Source Of Secondary Raw Materials Research Articles

Potentially toxic elements speciation in bottom ashes from a municipal solid waste incinerator: A combined SEM-EDS, µ-XRF and µ-XANES study

Bottom Ashes from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators and Waste to Energy plants represent an interesting source of secondary raw materials for many applications, like urban mining and inclusion in concrete, and road pavement. However, Bottom Ashes may contain potentially toxic elements, whose actual toxicity depends essentially on their oxidation state and mineralogical environment. For this reason, a representative sample of bottom ashes from Parma Waste to Energy plant has been selected to investigate the chemical speciation of Cr, Ni, Pb, Co, Zn and Cu by means of complementary techniques: Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), micro X-Ray Fluorescence (µ-XRF) mapping and X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) measurements by synchrotron radiation. This multi-technique approach allowed to obtain a general image of the mineralogical and chemical environment in which these elements are found. SEM-EDS analyses show the presence of Zn and Pb both in minerals and in glass matrix. Cr has been detected in the form of oxide and in spinel structure (chromite) whereas Co and Cu are found as alloy or metal inclusions. µ-XRF mapping reveals that Cu, Ni and Cr are generally associated to Na, K and Si suggesting their presence in glass matrix. XANES investigations exhibit that Cu has a variable oxidation state that suggesting its presence in the form of oxide, hydroxide, acetate and metal. Zn is mainly found as +II and in a number of different phases (including Zn-carbonates, in agreement with SEM-EDS data). Cr has been found only as +III, with XANES features resembling those of chromite, whereas as +VI was never identified. Ni and Co were found either as metal form and oxides. Pb spectra show a good match with oxides.

Sustainable Isolation of Bioactive Compounds and Proteins from Plant-Based Food (and Byproducts).

Plant-based food produces significantly less greenhouse gases, and due to its wealth of bioactive components and/or plant-based protein, it becomes an alternative in a sustainable food system. However, the processing and production of products from plant sources creates byproducts, which can be waste or a source of useful substances that can be reused. The waste produced during the production and processing of food is essentially nutrient- and energy-rich, and it is recognized as an excellent source of secondary raw materials that could be repurposed in the process of manufacturing and preparing food, or as feed for livestock. This review offers an overview of the sources and techniques of the sustainable isolation of bioactive substances and proteins from various sources that might represent waste in the preparation or production of food of plant origin. The aim is to uncover novel approaches to use waste and byproducts from the process of making food to provide this waste food an additional benefit, not forgetting the expectations of the end user, the consumer. For the successful isolation of bioactive ingredients and proteins from food of plant origin, it is crucial to develop more eco-friendly and efficient extraction techniques with a low CO2 footprint while considering the economic aspects.

A study on the desulfurization of sulfidic mine tailings for the production of a sulfur-poor residue

The mining industry generates large amounts of tailings every year. The most common destination for the tailings is deposition in tailings storage facilities (TSFs), which can have enormous dimensions. The management and storage of such large volumes of material pose many challenges in terms of dam stability and immobilization of hazardous contaminants that represent human-health and environmental risks, particularly for sulfide-containing materials. In addition, considerable amounts of precious and base metals can be lost in the tailings. Due to the economic value and growing industrial demand for precious and base metals, tailings may therefore be potential sources of secondary raw materials. This contribution investigates the flotation of pyrite-rich tailings, containing residual chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite, and high amounts of ultrafine particles. Flotation was used to recover the sulfide minerals and generate tailings with low sulfur content. The Cu-Pb-Zn-rich product could go to further treatment (e.g. (bio)hydrometallurgy) to recover the metals, while the low sulfur fraction could be used in the civil construction industry. Automated mineralogy (MLA) was used to provide quantitative mineralogical and textural data. Bench-scale experiments were performed by combining classic flotation and floc flotation (flotation of flocs of targeted minerals). Flotation of the material as received, as well as after classification into two fractions was performed. The samples as received and the coarser fraction (+37 µm) underwent classic flotation, while the finer fraction (−37 µm) was processed either by using the classic or the floc flotation approach. The flotation of the coarser particles provided higher sulfide recoveries, higher combined Cu-Pb-Zn grades in the concentrate (3.66%), cleaner residues (1.6% S), faster flotation rates, and reduced reagent consumption. Likewise, the results from the fine particle flotation allowed lower S content in the residues (3.4% S) as compared to the flotation of the original material. The results of the use of floc flotation for the finer fraction show an increase in the mass pull with a slight increase in the recovery of sulfides. Overall, the development of a route to process the tailings proved to be promising and the use of a two-route approach indicates advantages as compared to a single route.

