. So, it can be concluded that these two species are different.

Ethnopharmacology Potentials of Mangrove Bulalo, North Gorontalo

Ethnopharmacology is the study of the practical utilization of mangrove plants which have been used as a source of traditional medicine by people living in certain areas since ancient times for generations. This study aims to determine the diversity of mangrove species as the ethnopharmacology of Bulalo, Kwandang District, North Gorontalo. The research was conducted from March to May 2023. The method used in this study was semi-structured interviews. The results showed that species that have the potential for ethnopharmacology are widely used by local people as traditional medicines. Based on the results of interviews with the local community, of the 14 ethnopharmacological species found in Bulalo Village, 7 species have medicinal properties and have been used as traditional medicines by the community for generations, such as Avicennia alba, Bruguiera gymnorriza, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculate, Rhizophora mucronate, Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia casseolaris, which has been used as a medicine containing phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols. The parts used in traditional medicine are the fruit, leaves, and sap. The ways to use it include hypertension, hepatitis, asthma, flatulence, recovering energy after giving birth, mouth sores, malaria, dysentery, ulcers, cholera, sore eyes, itching, internal injuries, boils, healing burns, and bruises.

A systematic review on biological and medicinal properties of Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce (Ehretiaceae) in Southern Africa

Wild plants are widely utilized as important sources of traditional medicines and food. Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) is one such plant species that occurs naturally in southern Africa and different parts of the plant have nutritional, cultural, and pharmaceutical importance. The current study is aimed at providing information on the medicinal and biological properties of E. rigida. The current review assessed the existing literature on the biological properties and medicinal uses of the plant. The study revealed that the leaves, twigs, stems, bark and roots of the plant are mainly used for ritual purposes, as traditional medicines for infertility, headache, abdominal pains, chest pains, pain, skin cuts, sprained joints, newborn baby infections, a good-luck charm, fire-making and rain-making ceremonies, warding-off enemies and dangerous animals and as ethnoveterinary medicine. The phytochemical evaluation of the species showed that it is characterized by allantoin, ?-amyrin, ?-amyrin, ?avonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, ?-sitosterol and 1-triacontanol. The pharmacological properties of different crude extracts demonstrated anticholinesterase inhibition, antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This review highlights the pharmaceutical and health benefits of E. rigida in different countries of southern Africa. Therefore, detailed ethnopharmacological evaluations of the species focusing on phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, toxicological evaluations, and in vivo and clinical research investigations are recommended.

In silico targeting CYP51 of Naegleria fowleri using bioactive compounds from Indonesian plants

Context: Given the elusive nature of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), caused by Naegleria fowleri, early detection is vital, yet challenging due to limited clinical indicators. This research leverages Indonesia's rich biodiversity to explore novel sources of traditional medicine. Aims: To evaluate the potential compounds from Indonesian plants that possess antiamoebic and antifungal properties for inhibiting the N. fowleri CYP51 protein, crucial for cell integrity. Methods: Initially, 92 compounds were screened, and six were shortlisted following ADMETox evaluation. Subsequent steps encompassed QSAR analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Results: The QSAR analysis verified the activity potential of these six compounds, progressing them to molecular docking analysis. Among these, curcumenol from Curcuma longa emerged as a promising contender, displaying the lowest binding affinity at -9.2 kcal/mol, indicative of superior binding compared to other ligands. Molecular dynamics simulations underscored the stability of all compounds, with root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) values within 1-3 Å. Conclusions: Consequently, employing a comprehensive approach spanning ADMETox, QSAR, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations, curcumenol emerged as the prime candidate for inhibiting the N. fowleri CYP51 protein, suggesting its potential as a PAM therapeutic agent.

A Review on Valeriana wallichii: Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Research

Background: In the past decade, a rising trend has seen in the use of plant-based medicines because of fewer/no side effects. Plants are always the major source of traditional medicines in every culture. The main objective of this review is to shed a light on phytochemical composition and pharmacological research of Valeriana wallichii. Methods: Electronic databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, etc., were searched for traditional uses, extraction of phytoconstituents, therapeutical uses and pharmacology of V. wallichii. Results: V. wallichii has been used as a sleep remedy since ancient times in the Indian traditional system of medicines. It is also used as diuretic, spasmolytic and pain relieving agent. It is used for the treatment of epilepsy, dyspeptic symptoms, failing reflexes, habitual constipation, insanity, nervous debility, obesity, spastic disorders, and in snake poisoning, and also reported to have cytotoxic potential. The pharmacological activity of the plant is due to presence of different types of secondary metabolites, including valerianic acid, valerosidatum glycoside, valepotriates, dihydrovaltrate, 6-methylapigenin, hesperidin, sesquiterpenoids, bornylisovalerianate, isovalerenic acid, 1-camphene, 1-pinene, terpineol, valerianine, bornylisovalerianate, valerianine and so on. This review focuses on detailed phytochemistry of the plant and its therapeutic indication. The main emphasis is given on anticancer potential of V. wallichii, with in vitro cytotoxic as well as in vivo antitumor description. Conclusion: The review reveals that further research, as well as clinical trials, are needed to know this plant as an effective drug for the treatment of cancer in future with exact molecular mechanisms.

