Source Of Social Inequality Research Articles

Poverty in the Kazakhstan Regions: Assessing the Influence of Key Indicators on Differences in Its Level

Modern Kazakhstan is characterized by significant regional socioeconomic differences due to climatic conditions, natural resources, migration, and regional specialization. The persistence of these regional differences can lead to increased stratification of society, social tension, and disruption of the country’s economic stability. These issues have intensified under the influence of Industry 4.0 trends and geopolitical processes in the region. Among the various sources of social inequality, we have chosen to focus on the problem of population poverty in our study. Addressing this problem is crucial for taking a comprehensive approach to addressing regional disparities in social development. The purpose of our study is to determine and assess the features of poverty in the regions of Kazakhstan. Our research methodology is based on evaluating the integral poverty index using four indicators: the share of the population with incomes below the subsistence level, the population under 60 years of age, youth aged 15–17 who are not working or studying, and the unemployment rate in the regions of Kazakhstan. Based on these indicators, we grouped the regions according to their poverty level, identified and compared regional differences, and identified the most vulnerable areas in need of intervention. This approach has enabled us to propose appropriate instruments of state support for different territories and promote inclusive regional development to overcome social imbalances.

Beyond a Shared History: A Biosocial Perspective on Sociogenomics and Racism in Germany

AbstractRecent advances in sociogenomics offer new opportunities to integrate genetic and epigenetic measures into social science research on human lifespan development. Now, German social science cohorts have followed suit with this global trend. We anticipate that the integration of genetic measures into German social science cohorts is likely to be met with hesitation and dismay. Historically, racialized pseudo-science disguised as genetic research was used to justify the political exploitation, oppression, and genocide conducted by colonial and Nazi Germany regimes. In response, German institutions and social sciences actively avoided race-related research. However, avoiding the intersection of socially constructed race and genetics may stall the deconstruction of enduring racial discrimination and the identification of racialized social inequalities. Recent survey studies show that half of the German population still believe in the existence of biologically distinct human “races” and that racism is rampant. This article is aimed at providing a biosocial perspective on sociogenomics and racism in Germany. First, we discuss the biologistic construction of race that became prevalent in colonial and Nazi Germany. We argue that racist legacies are sources of social inequality in contemporary German society. We further review recent human genomic science that clearly demonstrates that there is no biological basis to socially constructed race. Second, we propose a biosocial perspective that integrates how genes “get out of the skin” and racism “gets under the skin”. Transactional genetic effects, which involve human behavior and interactions between people in society, are expected to depend on environmental inequalities tied to systemic racism. We summarize recent sociogenomics studies using polygenic indices and epigenetic profile scores showing that a) genes contribute to complex human traits and b) the expression of genetic variation is affected by socioeconomic and racialized inequality. Finally, we offer a roadmap toward race-critical biosocial research that breaks with the historically informed avoidance of race to reconstruct race-critical concepts, datasets, and scientific systems.

PROBLEMS OF EMPIRICAL MEASUREMENT OF COMMUNICATIVE LEADERSHIP RESOURCES IN RESEARCH OF INTEGRATIVE DYNAMICS OF MOBILIZATION-TYPE INTERNET COMMUNITIES

Online communities are still a relatively new social phenomenon - their novelty does not allow researchers to come to a consensus in their interpretations of what the Internet world is and what its connection with the life of real society is. One of the central issues in the study of online social networks is the question of how to exercise power and manage the mobilization potential of online communities. The article examines the specific features of Internet sociality and dominance practices implemented on the Internet, reveals the content of the metaphor «lightened Sociality» as a conceptual tool for analyzing the behavior of Internet communities. The definition of the concept of index power and communicative capital as a source of social inequality in cyberspace is given; the possibilities of applying existing methodological approaches to the empirical analysis of online leadership are evaluated. Brief conclusions of the study of communicative leadership in the system of factors of integrative dynamics of mobilization-type Internet communities are proposed. The article describes a methodology for assessing the types and resources of intra-group leadership based on empirical indicators developed in the complex of indicators of integration processes in online communities.