Анализ возможностей извлечения органических соединений пивной дробины различными способами

Brewer's spent grain is a brewing industry waste product that contains various valuable biologically active substances. However, polymers can complicate their extraction. This article focuses on innovative extraction methods, including sustainable deep processing that destroys the internal structures of plant matrix. The research objective was to review publications on the sustainable brewer's spent grain processing as a source of secondary raw materials and plant matrix organic compounds.
 The study featured the last 5–10 years of foreign and domestic analytical and technical publications on grain structure and extraction methods.
 Unlike the traditional acidic, alkaline, and enzymatic methods of grain processing, physical and mechanical methods aim at extracting biogenic peptides, phenolic compounds, and fatty acids. The nature of the processing depends on the type of the extracted compound. Thus, for the extraction of reducing compounds intended for sorption, exposure to high temperatures (≥ 150°C) is the most effective method. A combined treatment with acids or alkalis of the cellulose-lignin complex makes it possible to achieve a 76.2% yield of hemicelluloses. Acid hydrolysis of arabinoxylans is effective at 120–160°C. Alkaline hydrolysis combined with physical treatment makes it possible to reach 60% of arabinoxylans in a mix with phenolic compounds. When extracting nitrogen-containing, phenolic, and lipid compounds, the degree of grinding of the biomaterial and the organic solvent is of great importance. The optimal degree makes it possible to preserve the spatial structure while maintaining a high yield (86%) of organic compounds. Ultrafiltration concentrates the isolated biogenic compound and preserves its activity with a high yield of up to 95%.
 The analysis proved that the brewer's spent grain processing can be both feasible and environmentally friendly. It produces a high yield of pure organic compounds, e.g., peptides, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, etc.

Anthropogenic deposits and their impact on the natural environment

Introduction. This paper considers anthropogenic deposits as a source of environmental contaminants and a cause of air, soil, surface water and ground water pollution. Anthropogenic deposits are represented by dumps of mining enterprises, sludge from processing plants, dumps of metallurgical, fuel and energy, chemical and other industries. Their analysis is currently particularly relevant being aimed at national mineral resource base expansion and mining regions ecology improvement. Research objective is to study the direction of the environmental impact created by anthropogenic deposits formed by inactive enterprises, determine their impact on environmental pollution, and consider them as sources of secondary raw materials. Methods of research. The article is based mainly on the data obtained when studying anthropogenic deposits in the Urals. Theoretical research methods, including analysis and synthesis of data obtained by the authors and information sources on similar facilities in other Russian regions, were used to generalize the results of field and analytical studies, namely mineralogical and petrographic studies the authors performed. Results. This paper studies how various anthropogenic deposits in surface conditions impact the main components of the natural environment, namely air, soil and ground, hydrosphere and biosphere. The main indicators of heavy metals impact and concentration in Ural anthropogenic mineral formations are given. To effectively manage such facilities, it is proposed, first of all, to process, and then reclaim such deposits. Conclusions. Anthropogenic mineral deposits have an integrated negative effect on all components of the natural environment. Environmental monitoring that considers the local character of contamination dissipation is necessary to assess the impact of anthropogenic deposits. The negative environmental impact of these facilities is minimized or significantly reduced during conservation, which is carried out by surface reclamation. However, complete processing of anthropogenic mineral formations is preferable.

Utilization of the Energy Potential of Waste from the Automotive Industry

Human life is inextricably linked to the generation of waste, whether at the municipal or industrial sphere. Waste is an important source of secondary raw materials and stored energy, which nowadays is advantageous to use. The most suitable way of waste recovery is its recycling and reuse. The share of waste that is unsuitable for recycling for various reasons is high, it currently exceeds the processing capacity of the Slovak Republic and is therefore deposited in landfills. The energy stored mainly in chemical bonds is therefore not used. The share of energy stored in this way is considerable, and its use would help not only in the field of rational waste management, but also in the field of power industry. The simplest way of energy recovery of waste is its direct combustion, more complex technologies are its gasification and pyrolysis. All technologies are called as Waste to Energy systems. Combustion of waste releases stored chemical energy, which is converted into heat, which is used for the production of electricity and heating. The products of gasification and pyrolysis are gaseous and liquid fuels that can be directly used in heat sources for the production of electricity and heat for heating, but also as an input material for the creation of high-grade fuels and for the chemical industry. The article deals with the conceptual design of a small facility for the recovery of waste, especially plastics, from the automotive industry and sorted municipal waste. The concept discusses the technical possibilities of preparing the input material, the technical ways of using it by gasification or pyrolysis, and the possibilities of using the resulting products of processing plastic waste. The assumptions for the design of a small waste recovery facility are verified on an experimental pyrolysis waste treatment device, the article contains the results of laboratory pyrolytic waste treatment and the properties of the resulting products.