Jujube Fruit Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Cultivar Differences and Function as Cultivar Fingerprints.

Jujube is a nutritious fruit, and is high in vitamin C, fiber, phenolics, flavonoids, nucleotides, and organic acids. It is both an important food and a source of traditional medicine. Metabolomics can reveal metabolic differences between Ziziphus jujuba fruits from different jujube cultivars and growth sites. In the fall of 2022, mature fresh fruit of eleven cultivars from replicated trials at three sites in New Mexico-Leyendecker, Los Lunas, and Alcalde-were sampled from September to October for an untargeted metabolomics study. The 11 cultivars were Alcalde 1, Dongzao, Jinsi (JS), Jinkuiwang (JKW), Jixin, Kongfucui (KFC), Lang, Li, Maya, Shanxi Li, and Zaocuiwang (ZCW). Based on the LC-MS/MS analysis, there were 1315 compounds detected with amino acids and derivatives (20.15%) and flavonoids (15.44%) as dominant categories. The results reveal that the cultivar was the dominant factor in metabolite profiles, while the location was secondary. A pairwise comparison of cultivar metabolomes revealed that two pairs had fewer differential metabolites (i.e., Li/Shanxi Li and JS/JKW) than all the other pairs, highlighting that pairwise metabolic comparison can be applied for cultivar fingerprinting. Differential metabolite analysis also showed that half of drying cultivars have up-regulated lipid metabolites compared to fresh or multi-purpose fruit cultivars and that specialized metabolites vary significantly between cultivars from 35.3% (Dongzao/ZCW) to 56.7% (Jixin/KFC). An exemplary analyte matching sedative cyclopeptide alkaloid sanjoinine A was only detected in the Jinsi and Jinkuiwang cultivars. Overall, our metabolic analysis of the jujube cultivar's mature fruits provides the largest resource of jujube fruit metabolomes to date and will inform cultivar selection for nutritional and medicinal research and for fruit metabolic breeding.

Clematis Species: Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Effects- A Report

The genus Clematis has been a source of various traditionally useful and pharmacologically active species. Many plants of this genus are prominently climbers and woody vines. The species are mosly wild however; few are grown as ornamental plants. The species Clematis apifolia, Clematis ganpiniana, Clematis graveolens, and Clematis terniflora were selected to study on their traditional use, chemical composition and pharmacological effects reported in literature. In folklore these species are used as antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, anodyne, antidote, diuretic and sedative agents. The triterpenoid saponins are the dominant compounds of these species flavonoids, alkaloids, lignans, coumarins, steroids and volatile oils have also been reported. The pharmacological effects evaluated are antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotectve, and anti-inflammatory activities. As such these species has emerged as good source of traditional medicines. The chemical compounds isolated from these species have been reported for their pharmacological effects. Although, few experimental studies validated their traditional claim, but uncharacterized crude extracts were employed in most of the activities. Such species need to be explored properly for their bioactive principle and exploited as potential drug. The review will help the researchers to select medicinally potential species of Clematis for future research.

Preparing Herbal Formulations through Indigenous and Modern Methods: An Experimental Study

