Source Of Rutin Research Articles

Evaluation of Sambucus nigra L. Biopotential as an Unused Natural Resource

An unbreakable relationship between plants, nutrition, and health has directed researchers to deeply investigate and characterize the biopotential and medicinal properties of traditional foods. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the phytochemical composition and biological potential of plant extracts with the idea of defining the most potent extracts as a natural source of bioactive molecules and their application in different industries. We evaluated unused plant species Sambucus nigra L. for investigation of bioactivities as potential natural products. Extracts of fresh elderberry fruits were obtained by modern (microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)) and traditional (maceration (MAC)) extraction techniques, using 50% ethanol (50% EtOH) and water (H2O) of different polarities. In analyzed extracts, rutin and chlorogenic acid were dominant compounds in both 50% EtOH and H2O extracts, while ursolic acid was identified in 50% EtOH extracts as a terpenic compound with notable concentration. Elderberry extracts were evaluated regarding antioxidant, neuroprotective, antityrosinase, and antidiabetic abilities: MAE extracts had the best overall activity, and in general, 50% EtOH extracts were more potent than water extracts. The correlation of the dominant compound—rutin with all biological activities, indicates the importance of its presence in elderberries. S. nigra fruits showed excellent biopotential and opened possibilities of creating new food products or remedies, which are not present on the market because elderberry extracts are an exceptional source of rutin, chlorogenic acid, and ursolic acid.

The Elucidation of Total Polyphenols, Individual Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity of Three Underutilized Fruit Species—Black Crowberry, Honeyberry, European Cranberry with Their Accumulation

Total polyphenols content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and polyphenolic spectrum assay of three underutilized fruit species—black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), honeyberry (Lonicera kamtschatica) and European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) is the aim of the present work. TPC and AA assay was performed by spectrophotometry and “individual phenolic compounds” were established by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that TPC ranged from 1.61 ± 0.16 (European cranberry) up to 5.65 ± 0.01 (Black cowberry) gallic acid mg/g fresh weight. The highest value of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay was determined in black crowberry fruit (7.43 ± 0.34 mmol TROLOX/g fresh weight of fruit). In all samples, the most prevalent phenolic acid was ferulic acid with the highest content in the samples of black crowberry (77.73 ± 3.99 µg/g FW of fruit), black crowberry and honeyberry were present by the highest level of gallic acid (21.82 ± 1.53; 15.07 ± 2.45 µg/g FW of fruit). Honeyberry represented a valuable source of quercetin (12.18 ± 7.88 µg/g FW of fruit), whereas European cranberry and honeyberry are a source of rutin (28.48 ± 0.83 and 27.99 ± 1.78 µg/g FW of fruit, respectively). The results of statistical analyses proved significant differences between cowberry and European cranberry in TPC content and in AA among assayed species. In the same way, statistically significant differences were confirmed in phenolic acids among the assayed species except for European cranberry-honeyberry (in trans p-coumaric, protocatequic and cinnamic acid) and honeyberry-cowberry (in cinnamic acid content). The catechin content is significantly influenced by species (p ≤ 0.05), on the other hand the species has no influence on the resveratrol content (p > 0.05). Each of the studied species can be considered as valuable source of total polyphenols and individual phenolic compounds. Polyphenolic compounds were most frequently accumulated in the vacuole as well as in the outer layers of pericarp.

Identification and tissue-specific expression of rutin biosynthetic pathway genes in Capparis spinosa elicited with salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate

Capparis spinosa is an edible medicinal plant which is considered as an excellent source of rutin. Rutin is a glycoside of the flavonoid quercetin that has been reported to have a beneficial role in controlling various diseases such as hypertension, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, and obesity. In this study, the partial cDNA of four genes involved in the rutin biosynthetic pathway including 4-coumaroyl CoA ligase (4CL), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavonol synthase (FLS) and flavonol-3-O-glucoside L-rhamnosyltransferase (RT) were identified in C.spinosa plants for the first time. The protein sequences of these genes shared high similarity with the same proteins in other plant species. Subsequently, the expression patterns of these genes as well as rutin accumulation in C.spinosa leaves treated with different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and also in different tissues of Caper plants treated with 100 mgL−1 SA and 150 μM MeJA were evaluated. The expression of all four genes was clearly up-regulated and rutin contents increased in response to MeJA and SA treatments after 24 h. The highest rutin contents (5.30 mgg−1 DW and 13.27 mgg−1 DW), as well as the highest expression levels of all four genes, were obtained using 100 mgL−1 SA and 150 μM MeJA, respectively. Among the different tissues, the highest rutin content was observed in young leaves treated with 150 μM MeJA, which corresponded to the expression of related genes, especially RT, as a key gene in the rutin biosynthetic pathway. These results suggest that rutin content in various tissues of C. spinosa can be enhanced to a significant extent by MeJA and SA treatments and the gene expression patterns of rutin-biosynthesis-related genes are regulated by these elicitors.

Isolation, separation and purification of rutin from Banana leaves (Musa balbisiana)

In this study, rutin was detected as a main component after the phytochemical screening of flavonoids from an ethanolic extract of banana leaves (Musa balbisiana) using thin layer chromatography plates (TLC). The rutin from the crude extract was separated using a series of solvent partition separations and was purified by using Sephadex™ column chromatography and semi-preparative reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The compounds were characterized and quantified using NMR, Mass Spectroscopy (MS) and HPLC. A crude ethanolic extract of 124 g, containing 5.3 % of rutin, was obtained from 1 kg of dried banana leaf powder. After a series of solvent partition separations, the product from partitions using hexane/dichloromethane and dichloromethane/water in sequence contained a rutin content of 40.6 %. Purification using a Sephadex column yielded fractions with purity of rutin up to 74–84 % and further purification using semi-preparative RP-HPLC produced a final product with a yield of rutin of 32.4 mg/g of the crude extracts and a purity of 98.4 %. The results revealed that banana leaves (M. balbisiana), a food industry by-product and agricultural waste, has the potential for use as an inexpensive and new source of rutin.

Morphological and biochemical indicators of geese blood by deworming with brovermektin and by adding to the ration macleaya cordata and vegetable sources of bioflavonoids

One of the problems connected with the process of geese growing up is infectious diseases (infectious and parasitic), which hurt the fowls’ organisms and are in for economic lesion. As some helminths (caryocolum tetrameris and echinuria uncinata) have transitional carriers who live in the aquatic environment (water flea, freshwater shrimp and asellus aquaticus) and can infect geese in the process of grazing. Another problem of antiparasitic actions is parasits’ resistance to the majority of preparations. The perspectives of this field is determined by the usage of antihelminthics of broad spectrum which include derived avermectins, which is presented by local medication such as «Brovermektin» 1% which consists of 10.0 mg of ivermectin. The article highlights data connected with the analysis of morphological and biochemical indicators of geese blood by adding after the process of deworming: Brovermektin 1% «E-selen», chalked steamed of macleaya cordata, powder of unprocessed buckwheat grains, onion and buckwheat husks as the source of rutin and its precursor such as quercetin and proanthocyanidin. The research has shown that adding to the geese ration of Brovermektin 1% only (second testes group) leads to significant increase of the quantity of erythrocytes, concentration of hemoglobin and activation of diagnostic enzymes of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and γ-glutamyltransferase that testifies negative influence of preparation which is had on the liver and the development of hypoxic condition. At the same time adding one-time Brovermektin 1% with «E-selen» in dose of 0.01 cm3 per fowl, vegetable additives of macleaya cordata in dose of 0.563 g/10 kg of forage, «green buckwheat» in quantity of 2 g/10 kg of body weight was leading to decrease of indicators’ activity of liver ferments and to normalization of the quantity of erythrocytes and geese blood hemoglobin – are the indicators of hepatoprotective activity of these preparations in mentioned doses.