Sharing economic responsibility: Assessing end user's willingness to support E-waste reverse logistics for circular economy

The increase in the generation of e-waste is a growing concern worldwide. However, due to the presence of precious metals, it could serve as a source of secondary raw materials. This is in line with the circular economy concept, which focuses on the reuse of resources. However, e-waste management/recycling may not always be profitable. Therefore, stakeholders should share the economic responsibility of e-waste management to achieve a circular economy and sustainable society. Building on the concept of 'polluters pay', the present study investigates end user's willingness to pay (WTP) for the recycling of e-waste they produce. Specifically, using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), the study empirically examines the psychological factors that influence end user's willingness to pay for e-waste recycling. The proposed model is tested using survey data obtained from 382 Indian residents. The partial least square path modelling (PLSPM) approach is employed to determine the effect of various factors (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, intention, environmental concerns, and awareness of consequences) on WTP. The results suggest that perceived behavioural control (PBC), awareness of consequences, and intentions to recycle e-waste are positive predictors of WTP. Additionally, attitude, subjective norms, and environmental concerns positively affect WTP through the intention to recycle e-waste. The policymakers and decision-makers may use the findings of this study to motivate end-users to share the financial responsibility of the e-waste generated by them, which could lead to a circular economy and sustainable society.

An Exploratory Study of the Policies and Legislative Perspectives on the End-of-Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries from the Perspective of Producer Obligation

European self-sufficiency in the battery sector is one of the major EU needs. The key lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) materials demand is expected to increase in the next decade as a consequence of the increment in the LIBs production and a massive amount of spent LIBs will flood global markets. Hence, these waste streams would be a potential source of secondary raw materials to be valorized, under the principle of circular economy. European governments first, and then companies in the battery sector second, are addressing many efforts in improving legislation on batteries and accumulators. This study explores the current legislative aspects, the main perspective from the producer’s point of view, and the possibility to guarantee a proper recycle of spent LIBs. A monitoring proposal by means of a survey has been carried out and the Italian context, which has been taken as an example of the European context, and it was used to evaluate the practical implication of the current legislation. The main result of the survey is that a specific identification as well as regulations for LIBs are needed. The benefit from a cradle-to-cradle circular economy is still far from the actual situation but several industrial examples and ongoing European projects show the importance and feasibility of the reuse (e.g., second life) and recycle of LIBs.

Life Cycle Assessment and Material Flow Analysis: Two Under-Utilized Tools for Informing E-Waste Management

The unprecedented technological development and economic growth over the past two decades has resulted in streams of rapidly growing electronic waste (e-waste) around the world. As the potential source of secondary raw materials including precious and critical materials, e-waste has recently gained significant attention across the board, ranging from governments and industry, to academia and civil society organizations. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the last decade of e-waste literature followed by an in-depth analysis of the application of material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA), i.e., two less commonly used strategic tools to guide the relevant stakeholders in efficient management of e-waste. Through a keyword search on two main online search databases, Scopus and Web of Science, 1835 peer-reviewed publications were selected and subjected to a bibliographic network analysis to identify and visualize major research themes across the selected literature. The selected 1835 studies were classified into ten different categories based on research area, such as environmental and human health impacts, recycling and recovery technologies, associated social aspects, etc. With this selected literature in mind, the review process revealed the two least explored research areas over the past decade: MFA and LCA with 33 and 31 studies, respectively. A further in-depth analysis was conducted for these two areas regarding their application to various systems with numerous scopes and different stages of e-waste life cycle. The study provides a detailed discussion regarding their applicability, and highlights challenges and opportunities for further research.

