Source Of Plant Nutrients Research Articles

Granulated biofuel ash as a sustainable source of plant nutrients.

Recovery of nutrients from biomass combustion ash is of great importance for sustainable bioenergy waste use. In this work, granulated fertilizer materials were engineered from biofuel bottom ash, lime kiln dust and water, analysed for their chemical complexity and tested in pot experiments (2017-2018) for their propensity to release nutrients. The results obtained in this work showed that spring barley yield was observed to be the highest for granulated biomass ash with 30% of ash in the granule. The yield increased 3.99 t ha-1 per 100 kg ha-1 potassium oxide (K2O) in 2017 and 1.23 t ha-1 per 100 kg ha-1 K2O in 2018. Straw yield varied between 1.39-5.08 t ha-1/100 kg ha-1 in 2017 and 0.36-1.23 t ha-1/100 kg ha-1 in 2018. Calcium concentration significantly increased in soil. No significant changes in soil mobile phosphorus (P) were obtained as well as for the heavy metal concentrations in soil. This suggests that biofuel ash can be a significant source of certain major nutrients for crops that can also beneficially affect soil pH. The results of this work can provide policy-makers with the information needed to diversify existing and enable new biomass bottom ash utilization routes which currently vary significantly between the countries.

Review of research on INM and various weed control practices in rice (Oryza sativa L.)-Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cropping system under irrigated medium land situation

Rice-groundnut cropping system is one of the important cropping systems of India. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of the world. Rice is a heavy nitrogen feeder, but fertilizer nitrogen use-efficiency is very low under tropical conditions. Nutrient management provides an approach for feeding the plants with nutrients as and when required. It is therefore, necessary to apply fertilizer elements particularly N, P and K in optimal quantity to increase and sustain the productivity. A major portion of nitrogen in wetland soils occurs in organic pool, though this is usually low. Complementary use of organic and biological source of plant nutrient along with chemical fertilizer is of great importance for the maintenance of soil health and productivity. Sustainable cropping systems require crop yields should be stable through the maintenance of soil fertility and the balance of nutrients in the system. Increases in soil carbon levels require sustained periods of balanced fertilization and residue retention. Weed infestation in rice remains the largest constraint, limiting its productivity. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important edible oilseed crop extensively cultivated in the world. This groundnut is highly susceptible to weed infestation because of its initial slow growth habit up to 40 days after sowing, short plant height and underground pod bearing habit. In this review studies on the effect of integrated nutrient management and weed control practices on rice (Oryza sativa L.) – groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cropping system are discussed. Judicious application of chemical fertiliser coupled with green manuring of Dhaincha and use of herbicides in rice as well as succeeding groundnut crop for management of weeds increases the productivity of the system.

Efektifitas Pembuatan Kompos Limbah Pabrik Teh Hijau (Tea Fluff) Menggunakan EM4 dan Pupuk Kandang Sapi

One of the way to use green tea factory waste (tea fluff) as a source of plant nutrients is in the form of compost. The aim of this research was to get the appropriate composition of composting of green tea factory waste using a combination of EM4 and cow manure and composted for 5 weeks (35 days). This research was designed in randomized block with 6 treatments and four replications. Compositions of tea fluff and manure compost consisted of: P1 = Control; P2 = Tea Fluff + cow manure (1: 1); P3 = Tea Fluff + cow manure (1: 2); P4 = Tea Fluff + cow manure (1: 3); P5 = Tea Fluff + cow manure (2: 1); and P6 = Tea Fluff + cow manure (3: 1). Data related to composting process such as physical quality (color, texture, and odor) and chemical analysis (pH, C-organic, N-total and C/N ratio) were taken. Based on the results of daily temperature and pH fluctuations, composting proces ran normally. Based on the results of chemical analysis, the parameters of pH, organic C and N-total compost showed significant differences. Within 5 weeks, all compost parameters that have been analyzed chemically and the results has fulfilled the quality standards according SNI 19-7030-2004 standard. Combination of tea fluff:cow manure (3: 1) showed the highest C-organic and N-total results among all treatments.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH ORGANIK DENGAN PENAMBAHAN BIOFUND UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.)

Organic waste comes from pigswill livestock can used as a plant nutrient source. Organic material has a significant influence on agriculture productivity. Organic material added continually was an effective way to maintain soil health, it will provide soil organisms food, increasing available nutrient and maintain soil physic characteristic. Otherwise, organic waste added still not get an optimal result. That's why organic waste added from pigswill livestock and bio fund as activator was one of the alternative ways. This study was aimed to know pigswill livestock waste potential as organic material added on nutrient availability in order to improve plant productivity and the influence on plant production. This study consisted of two stages; i.e. the first study was soil incubation for 20 days, and the second was maize plant application. The method used was Complete Factorial Randomized design with 2 factors and 3 replicates. The results showed that pigswill livestock organic waste and bio fund will increase soil C, N, P, and K exchange. It happened especially on FIBl and F1B3 treatment; it marks with the increasing trend on every week. The highest production was found on F1B3 (256.63 plants"') and the lowest on FIBO (I I7.U plant').