Utilization of tartary buckwheat bran as a source of rutin and its effect on the rheological and antioxidant properties of wheat-based products

Tartary buckwheat bran, a by-product of buckwheat flour production was utilized as a source of rutin, and the extracted rutin-enriched material (REM) was used to fortify wheat-based foods of which rheological and antioxidant properties were characterized. REM contained a high content of rutin (29.6g/100g), compared to raw buckwheat bran (5.17g/100g). REM did not affect dough stability during mixing at room temperature. However, it reduced the thermo-mechanical properties of wheat flour in the dough system as well as the pasting parameters in the aqueous slurry during heating and cooling. When wheat flour was replaced with REM at 2, 4, and 6% in the formulation of wheat-based noodles, the products contained 0.28–1.35g/100g of rutin, satisfying the recommended daily dose of rutin. Moreover, REM provided antioxidant properties for wheat-based products by enhancing the DPPH radical-scavenging activity, ferric reducing ability power, and ABTS radical-scavenging activity.

Differential Expression of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Genes and Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is a short-season grain crop that is a source of rutin and other phenolic compounds. In this study, we isolated the cDNAs of 11 F. esculentum enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, namely, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) 1 and 2, chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), flavonol synthase (FLS) 1 and 2, and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that these genes were most highly expressed in the stems and roots. However, high performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that their flavonoid products, such as rutin and catechin, accumulated in the flowers and leaves. These results suggested that flavonoids may be transported within F. esculentum. In addition, light and dark growth conditions affected the expression levels of the biosynthesis genes and accumulation of phenolic compounds in F. esculentum sprouts.

Longitudinal Expression of Antioxidant Phytochemicals in Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Buckwheat is a source of rutin and other antioxidant phytochemicals. Rutin is highest during the flowering stage of crop growth. A longitudinal study was performed in the spring of 2007 to characterize the expression of other antioxidant phytochemicals from sprout to seed development on a large scale farming operation. Carotenoids decreased during the growth of the plant, while the rutin and anthocyanin concentrations peaked between weeks 4–5 before declining. Total phenolics increased and were maximal between weeks 4–7. There was no change in vitamin E levels. Antioxidant activity against iron induced oxidation was not different during the growing period; however, the antioxidant activity against a peroxyl radical increased over the experiment and was maximal 7 weeks after sowing. Based on summary of the data, the optimal harvest time to enhance antioxidant and phytochemical content of buckwheat plants is between 4–5 weeks after sowing.

Rutin and Total Quercetin Content in Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.)

The aim of the study was to confirm the presence of rutin, one of the most common quercetin glycosides, and other quercetin derivatives in plants of genus Amaranthus, to investigate the influence of the species and variety on rutin distribution in the plant and content changes during growing season. The rutin content was determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in individual plant parts at the beginning of the growth, at the flowering stage and at the maturity stage of five Amaranthus species. The total quercetin content was determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography too. The rutin content in amaranth ranged from 0.08 (in seeds) to 24.5 g/kg dry matter (in leaves). Comparison of the determined total quercetin content and the calculated content of quercetin released from rutin did not prove important presence of quercetin or other quercetin derivatives than rutin. Only amaranth leaves sampled at the maturity stage probably contained quercetin or quercetin derivatives. Significant differences in the rutin content were established among species and as well varieties. Amaranthus hybrid and A. cruentus were the best sources of rutin.

Growth and Rutin Production in Hairy Root Cultures of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.)

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) is a potentially important source of rutin, a natural flavonoid with antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, and antioxidative properties. To examine in vitro production of rutin, we established a hairy root culture of buckwheat by infecting leaf explants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1000, and tested the growth conditions and rutin production rates of these cultures. Ten hairy root clones were established; their growth and rutin production rates ranged from 233 to 312 (mg dry wt per 30 mL flask, and 0.8 to 1.2 (mg/g dry wt), respectively. Clone H8, which had high growth and rutin production rates (312 mg dry wt per 30 mL flask and 1.2 mg/g dry wt, respectively), was selected for further experiments. H8 showed maximal growth and rutin content at 30 days in culture in MS medium. Of four tested culture media, half‐strength MS medium was found to induce the highest levels of growth (378 mg dry wt per 30 mL flask) and rutin production (1.4 mg/g dry wt) by clone H8. In contrast, supplementation with auxins (0.1–1 mg/l IAA, IBA and NAA) increased the growth rate, but had no significant effect on rutin production by H8. Collectively, these findings indicate that hairy root cultures of buckwheat culture could be a valuable alternative approach for rutin production.