Industrial wastewater treatment: Current trends, bottlenecks, and best practices

Rapid urbanization and industrialization have inextricably linked to water consumption and wastewater generation. Mining resources from industrial wastewater has proved to be an excellent source of secondary raw materials i.e., proficient for providing economic and financial benefits, clean and sustainable resilient environment, and achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Treatment of industrial wastewater for reusable resources has become a tedious task for decision-makers due to several bottlenecks and barriers, such as inefficient treatment options, high-cost expenditure, poor infrastructure, lack of financial support, and technical know-how. Most of the existing methods are conventional and fails to provide an economic benefit to the industries and have certain disadvantages. Also, the untreated industrial wastewater is discharged into the open drains, lakes, and rivers that lead to environmental pollution and severe health hazards. This paper has consolidated information about the current trends, opportunities, bottlenecks, and best practices associated with wastewater treatment and scope for the advancement in the existing technologies. Along with the efficient resource recovery, the wastewater could be ideally explored in the development of value-added materials, energy, and product recovery. The concepts, such as the circular economy (CE), partitions-release-recover (PRR), and transforming wastewater into bio factory are anticipated to be more convenient options to tackle the industrial wastewater menace.

Discharge of lithium-ion batteries in salt solutions for safer storage, transport, and resource recovery

The use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has grown in recent years, making them a promising source of secondary raw materials due to their rich composition of valuable materials, such as Cobalt and Nickel. Recycling LIBs can help reduce fossil energy consumption, CO2 emissions, environmental pollution, and consumption of valuable materials with limited supplies. On the other hand, the hazards associated with spent LIBs recycling are mainly due to fires and explosions caused by unwanted short-circuiting. The high voltage and reactive components of end-of-life LIBs pose safety hazards during mechanical processing and crushing stages, as well as during storage and transportation. Electrochemical discharge using salt solutions is a simple, quick, and inexpensive way to eliminate such hazards. In this paper, three different salts (NaCl, Na2S, and MgSO4) from 12% to 20% concentration are investigated as possible candidates. The effectiveness of discharge was shown to be a function of molarity rather than ionic strength of the solution. Experiments also showed that the use of ultrasonic waves can dramatically improve the discharge process and reduce the required time more than 10-fold. This means that the drainage time was reduced from nearly 1 day to under 100 minutes. Finally, a practical setup in which the tips of the batteries are directly immersed inside the salt solution is proposed. This creative configuration can fully discharge the batteries in less than 5 minutes. Due to the fast discharge rates in this configuration, sedimentation and corrosion are also almost entirely avoided.

Editorial for Special Issue “Minerals and Elements from Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as a Source of Secondary Raw Materials”

The sustainability of primary resources depends on recycling, resource efficiency and the search for alternative materials [...]

The Potential and Limitations of Critical Raw Material Recycling: The Case of LED Lamps

Supply risks and environmental concerns drive the interest in critical raw material recycling in the European Union. Globally, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is projected to increase by almost 40% until 2030. This waste stream can be a source of secondary raw materials. The determination of the economic feasibility of recycling and recovering specific materials is a data-intensive, time-consuming, and case-specific task. This study introduced a two-part evaluation scheme consisting of upper continental crust concentrations and raw material prices as a simple tool to indicate the potential and limitations of critical raw material recycling. It was applied to the case of light-emitting diodes (LED) lamps in the EU. A material flow analysis was conducted, and the projected waste amounts were analyzed using the new scheme. Indium, gallium, and the rare earth elements appeared in low concentrations and low absolute masses and showed only a small revenue potential. Precious metals represented the largest revenue share. Future research should confirm the validity and usefulness of the evaluation scheme.

Разработка инновационного способа получения биологически активных соединений пивной дробины

Introduction. Brewery mash, or brewer’s spent grain (BSG), is a by-product of brewing industry. It is known to contain valuable biologically active substances. However, their extraction is complicated by the presence of various polymers. The research featured various physicochemical methods for obtaining valuable biological compounds from brewery waste. The new method modified complex non-starch polysaccharides, lignin, arabinoxylans, and other high-molecular compounds associated with phenolic compounds. The research objective was to solve the problem of recycling industrial by-products that accumulate in large quantities and require expensive processing or disposal. The paper introduces new technological approaches for deep processing of BSG as a source of secondary raw materials in order to obtain extracts fortified with polyphenolic compounds.
 Study objects and methods. The research featured BSG from malt subjected to treatment with ECA-activated water (catholyte with pH 9.6 ± 0.1), followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulolytic enzyme preparations and extraction with a polar solvent of the resulting free polyphenolic substances. The experiments were based on standard methods for assessing the content of various biologically active substances.
 Results and discussion. A 70% water-ethanol solution proved to be optimal at the BSG:extractant ratio of 2:1, process temperature = 50 ± 2°C, and extraction time = 60 ± 5 min. Under the same conditions, 70 %vol. of beer distillate made it possible to extract phenolic acids, flavonoid rutin, irreplaceable and nonessential amino acids, and non-starch polysaccharide β-glucan from the BSG matrix. The BSG treatment with 1M NaOH solution delivered viscous hydrolysates fortified with flavonoids rutin and quercetin, which did not happen when acid hydrolysis was used. The combined use of ECA-treated water (catholyte with pH 9.6 ± 0.1) for 24 ± 0.05 h, combined with biocatalysis with the enzyme preparation Viskoflo MG for 2 ± 0.05 h, made it possible to obtain BSG extracts with a high content of phenolic acids and aldehydes, as well as flavonoid rutin.
 Conclusion. The study revealed the mechanism of hydrolytic decomposition of BSG non-starch polysaccharides, considering the compounds contained in the extracts. The BSG hydrolysates fortified with various phenolic compounds can be used in various food technologies, e.g., in fermented drinks.

