Source Of Rabies Research Articles

Analysis of the rabies epizootic in the Central Federal District of Russia in 2018–2022

Relevance. At present, a complex epizootic situation with rabies persists in Russia. Every year, foci of rabies are registered in many subjects of the Russian Federation, with the largest number of cases occurring in the Central and Volga Federal Districts, on the territory of which a high level of the episodic index has been maintained for almost a decade (0.99 and 0.978, respectively).Metods. The purpose of the study was to spatiotemporally analyze the results of the development of the epizootic process and identify the main causes of rabies outbreaks in the Central Federal District (CFD) of the Russian Federation over the past five years (2018–2022). The work used information on the epizootic situation of rabies in official reports (FGBU «Center for Veterinary Medicine» of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia), data from published scientific sources and the results of our own research. Analysis of the development of epizootics in the CFD was carried out descriptively and retrospectively.Results. Persistent epizootic trouble in the CFD is confirmed by the annual detection of cases of rabies in all subjects of the district. It has been established that the formation of rabies virus foci is due to the presence of favorable landscape and natural and climatic conditions for maintaining a high number of wild animals, the main reservoir and source of rabies, and periodic introductions of infection from adjacent regions. The spread of rabies in the CFD mainly depends on the control of the number of neglected animals and on the regularity of preventive vaccination of wild and domestic carnivores.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, Perception and Practices on Rabies Disease in the GA East Municipality, Ghana

Background: Rabies is one of the neglected tropical zoonotic diseases caused by a virus. It belongs to the Rhabdoviridae [1]. It is a disease that is commonly found in animals but can easily effect human [2]. Where there are animal reservoirs, rabies is commonly spread. The general objective of this study to evaluate differences in knowledge, attitude and perception about rabies, among the residence in Ga East.
 Methods: A cross-sectional study was used in this study using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by interviewing study participants using OKD Collection and also STATA version14.2 was used for data analysis
 Results: A total of 475 respondents were involved in the study with 354 (74.53%) males and 121(25.47%) as females. Of this, majority of the participants (93.47%) own a dog against 6.53% who did not own a dog. Dog is own in the community basically for security purposes (77.25%). Few own dog for leisure. The study document less than 50% of the respondents [186 (39.16%)] resort to local drug stores drug store for first aid following a dog bit. Seeking veterinary attention (12.84%) and properly clearing of wound (8.84%) was not a common practice. Participants were of the opinion that tetanus vaccination should be done first (29.05%). Most of the participants have heard about rabies (96.42%) and showed various degree of knowledge on source of rabies, common animals associated with rabies, symptoms of rabies. Among some other practices, any identified rabid dog is killed as indicated by majority of the participants (52.63%). Most participants (71.58%) knew that rabies vaccination serves as preventive measures against rabies and further perceived all dogs must be vaccinated (38.32%). Of the total respondents, most (63.74%) never sent their dog for routine medical check-up nor vaccinated their dogs (70.95%).
 Conclusion: The study revered that dog owners do not provide adequate care for their dogs. In addition to low coverage of dog vaccination and human anti rabies vaccination in the community which poses a greater threat to the lives community, the potential for increased spread of the diseases is high due to inadequate level of knowledge, poor perceptions, and attitudes towards rabies.

Determinants of Rabies Prophylaxis Involvement based on Children’s Experiences and Perspectives in An Endemic Area of Indonesia

Rabies studies involving children are still rare despite their vulnerability. As the critical preventive measure,understanding factors associated with their involvement in rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) isneeded. A storytelling interview was conducted for 23 dog-bite and non-bite child-victims, aged 7-15 years,in an endemic area in Indonesia. Content analysis was carried with the help of Atlas ti.7. Unreported woundsand PEP delays were occurred. Children’s capabilities, motivations, and opportunities can be critical toprevent it. Knowing the source of rabies, its visible features and consequences, and the first aid techniqueare needed. Children’s willingness to report and follow PEP seem to be regulated by their attitude towardsvaccine, familiarity of dog ownership, perceptions of wound type, and emotions around rabies consequences,parental punishment, and injection. Mother, peers, neighbours and dog owners need to be empowered in PEPmeasure. In conclusion, rabies PEP program should attentive to factors influencing children’s behaviour tosupport PEP uptake.