Traditional medicines can treat many problems because they are based on natural treatments. Because of their historical applications and useful treatments, numerous of these conventional medications have been the subject of extensive pharmacological research of their antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects. Natural resources are frequently used as a primary or secondary source by academics and pharmaceutical corporations when developing new drugs. A wide variety of plants have long been used as a source of traditional medicine by people in many different cultures. Numerous research have examined the possible antibacterial and antiviral properties of these plants. Since there are so many different kinds of natural sources, including plants, choose the proper one as a starting point is crucial for accurate screening results. Due to their, “effectiveness in treating diseases and lower risk of side effects than synthetic treatments, the usage of plant-based medications has significantly expanded in the modern world. The current study was aimed to confirm the identity, quality and purity of some locally available potential medicinal plants such as Drymaria cordata (whole plant), Alstonia scholaris (bark), Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides (whole plant), Centella asiatica (whole plant), Senna hirsuta (leaf), Oroxylum indicum (bark),&#x0D; &#x0D; Senna occidentalis (leaf), Stephania japonica (tuber) and Solanum indicum (root) in powdered form”. &#x0D; The powdered plant components underwent preliminary phytochemical analysis as well as pharmacognostic tests, physical evaluation and heavy metal analysis. Initial phytochemical study of the various extracts indicated that triterpenoids were absent, but alkaloids, phenolics, carbohydrates and amino acids were present. The powder was studied under a microscope to reveal its, “distinguishing characteristics, including calcium oxalate crystals, fibres, stone cells, trichomes, stomata, xylem vessels, pitted spiral vessels, etc. The colour, smell, fragrance, and texture of the ground plant were all acceptable. The physical characteristics that affect the flow rate of the powder with respect to Carr's index and Hausner's ratio were found to be good to passable, with the exception of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides (the complete plant) and Oroxylum indicum (bark), which were not easily passable. During the heavy metal test, lead, cadmium, and bismuth were not found. As a result, the current study may be utilised as a benchmark reference for the quality control analysis of the herbal medicine, either alone or in combination”.

Potential of endophytic fungi as therapeutics: Antibiotics, Antiviral and Anticancer properties

Antibiotic resistance, an emerging threat to human health, is the world's major challenge today. Endophytic microbes found in medicinal plants aid in the resolution of these issues. It is critical to select the plant that will be used to investigate endophytes for bioactive metabolites. As a result, medicinal plants which have been used as a traditional source of medicine for centuries, are a valuable source for bioprospecting endophytes. Fungi are the most commonly reported organisms among endophytes. Endophytic fungi are a diverse group of microbes that invade plant interior tissues without creating any symptoms. Endophytic fungi represent an abundant source of novel bioactive secondary metabolites with diversified structures that can be exploited for various applications in the field of therapeutics. Endophytic fungi produce secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, enzymes, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, quinones, peptides, polyketides etc. which have a higher therapeutic value. They produce a wide range of bioactive molecules with various biological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidants, cytotoxic and antimalarial compounds. The chemical diversity of endophytic fungi also serves to protect host plants from pathogens by hindering their growth and stimulating the host immune system, thereby enhancing plant defense mechanisms. Endophytic fungi synthesize metabolites that are identical to their host medicinal plant (azadirachtin, taxol, ginkgolide, jasmonic acid, camptothecin etc.) due to their specific capacity to form a symbiotic association with the host. Endophytic fungi can serve as substitutes for secondary metabolite production, aiding in biodiversity conservation. This review discusses numerous bioactive metabolites produced by endophytic fungi that have diverse biological activities. The majority of these metabolites have the potential to be utilized as drugs to treat a wide range of diseases.

Composition Analysis of Salsola grandis and Its Effects on Colon Cancer Cells.

The success of drug treatment of colon cancer (CC), which is in the top three in terms of incidence and mortality among all cancers, is adversely affected by reasons, such as severe side effects and chemoresistance. Clinical, epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated the need for developing new alternative drugs for the treatment of CC. Plants are an important source of traditional medicines that have proven to be highly beneficial for the treatment of CC. In this study, we aimed to reveal the antioxidant properties and anti-carcinogenic activity of Salsola grandis methanol extract (SGME) on HT-29. For this purpose, we used spectrophotometric methods to determine the antioxidant properties of SGME and LC-MS/MS analysis to measure the phenolic acid composition. We applied 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, the thiazolyl blue (MTT) method, to evaluate its effects on cell viability and ELISA assay, realtime PCR, and western blot method to reveal its effects on apoptosis. Spectrophotometric analyzes showed that SGME has the highest phenolic acid content, inhibits plasma lipid peroxidation and shows chelating activity and radical scavenging activity. Gene and protein expression analysis revealed the effects of SGME treatment on apoptosis genes/proteins. These findings showed that SGME has anticarcinogenic activity on CC due to its antioxidant, cell viability- suppressing and apoptosis-inducing properties.