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) as a source of dietary rutin and quercitrin.

Two samples of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) from China and one from Luxembourg were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to reveal the possibilities of growing tartary buckwheat herb as a possible source of rutin, quercetin, and quercitrin. The content of rutin was determined as up to 3% dry weight (DW) in tartary buckwheat herb. Quercitrin values were in the range of 0.01-0.05% DW. Only traces of quercetin were detected in just some of the samples. Tartary buckwheat seeds contained more rutin (about 0.8-1.7% DW) than common buckwheat seeds (0.01% DW). Rutin and quercetin content in seeds depends on variety and growing conditions. Tartary buckwheat seeds contained traces of quercitrin and quercetin, which were not found in common buckwheat seeds.

Varietal Differences and Heritability for Rutin Content in Common Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.

Buckwheat is considered to be one of the useful sources of rutin in food. To analyze the varietal differences and heritability for the rutin content in seed and leaf in common buckwheat, twenty seven cultivars and strains introduced from the major countries where buckwheat is cultivated were tested. Plant materials were grown in 1992 and 1993 in a randomized block design with two replications each year in the Experimental Field of Shinshu University. Rutin content in seed and leaf was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and the main characters were also observed. The mean values of the rutin content showed a wide range of variation. The seed rutin content of the tetraploid cultivars of Japan was higher than that of the diploid ones. However, there was no significant difference between the ploidy level for leaf.

One man’s quest for plant constituents of therapeutic value

I feel most honored to be selected the Distinquished Economic Botanist for 1989. I am well aware of those who have been chosen before me, many of whom I know personally and hold in great respect, and thus feel proud to have my name included on this roster of Distinquished Economic Botanists. While I feel honored to be selected for your award, I feel very humble about it for I know that many of you sitting in the audience are more worthy of such an award than I. I am reminded of the story of the man invited to give a talk in Texas. Soon after the man got into his talk, he noticed a Texan in the front row take a gun out of a holster and examine the bullet cylinder. The speaker stopped his talk and said to the Texan, "Sir, I can stop this talk anytime you want me to; you only need to let me know when you want me to stop." The Texan said, "You go right ahead and talk as long as you desire. You are a guest here and we want to treat you well. The guy I want to see is the person who invited you here." So, If you are wondering why I was chosen for this award, the guys you are looking for are, I suspect, some of my friends from the University of Illinois. I have titled this talk, "One Man's Quest for Plant Constituents of Therapeutic Value." It could have been titled "One Man's Frustration in Seeking Plant Constituents of Therapeutic Value." It could also be titled "Through the Years," for to some extent it gives a perspective on the development of some aspects of research in pharmacognosy. It is my story along with some undergraduate students, my graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and a few colleagues with whom I collaborated through the years. It begins in academic year 1946-1947 when I was in the junior class of the University of Kansas School of Pharmacy. I carried out a study in competition for the Kilmer Prize, an award given to an undergraduate student in pharmacy judged to have done the most significant research problem in pharmacognosy for the year. At that time the flavonoid glycoside named rutin was popular for treatment of capillary fragility. The major source at that time was the aboveground portion of the buckwheat plant, Fagopyrum esculentum. There was a need for a better source of the glycoside so, for my research problem, I set about trying to find a better source of rutin in plants growing in Kansas. I examined a large number of plants that had a yellow or yellowish-orange color in some plant part; I even investigated wheat straw. The best source of rutin I could find was in several species of goldenrod, Solidago. However, this was not a better source than F. esculentum. Mind you, in 1947 it was considerably more difficult to identify a plant constitutent than it is today for NMR and mass spectra were not known in those days. Our school did not have an I.R. spectrophotometer, nor did I have access to one. Chromatography was not used at that time either. The only way I

ルチン原料蕎麦の栽培試験 (第1報)

ルチン原料蕎麦の栽培試験 (第1報)

Buckwheat as a Source of Rutin

Buckwheat as a Source of Rutin