Значение отдельных видов млекопитающих в переносе вируса бешенства в Центральном федеральном округе России

The Rabies – a viral disease characterized by severe damage of the nervous system. The analysis of data from the Rospotrebnadzor for 4 years (from 2015 to 2018) on the varmint of animals with rabies in four regions of the Central Federal District with different population densities is carried out. The main carriers of rabies virus in the region are the red fox, raccoon dog, stray dogs and cats; the role of other species is not so significant and rarely exceeds 1% of the total number of animals with suspected rabies. It has been established that in areas with a low population (Tver region) the role of a raccoon dog in rabies transfer can be even more significant than red foxes. To reduce the incidence of human rabies, constant monitoring and regulation of the numbers of foxes and raccoon dogs in the wild, as well as stray dogs and cats, is highly required. Consequently, we consider the current tendency to remove stray dogs from their habitats, their sterilization and return to urbocenosis insufficient; sterilized dogs will remain a source of rabies in populated locations.

Community-based survey during rabies outbreaks in Rangjung town, Trashigang, eastern Bhutan, 2016

BackgroundRabies is a highly fatal disease transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. Human deaths can be prevented by prompt administering of rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin following the exposure. An assessment of community knowledge, awareness and practices on rabies is important during outbreak to understand their preparedness and target educational messages and response activities by the rapid response team.MethodsA rabies outbreak has occurred in Rangjung town, eastern Bhutan on 4 October 2016. A rapid response team was activated to investigate outbreak and to establish a control program. A community-based questionnaire survey was conducted from 20 to 21 October 2016 to assess the community knowledge of rabies to guide outbreak preparedness and also target educational messages and response activities by the RRT.ResultsA total of 67 respondents were interviewed, of which 61% were female and 39% male. All the respondents have heard of rabies (100%), have knowledge on source of rabies (dog) and its mode of transmission in animals and humans. Most (61%) respondents were aware and also indicated that they would wash the animal bite wound with soap and water and seek medical care on the same day of exposure (100%). Majority (94%) of the respondents have indicated that they would report to the government agencies if they see any suspected rabid dogs in the community and suggested various control measures for dog population management and rabies in Rangjung including neutering procedure and mass dog vaccination. Although only few (10%) of the respondents households owned dogs and cats, but 50% of them have indicated that their dogs were allowed to roam outside the home premises posing risk of contracting rabies through rabid dog bites.ConclusionsAlthough this study indicates a high level of knowledge and awareness on rabies among the community, there exists some knowledge gaps about rabies and therefore, an awareness education should be focused on the source of rabies and rabies virus transmission route to reduce public concern on nonexposure events thereby reducing the cost on unnecessary postexposure treatment.

ЕПІЗООТОЛОГІЧНИЙ МОНІТОРИНГ СКАЗУ ТВАРИН У ЛЬВІВСЬКІЙ ОБЛАСТІ ЗА 2014–2016 РОКИ, АНАЛІЗ ПРОВЕДЕНИХ АНТИРАБІЧНИХ ЗАХОДІВ

It was found that the main source of rabies in our time are the foxes, the share of which exceeds 50% of the diseased animals. Probability bitten animal diseases depends on the number of supported bites, their location, extent of tissue damage, and amount of virus virulence.It notes some cyclicality in the emergence of rabies outbreaks. Periods of relative attenuation of infection are replaced with new lifts every 3 – 4 years. It was found that durig the period from 2014 to 2016 it was registered 57 unfavorable items rabies animals in the Lviv region. Among them: the fox – 36; dogs – 11; cats – 9; ferrets – 1. In 2014 eight disadvantaged areas with rabies foxes has been recorded, in 2015 – 8, 2016 – six disadvantaged areas. By the number of animal deaths the first place belongs to the foxes, the second dog place on the third and fourth cat – ferret. The weak link in the system of measures to combat rabies infection is the lack of work on the elimination of stray animals (dogs and cats) and a decrease in the population of foxes, as well as the failure to implement fully the annual vaccination of dogs and lack of oral immunization of wildlife species. Today a vaccine based on a recombinant strain «V–RG» for the oral immunization of wild carnivores registered in Ukraine, which is produced by LLC «Ukrvetprompostach», Brovary, Kiev region, Ukraine.