Use of nutrients from wastewater for the fertilizer industry - approaches towards the implementation of the circular economy (CE)

More sustainable waste management practices are an important element in the Transformation towards a circular economy (CE). Activities in this area should be dedicated to all groups of waste, including those generated in the water and sewage sector. This paper presents the characteristics of sewage sludge ash (SSA) coming from Polish municipal waste incineration plants. Due to the high content of nutrients such as phosphorus (8.01% P2O5), calcium (5.11% CaO) and magnesium (2.75% MgO), the analyzed SSA may constitute a valuable source of raw materials for the fertilizer industry. Despite the good fertilizing properties of the SSA, in some cases the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (0.74–1.4 mg/kg dry matter), lead (49.8–99 mg/kg dry matter), mercury (3.93 mg/kg dry matter) and arsenic (4.23–4.43 mg/kg dry matter) and poor bioavailability of P from SSA disqualifies this waste from direct use as a fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to look for methods that will allow the municipal SSA to be processed, for example, technologies for the extraction of phosphorus and the production of phosphate fertilizer. This way of SSA management is in the line with the CE assumptions, in which waste becomes a valuable source of secondary raw materials. Fertilizer produced from waste meeting quality, safety and labelling requirements and limits of organic, microbiological and physical contaminants will be able to be traded freely within the European Union (EU) and receive the CE marking. The idea of use of SSA for fertilizer purposes is consistent not only with the objectives of the CE but also with the Polish National Waste Management Plan 2022 and the Municipal Sewage Sludge Strategy 2019–2022, which emphasizes the necessity to maximize the use of biogenic substances contained in wastewater. Therefore, sustainable management of SSA, in particular its storage in a way enabling the recovery of phosphorus, should be promoted.

End-of-Life Liquid Crystal Display Recovery: Toward a Zero-Waste Approach

End-of-life liquid crystal displays (LCD) represent a possible source of secondary raw materials, mainly glass and an optoelectronic film composed of indium (90%) and tin (10%) oxides. A strong interest for indium, classified as critical raw material, pushed research towards the development of high-efficiency recycling processes. Nevertheless, a deepened study of the technological innovation highlighted that only a small number of treatments included use of whole waste. Furthermore, these processes often need high temperatures, long times, and raw materials that have a significant environmental impact. In this context, this article shows an approach developed in accordance with the “zero waste” principles for whole, end-of-life LCD panel recycling. This process includes preliminary grinding, followed by cross-current acid leaching and indium recovery by zinc cementation, with efficiencies greater than 90%. A recirculation system further increases sustainability of the process. To enhance all waste fractions, glass cullets from leaching are used for concrete production, avoiding their disposal in landfill sites. Considering the achieved efficiencies, combined the simple design suitable for real-scale application (as confirmed by the related patent pending), this process represents an excellent example of implementing circular economy pillars.