Potencial germinativo de sementes de rúcula (Eruca sativa L., Brassicaceae) em diferentes substratos

RESUMO: Os substratos são fontes alternativa de nutrientes para as plantas que têm demonstrado características adequadas para a germinação e desenvolvimento de mudas olerícolas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de germinação de sementes de rúcula (Eruca sativa L.) em diferentes tipos de substratos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com sombrite (50% de luminosidade) na área experimental do Campus I da Universidade Estadual de Alagoas - UNEAL, o delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com 5 tratamentos (T1= areia fina, T2= húmus de minhoca, T3= esterco caprino + húmus de minhoca, T4= esterco caprino + húmus, T5= solo testemunha), e 30 unidades experimentais cada um. Utilizou-se sementes de rúcula variedade folha larga, onde foram semeadas em bandejas de poliestireno, os dados da quantidade de sementes germinadas foram registrados diariamente e submetidos ao teste de comparação de médias utilizando-se o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade com o auxílio do programa estatístico SISVAR. A porcentagem de germinação % PG e o IVG – Índice de Velocidade de Germinação foram maiores nos tratamentos areia, húmus de minhoca e no solo (testemunha) não havendo diferença significativa entre eles, já os tratamentos húmus + esterco caprino e húmus + esterco bovino tiveram as menores médias em ambas as variáveis. Infere-se que a utilização dos substratos húmus de minhoca, areia e solo (testemunha) promoveram significativamente germinação de sementes de Rúcula, enquanto que os substratos húmus + esterco caprino e húmus + esterco bovino reduziram a germinação.
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Dicotiledônea, crescimento radicular, matéria orgânica.

Organic manure enhanced in soil health and productivity - A review

Application of organic manures help in mitigating multiple nutrient deficiencies at the same time provides better environment for growth and development by improving in physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. In this content use of organic manures such as vermicompost, farmyard manure, Goat manures, Poultry manure, Pressmud and green manure, etc., may supply sufficient amount of micronutrients in available form to crops and improve the quality of the agricultural produces Natural resources viz., land and water available for agricultural production is limited in most of the regions in world. So, increasing yields from current limited available land is the only solution in order to feed the increasing population. Integrated plant nutrient supply system is the only possible way, which can reduce the dependency on chemical fertilizers to attain the sustainable and profitable production without causing detrimental effects on soil and environment. The increasing cost of commercial fertilizer day by day is a serious matter of concern and their frequent application is deterionating bio-physical, chemical properties of soil. As a result, soil fertility is being diminished gradually. This in turn is leading to reduction in crop per unit area. Besides fertilizer there are several sources of plant nutrients like organic manures and biofertilizers.

Quality and Economics of Bt Cotton as Influenced by Compost, Organic and Inorganic Fertilisers

Agricultural application of urban waste as nutrient source for plants and as soil conditioner, is the most cost effective option of waste management because of its advantages over traditional means such as land filling or incineration. Composting is an attractive alternative of urban waste recycling. Intensive cropping and indiscriminate fertilizer application depleted available NPK in almost all soils in India. Hence, replenishment of shoveled out nutrients is very essential, especially when exhaustive crops like cotton is cultivated. With this backdrop an experiment was conducted during kharif, 2014 carried out at College Farm, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, India to find the effect of combined application of municipal city compost with inorganic fertilisers on the yield, quality and economics of Bt cotton. The experiment was laid out in randomised complete block design with three replicates and eleven treatments viz; 100 % NPK alone (RDF: 150: 60: 60 kg NPK ha-1)100% NPK + FYM (farmers practice) and 100 %, 75%, 50% NPK integrated with 3 levels of Godavari Gold (GG) @ 1.25, 1.875 and 2.5 tonnes ha-1 respectively. The results indicated that Bt cotton registered significantly higher yield attributes and yield with the integrated application of 100 % NPK + 2.5 t ha-1 of Godavari Gold compost as compared to 100% NPK alone, 100% NPK + FYM (farmers practice) and 75 % RDF (112.5-45-45 kg NPK ha-1) and 50 % RDF (75-30-30 kg NPK ha-1) integrated with Godavari gold compost @ 1.25, 1.875 and 2.5 tonnes ha-1.There were no significant differences in quality parameters. Highest gross, net returns and B: C ratio was accrued with the application of 100 % NPK + 2.5 t ha-1 of Godavari Gold compost.

A transition from conventional irrigation to fertigation with reclaimed wastewater: Prospects and challenges

The aim of this review was to discuss the transition from traditional irrigation to fertigation using reclaimed wastewater in countries with moderate climate. In most European countries there are no regulations on waste water reuse and on the other hand there are countries where regulations are very strict. An important aspect is to standardize the restrictions, which would minimize uncontrolled use of wastewater for fertigation. Wastewater is a source of plant nutrients and organic matter, but can be contaminated with chemicals and pathogens, which in turn can lead to secondary environmental pollution. The reuse of recovered wastewater may require modification of the wastewater treatment process line or construction of stabilization tanks at farms. In both cases, it is necessary to set up initial installations in real systems in order to develop principles for irrigation with reclaimed wastewater for soil and temperate climate conditions. The additional treatment steps required are also associated with large investments, but could reduce fertilization costs and, more importantly, improve the environmental situation. The current scale of fertilizer application does not allow conventional fertilization to fulfill global demand. The introduction of such a solution is a step towards the practical application of circular economy and sustainable crop production. The paper discusses a challenges related with implementation of transition from conventional irrigation to fertigation with reclaimed wastewater in moderate climate countries. A special focus to providing fertilizer nutrients in terms of required doses was undertaken.