A New Technique of Treating Periodontal Disease- “Bone One Session Treatment (Bost)

Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic plaque biofilms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. Its primary features include the loss of periodontal tissue support, manifested through clinical attachment loss (CAL) and radiographically assessed alveolar bone loss, presence of periodontal pocketing and gingival bleeding. Periodontitis is a major public health problem due to its high prevalence, as well as because it may lead to tooth loss and disability, negatively affect chewing function and aesthetics, be a source of social inequality, and impair quality of life. There are advancements at the level of diagnostic and treatment modality to arrest the periodontal infection through various modern techniques that are available today.

Farm size: implications for social inequity among ethnic communities in a mountainous area of Vietnam

ABSTRACT The disparity in access to agricultural land can be a source of social inequality, impeding community development in rural areas in many developing countries. Previous studies have identified factors that affect landholding size but have failed to understand operational farm size in the area with the coexistence of local indigenous people and internal immigrants. In this study, we conducted 121 interviews with farmers from the buffer zones of Vietnam’s Bu Gia Map National Park to understand the determinants of operational farm sizes of farmers. The findings of this study demonstrate that indigeneity, female-male labor force ratio, education level of heads of households, training in agriculture, and residential communes are statistically significant in explaining the operational farm size of farmers. The findings of this study can support the government and practitioners in assisting community development by creating interventions to reduce social inequality based on socioeconomic profiles.

The online marketplace: Zero‐order city or new source of social inequality?

AbstractOnline shopping revenues in the United States were $520 billion 2018, a more than threefold increase over a decade prior. Recent research on county‐level shares of consumer expenditures conducted online shows aggregate consumer gains but also considerable spatial variation, creating a new source of social inequality. Through the lens of classical retail location theory, this paper uses a novel approach to test the effects of marginalization, by both income and remoteness, on online shopping behavior. We find that increased shipping costs weaken demand for online goods across consumer groups. When the costs of shipping are controlled for, distance from a city most strongly motivates low‐income counties to engage in online shopping, reflecting sensitivity to cost reductions. However, variations in cost and cost/distance ratios have little effect for this group, because if shipping surcharges exist, which they almost always do at high levels, consumers in these counties will forego online shopping. Medium‐income counties are sensitive to variations in cost and cost/distance ratios. The highest‐income counties display no response to the marginal costs of remoteness. In sum, online shopping benefits consumers living in counties marginalized by either remoteness or low income but not both.

Seeing and Not-seeing Like a Political Economist: The Historicity of Contemporary Political Economy and its Blind Spots

ABSTRACT Contemporary political economy is predicated on widely shared ideas and assumptions, some explicit but many implicit, about the past. Our aim in this Special Issue is to draw attention to, and to assess critically, these historical assumptions. In doing so, we hope to contribute to a political economy that is more attentive to the analytic assumptions on which it is premised, more aware of the potential oversights, biases, and omissions they contain, and more reflexive about the potential costs of these blind spots. This is an Introduction to one of two Special Issues that are being published simultaneously by New Political Economy and Review of International Political Economy reflecting on blind spots in international political economy. Together, these Special Issues seek to identify the key blind spots in the field and to make sense of how many scholars missed or misconstrued important dynamics that define contemporary capitalism and the other systems and sources of social inequality that characterise our present. This particular Special Issue pursues this goal by looking backwards, to the history of political economy and at the ways in which we have come to tell that history, in order to understand how we got to the present moment.

Sociocultural dynamics and information civilization as one of the vectors of the evolution of 21st century culture

The article considers the problem of developing conceptual principles of philosophical and cultural studies of society that are adequate to its current metastable state, taking into account its transition to the era of a new type of cultural development (information, project management culture, etc.). The global informatization of society, the conditions under which the cultural information environment functions, is in our time the main source of social inequality. The relevance of the study is due to the transition to a new type of cultural development in the form of self-structuring of the personality, directly related to the self-structuring of the noosphere on the way of a wide awareness of the fact of knowledge, streamlining their structure, as well as determining mutual transitions between knowledge and information and obtaining knowledge from information. The specificity of the development of information culture is shown, which contributes to the reduction of uncertainty in the functioning of various social or innovative clusters with the help of management signals. It is also shown that it becomes a condition for society to gain additional degrees of freedom. New approaches used in the work are developed on the basis of a synergistic expansion of the research method. The methodological basis of the study adopted the ideas and methods of modern systemology, philosophical synergetics and structural epistemology. The analysis shows that the mass culture of the mid-twentieth - beginning of the twenty-first centuries. remains a relatively unimaginable phenomenon in terms of general and philosophical cultural studies.