CASE STUDY ON ENHANCED LANDFILL MINING AT MSG LANDFILL IN BELGIUM: MECHANICAL PROCESSING OF FINE FRACTIONS FOR MATERIAL AND ENERGY RECOVERY

(Enhanced) landfill mining ((E)LFM) projects have been mainly driven by land reclamation, environmental pollution mitigation and remediation of old landfills and dumpsites, among others. However, previous studies have also shown that these sites may be a relevant source of secondary raw materials. In this respect and within the framework of the “EU Training Network for Resource Recovery through Enhanced Landfill Mining – NEW-MINE”, around 374 Mg of waste was excavated from a landfill site in the municipality of Mont-Saint-Guibert, Belgium, as part of a case study to evaluate the full implementation of ELFM. The excavated landfilled material was pre-processed with a ballistic separator onsite directly after excavation, with which the fine fractions (material <90 mm) were obtained. Subsequently, samples of the fine fractions were characterized in order to determine their main properties and material composition. According to these strategies a chain of mechanical processing steps was selected and tested in the processing of the fine fractions in the optimal water content (15 wt.% WC) and dry states. The mechanical processing in the dry state yielded total amounts of 41.9-43.9 wt.% DM fine fractions <4.5 mm, 35.9-39.0 wt.% DM inert materials, 7.4-10.0 wt.% DM combustible materials, 1.2-1.8 wt.% DM ferrous metals and 0.2-0.4 wt.% DM non-ferrous metals. These figures suggest that a significant share of the fine fractions could be recovered through the tested mechanical processing approach, which might contribute to the overall economic and environmental feasibility of the project in case of implementing full scale (E)LFM at the studied landfill site.

PM10: a potential source of secondary raw materials

The increase of heavy metal concentrations in atmospheric aerosols, due to both natural and anthropogenic emissions, keeps high the interest around the resulting damages to health and to climate change. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of using the atmospheric aerosol as a source of secondary raw materials, by estimating its contents in economically significant elements. We characterised the geochemical composition of the atmospheric aerosol of urban (Firenze), sub-urban (Arezzo), and rural (Piancastagnaio, Siena) areas in Tuscany, analysing common major, minor, and trace constituents of silicate rocks using inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission and mass spectrometry (ICP-AES and ICP-MS). We alsodetermined the radiogenic isotope composition of the aerosols (Sr, Nd, and Pb) through thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). Although the results indicate that elemental quantities are not at exploitable grade, we think that this challenge has more advantages than simply the recovery of inorganic pollutants dispersed into the atmosphere: with appropriate technologies, the designed industrialplant could also serve to drastically reduce the content of Volatile Organic Compounds occurring in atmosphere, especially in urban areas. Considering this perspective, benefits undoubtedly overwhelm the high-costs of the business, providing the most precious commodity for life: clean air for the next generations to be living in our Planet.

The Challenges of Using Organic Municipal Solid Waste as Source of Secondary Raw Materials

The diversity of molecules with different functionalizations allows targeting of various end products, such as biomaterials, biobased plasticizer, food additives and fertilizer. The heterogeneity of organic municipal solid waste (OMSW) streams, however, challenges the formulation of reliable statements regarding the share of functionalized molecules. The aim of this study was the assessment of OMSW as source of functionalized molecules when hydrolysis was carried out enzymatically, thermo-chemically as well as thermo-chemically and enzymatically. Results revealed that OMSW is only quantitatively assessable at carbohydrate, protein and lipid levels. This is due to a changing seasonal and spacial composition, and consequently different hydrolytic products. However, also the treatment had an impact on the quantity. Depending on the treatment 230–640 mg g−1 carbohydrates, 150–250 mg g−1 lipids and 80–200 mg g−1 proteins were quantified in food waste and organic street waste. The intensity of treatment had an impact on the quality of sugars. When wastes were treated enzymatically glucose, fructose and sucrose were found. Using thermochemical treatment glucose can be the only product. Contrarily, lipid and fatty acid as well as protein contents seemed not affected by the treatment.

Hydrolyzed organic residues as sources of secondary raw materials

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 90, Issue 9 p. 1161-1161 VortragFree Access Hydrolyzed organic residues as sources of secondary raw materials D. Pleissner, Corresponding Author D. Pleissner daniel.pleissner@leuphana.de Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie und Umweltchemie, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, GermanyCorrespondence: D. Pleissner (daniel.pleissner@leuphana.de), Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie und Umweltchemie, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorJ. C. Peinemann, J. C. Peinemann Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie und Umweltchemie, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this author D. Pleissner, Corresponding Author D. Pleissner daniel.pleissner@leuphana.de Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie und Umweltchemie, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, GermanyCorrespondence: D. Pleissner (daniel.pleissner@leuphana.de), Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie und Umweltchemie, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorJ. C. Peinemann, J. C. Peinemann Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie und Umweltchemie, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 August 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201855062AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume90, Issue9Special Issue: ProcessNet-Jahrestagung und 33. DECHEMA-Jahrestagung der Biotechnologen 2018September 2018Pages 1161-1161 RelatedInformation