Review of Rabies Epidemiology and Control in South, South East and East Asia: Past, Present and Prospects for Elimination

Rabies is a serious public health problem in Asia. It causes substantial animal welfare, economic and human health impacts, with approximately 39,000 human deaths each year. Domestic dogs are the main reservoir and source of rabies in Asia. Common constraints for the control of rabies in the countries of Asia include inadequate resources; lack of political commitment to control programs; lack of consensus on strategy; weak intersectoral coordination and inadequate management structure; insensitive surveillance systems; limited accessibility to modern rabies vaccine and supply problems; lack of public awareness and public cooperation; and the existence of myths and religious issues. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology of rabies in both human and animals in each South and South East Asian country, the past and current approaches to control and the prospect for rabies elimination. We conclude that defining the cost of rabies to society and communicating this to decisionmakers might be the key to achieving such an advance.

Imported Human Rabies, the Philippines and Finland, 2007

Imported Human Rabies, the Philippines and Finland, 2007

Rabies vaccination update

Rabies is a virus present in the saliva of rabid animals such as raccoons, foxes, dogs, cats, and bats.1 In developing countries, dogs are a major source of rabies. Two categories of exposure should be considered: bite and nonbite. A bite or any skin penetration by teeth is considered a direct exposure and a potential risk. The risk of transmission increases based on the anatomic location of the bite, animal species involved, and severity of the wound. Contact of open wounds or abrasions with infectious material or saliva from a rabid animal is considered a nonbite exposure, which rarely causes rabies.1 In the early stages of the disease, patients may present with nonspecific symptoms such as pain and itching at the wound site. These symptoms can last 2 to 10 days. As the disease progresses, the clinical presentation develops into the furious (encephalitic) or dumb (paralytic) form of rabies.2 Dysphagia, confusion, paralysis, and hypersalivation are a few of the symptoms patients may experience.3 Death is almost inevitable after signs and symptoms occur. Vaccination has been key in primary prevention and postexposure prophylaxis. Preexposure prophylaxis is recommended only for certain populations at risk of exposure. Postexposure prophylaxis is warranted depending on the category of exposure and animal type (Table 1). Between 16,000 and 39,000 people receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis yearly in the United States.1

Antibody Response to an Anti‐rabies Vaccine in a Dog Population under Field Conditions in Bolivia

Rabies remains an important public health issue in Bolivia, South America. Public concern and fears are most focussed on dogs as the source of rabies. The objective of the present study was to assess immunity of an inactivated suckling mouse brain vaccine against canine rabies used for the official vaccination campaigns under field conditions in an endemic area of rabies in Bolivia. A total of 236 vaccinated and 44 unvaccinated dogs in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, selected using stratified random sampling, were investigated in order to obtain owned dog characteristics and antibody titres against rabies in April 2007. The proportion of vaccinated dogs with an antibody titre exceeded the protection threshold value of 0.5 EU/ml was 58% [95% confidence intervals (CI): 52-65], indicating that vaccination is likely to elicit an antibody response (odds ratio 6.3, 95% CI: 1.2-11.5). The range of geometric mean of antibody titre for vaccinated dogs (0.89 EU/ml; 95% CI: 0.75-1.04) was considered to meet the minimal acceptable level indicating an adequate immune response to the vaccine. However, the titre level was not satisfactory in comparison with the results from other field investigations with inactivated tissue culture vaccines. It is recommended for public health authorities to (1) consider modernizing their vaccine manufacturing method because the level of immunity induced by the current vaccine is comparably low, (2) conduct frequent vaccination campaigns to maintain high levels of vaccination coverage, and (3) actively manage the domestic dog population in the study area, which is largely responsible for rabies maintenance.

Human Rabies—Mississippi, 2005

On September 27, 2005, a previously healthy boy aged 10 years in Mississippi died from encephalitis later attributed to rabies. This report summarizes the patient's clinical course and the subsequent epidemiologic investigation, which implicated exposure to bats at the boy's home as the likely source of rabies. The findings underscore the importance of recognizing the risk for rabies from direct contact with bats and seeking prompt medical attention when exposure occurs.

The Skunk as a Source of Rabies

The Skunk as a Source of Rabies