Development of Evolutionary Neurosociology: Behavioral Biograms and Biological Predisposition to Social Inequality

In recent years, there is growth of interest for neurobiology, neuroscience, behavioral genetics, evolutionary biology, social neuroscience for the traditional problems of sociology. The mechanisms of dominance hierarchy (in sociology it is known as a problem of social inequality) is one of the issues that has caught attention of these disciplines. Although the results are relevant, they are largely ignored by social scientists. Exceptional attempts are the efforts of those sociologists who work in such new areas as neurosociology and evolutionary sociology. In this article, taking into account the results of their research, I apply evolutionary theory together with the findings of neuroscience to the problem of social inequality. I analyzed behavioral biograms (biological predispositions of certain social behavior) – aggressive, mother-infant bonding, hierarchy, male domination, incest avoidance, territoriality – as an evolutionary source of social inequality in modern society.

«Капитализм для своих» – источник социального неравенства в современной России

«Капитализм для своих» – источник социального неравенства в современной России

Rousseau's critique of inequality: reconstructing the second discourse

Introduction 1. Nature is not the source of social inequality 2. Amour propre is the source of social inequality 3. The normative resources of nature 4. Judging the legitimacy of social inequalities 5. The contemporary relevance of Rousseau's critique.

How parents' income, time and job quality affect children's health and development

The advent of the Global Financial Crisis reminds us that modern epidemiological research has consistently demonstrated links between the socio‐economic circumstances of families and children's health and development. Drawing on data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, this article firstly examines the evidence for intergenerational transmission of socio‐economic disadvantage from parents to young children. It then examines parents' jobs as another source of social inequality. Results confirm that children's healthy development is affected by family income, by parents' hours of work and by the quality of parents' jobs. Job combinations that include long work hours of mothers and fathers and poorer quality jobs are associated with elevated rates of parental mental health problems, less time spent in developmentally important activities with children, and socio‐emotional developmental difficulties for children. The evidence suggests that these effects are greater within low income families. These findings highlight the need for social and economic policies to move beyond simplistic notions of promoting parental workforce participation as a way of reducing the adverse effects of social disadvantage. A more nuanced approach is required that considers the additional impacts of the quality and characteristics of jobs, especially for the parents of young children.

Language and ‘new’ African migration to South Africa: an overview and some reflections on theoretical implications for policy and planning

This article examines the phenomenon of African migration to post-apartheid South Africa from a language-sociological perspective. Although the subject has been one largely neglected by language scholars, the handful of studies which have addressed the issue have yielded ethnographic data and raised questions of considerable significance for the development of theoretical perspectives on the sociolinguistic consequences of geographical and social mobility. In the case of African migrants to South Africa, mobility is often seen to entail a reductive reordering and re-evaluation of their linguistic repertoires which serve to both index and be partly constitutive of their unequal social status. In the final section of the paper, I argue that conventional language-planning approaches, and in particular those which place an emphasis on various forms of language rights, are epistemologically disinclined and therefore ultimately theoretically unable to meaningfully address certain types of language-related problems which may arise as a consequence of mobility. Indeed, it is doubtful whether such problems may be amenable to resolution through any form of planned intervention. Such an insight serves as an important brake on ambition in terms of what can be formulated as realistic expected outcomes of language planning measures aimed at tackling sources of social inequality.