Preparing Herbal Formulations through Indigenous and Modern Methods: An Experimental Study

Traditional medicines can treat many problems because they are based on natural treatments. Because of their historical applications and useful treatments, numerous of these conventional medications have been the subject of extensive pharmacological research of their antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects. Natural resources are frequently used as a primary or secondary source by academics and pharmaceutical corporations when developing new drugs. A wide variety of plants have long been used as a source of traditional medicine by people in many different cultures. Numerous research have examined the possible antibacterial and antiviral properties of these plants. Since there are so many different kinds of natural sources, including plants, choose the proper one as a starting point is crucial for accurate screening results. Due to their, “effectiveness in treating diseases and lower risk of side effects than synthetic treatments, the usage of plant-based medications has significantly expanded in the modern world. The current study was aimed to confirm the identity, quality and purity of some locally available potential medicinal plants such as Drymaria cordata (whole plant), Alstonia scholaris (bark), Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides (whole plant), Centella asiatica (whole plant), Senna hirsuta (leaf), Oroxylum indicum (bark), Senna occidentalis (leaf), Stephania japonica (tuber) and Solanum indicum (root) in powdered form”.

In silico pharmacology and bioavailability of bioactive constituents from Triclisia subcordata (Oliv), an underutilized medicinal plant in Nigeria

Medicinal plants are rich sources of traditional medicines from which many modern medicines are made. Triclisia subcordata Oliv. is one among the underutilized medicinal plants in the Southwestern part of Nigeria. Therefore, this study was designed to present comprehensive data from the literature on pharmacological uses of T. subcordata and its phytochemistry, and to predict the pharmacology and bioavailability of the phytoconstituents isolated so far from Triclisia subcordata through an in silico approach. T. subcordata has high antioxidant activity and so it isthus used to treat oxidative stress-related diseases such as inflammation and diabetes. It also has antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial and smooth muscle relaxing properties. It is a potent inhibitor of enzymes such as alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. It has also traditionally been used in cancer treatment. One of the bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBIQ) alkaloids isolated from this plant, cycleanine, showed selectivity for ovarian cancer cell lines. The presence of phytochemicals such as cyanogenic glycosides and tannins in low concentrations in T. subcordata has also been reported to make it edible to humans. The results of predicted absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity was analyzed on the webserver ’ADEMTLab 2.0‘ . Prediction of activity studies for the four bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids isolated so far from this plant supported anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antimalarial activities as well as muscle relaxant effect. Moreover, new activities including stimulation of leukopoiesis, inhibition of membrane permeability , inhibition of kinase and nicotinic alpha4beta4 receptor agonist properties were also predicted through in silico investigation. From our findings, these phytoconstituents could be lead candidates in drug discovery, since this plant is safe for human consumption.

Mitochondrial genome of Artemisia argyi L. suggested conserved mitochondrial protein-coding genes among genera Artemisia, Tanacetum and Chrysanthemum

BackgroundArtemisia argyi L., also known as mugwort, is a perennial herb whose leaves are commonly used as a source of traditional medicines. However, the evolution and structure of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) in A. argyi remain unclear. In this study, the mitogenome of A. argyi was assembled and characterized for the first time. ResultsThe mitogenome of A. argyi was a circular molecule of 229,354 bp. It encodes 56 genes, including 33 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 20 tRNA genes, and three rRNA genes, and three pseudogenes. Five trans-spliced introns were observed in three PCGs namely, nad1, nad2 and nad5. Repeat analysis identified 65 SSRs, 14 tandem repeats, and 167 dispersed repeats. The A. argyi mitogenome contains 12 plastid transfer sequences from 79 bp to 2552 bp. Five conserved MTPTs were identified in all 18 Asteraceae species. Comparison of mitogenome between A. argyi and one Artemisia specie and two Chrysanthemum species showed 14 conserved gene clusters. Phylogenetic analysis with organelle genomes of A. argyi and 18 other Anthemideae plants showed inconsistent phylogenetic trees, which implied that the evolutionary rates of PCGs and rrna genes derived from mitochondrion and plastid were incongruent. The Ka/Ks ratio of the 27 shared protein-coding genes in the 18 Anthemideae species are all less than 1 indicating that these genes were under the effect of purifying selection. Lastly, a total of 568 RNA editing sites in PCGs were further identified. The average editing frequency of non-synonymous changes was significantly higher than that of synonymous changes (one-sample Student’s t-test, p-values ≤ 0.05) in three tissues (root, leaf and stem). ConclusionsIn this study, the gene content, genome size, genome comparison, mitochondrial plastid sequences, dN/dS analysis of mitochondrial protein-coding genes, and RNA-editing events in A. argyi mitogenome were determined, providing insights into the phylogenetic relationships of Asteraceae plant.