Ability to pay and equity in access to Italian and British National Health Services

Equity in delivery and distribution of health care is an important determinant of health and a cornerstone in the long way to social justice. We performed a comparative analysis of the prevalence of Italian and British residents who have fully paid out-of-pocket for health services which they could have obtained free of charge or at a lower cost from their respective National Health Services. Cross-sectional study based on a standardized questionnaire survey carried out in autumn 2006 among two representative samples (n = 1000) of the general population aged 20-74 years in each of the two countries. 78% (OR 19.9; 95% CI 15.5-25.6) of Italian residents have fully paid out-of-pocket for at least one access to health services in their lives, and 45% (OR 18.1; 95% CI 12.9-25.5) for more than five accesses. Considering only the last 2 years, 61% (OR 16.5; 95% CI 12.6-21.5) of Italians have fully paid out-of-pocket for at least one access. The corresponding pattern for British residents is 20 and 4% for lifelong prevalence, and 10% for the last 2 years. Opening the public health facilities to a privileged private access to all hospital physicians based on patient's ability to pay, as Italy does, could be a source of social inequality in access to care and could probably represent a major obstacle to decreasing waiting times for patients in the standard formal 'free of charge' way of access.

Medir a discriminação

Os debates a respeito da relevância contemporânea da discriminação são obscurecidos pela ausência de técnicas rigorosas de mensuração. Como separar os efeitos gerados pela raça das várias outras fontes de desigualdade social? O artigo examina as abordagens normalmente empregadas para medir a discriminação, como estudos de percepção, levantamentos de atitudes, análises estatísticas, experimentos de laboratório e de campo. As várias abordagens são resumidas e o alcance e a limitação de cada uma delas são avaliados. Embora nenhum método de pesquisa seja isento de falhas, a análise cuidadosa dos métodos disponíveis ajuda a estabelecer a correspondência entre o problema da pesquisa e a estratégia empírica adequada.

Doing Diversity

The challenge of diversity is much more than a change in terminology from categories like gender, ethnicity, age and class to the more encompassing and concealing term ‘diversity’. In contrast to gender and other categories of identity, which are often represented as sources of social inequality in organisations, ‘diversity’ does not so powerfully appeal to our sense of social justice. (Benschop, 2001, p. 1166)

Inclusion: A Gender Perspective

This article argues for the need to consider the gender dimension in discussions of inclusion, because of the prevalence and complexity of gender differences in education and beyond, and the interactions between gender differences and other sources of social inequality, such as social class background and ethnicity. Drawing on research carried out by the authors on gender differences in school education in Scotland, as well as on the findings of other research, the article demonstrates the complexity of gender differences in school education: at different stages, across the curriculum and in learning and behaviour support. It highlights the interaction between gender, social class background and ethnicity, demonstrating that social class is a greater source of inequality than gender in school attainment, and that gender and social class differences are further complicated by ethnic background. It describes continuing disadvantages for females in education and beyond, discusses factors related to gender differences and explores shifts in young people's views on work and family roles. The article concludes that more research is needed on the interactions between gender and other sources of inequality and that policy makers and practitioners need to take account of the ‘gender jigsaw’ rather than the ‘gender gap’.

Television, A cognitive terminal

Summary: There is a dimension of television that the compartmentalization of research into the relationship between children, television and school helps to conceal: its status as 'cognitive terminal', independent of programme content. This dimension is approached here in three ways: through the current perception of television as entertainment, which distorts judgments on its usefulness as a source of learning; through the cultural diversity of ways of watching television, which makes the 'TV effecť just as much a class phenomenon as other sources of social inequality; and through the cognitive modality peculiar to television, which contrasts the conventional monolithic model long propagated by the school system with a model of knowledge as an interpretive and relational process. In this sense, entertainment-oriented 'neotelevision' does not stand in opposition to the more didactic 'palaeotelevision' , but they do represent different educational models reflecting two types of society. Hence the need to 'make television less exotic', both in the classroom and in research into its cognitive effects.

SOCIAL INEQUALITIES: PROBLEMATIKA STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN DAKWAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF TEORI SOSIAL KONFLIK

Social inequalities is the factured identities in social life, can be explained from the perspective of social-conflicttheory as an inequality in resource access control in social life, which is caused by various sources, namely the existence ofsocial class, gender, religion, geographical location, race/ethnicity and others. Various sources of social inequality should beused as a base framework for the development strategy by activists proselytizing mission, so the goal can be achievedembodiment Khaira Ummah. In this study, the formulation of development strategy of the Islamic da'wah refers amar ma'rufnahi munkar in the formulation of social reengineering