Influence of Different Organic Manures and Their Combinations on Productivity and Quality of Bread Wheat

Organic manures are a vital source of plant nutrients and act as the main pillar of sustainable agriculture. This 2-year field study was done to evaluate the influence of different organic manures and their combinations on productivity and grain quality of bread wheat. In a 2-year field experiment, there were eight organic manure application treatments: (1) control (no manure), (2) press mud (PM) 10 t ha−1, (3) vermicompost (VC) 10 t ha−1, (4) farmyard manure (FYM) 10 t ha−1, (5) press mud 5 t ha−1 + vermicompost 5 t ha−1, (6) press mud 5 t ha−1 + farmyard manure 5 t ha−1, (7) vermicompost 5 t ha−1 + farmyard manure 5 t ha−1, and (8) press mud 3.3 t ha−1 + vermicompost 3.3 t ha−1 + farmyard manure 3.3 t ha−1. Overall, the increase in grain yield from organic manures application (press mud, vermicompost and farmyard manure), alone and in combinations, was VC > VC + FYM > FYM > PM + VC > PM > PM + VC + FYM > PM + FYM with 68, 66, 55, 53, 38, 36, and 30% increase as compared to control during both years. The highest improvement (14.1%) in grain protein contents was recorded from vermicompost as compared to control during both years. Application of different organic manures, alone and in combinations, were cost effective. However, the highest benefit-cost ratio (1.56) was recorded from the farmyard manure application. Sole and combined application of organic manures improved the productivity and quality of bread wheat. However, the highest productivity and profitability were recorded from the application of vermicompost and farmyard manure, respectively.

Integrated nutrient management in fruit production

The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides along with improper nutrient management is deleterious to the plant health, environment and human being who consume them. The quality attributes of different fruits are badly affected due to indiscriminate application of inorganic agro-chemicals which results in quality deterioration with less consumer preference and low returns to the growers. It also causes soil health deterioration and disturbs the soil microorganisms. Such practices are also common among the fruit growers. Due to these practices, the plants also become susceptible to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, it is a holistic approach based on usage of all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner is considered as alternative source to maintain soil fertility and plant nutrient supply for sustaining the desired crop productivity.

Tracing gypsiferous White Sands aerosols in the shallow critical zone in the northern Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico using Sr/Ca and 87Sr/86Sr ratios

White Sands (New Mexico, USA) emits gypsum dust with a unique chemical and mineralogical signature, providing an opportunity to investigate its loading and regional movement. This study tracked White Sands dust input to montane soils downwind in the northern Sacramento Mountains, and provided better understanding of the effects of gypsum dust on sources of bioavailable plant nutrients in an active critical zone. Four soil profiles were collected over bedrocks of different weatherabilities, from the most reactive limestone, mixed limestone, diorite, to the least reactive sandstone, as well as different atmospheric end-members (rain, regional dust, and White Sands gypsum). Annual dry deposition rate observed at the Sacramento Mountains was approximately at 11 g m−2 yr−1, up to an order of magnitude lower than those at the Chihuahuan Desert basins upwind and closer to dust sources at lower elevations. Elemental chemistry, Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr of bulk soils were mostly controlled by those of bedrocks and modified by chemical weathering over carbonate substrates, whereas the atmospheric input was only detectable in shallow soils over the least reactive sandstone through addition profiles of Ca, Sr and Na. Although only making up a small portion of a bulk soil in mass, White Sands dust, along with wet deposition, dominantly controlled the Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of plants and the water leachable fraction of the soils. Particles from White Sands, predominantly gypsum, were very soluble, and dissolved quickly in soils of the Sacramento Mountains but re-precipitated at the impermeable bedrock-soil interface. Although absolute concentrations of Ca and Sr in plants differed widely among four sites and among different local plant types, Sr/Ca ratios were largely controlled by plant type, and thus the rooting depth. This study highlighted the importance of regional dust and rainfall in loading nutrients even in a semi-humid environment.

The effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Final Discharge on the Characteristics of Pennisetum purpureum

Phytoremediation is one of the environmental-friendly and cost-effective systems for the treatment of wastewater, including industrial wastewater such as palm oil mill effluent final discharge (POME FD). However, the effects of the wastewater on the phytoremediator plants, in term of growth performance, lignocellulosic composition, and the presence of nutrients and heavy metals in the plants are not yet well studied. In the present work, we demonstrated that POME FD increased the growth of P. purpureum. The height increment of P. purpureum supplied with POME FD (treatment) was 61.72% as compared to those supplied with rain water (control) which was 14.42%. For lignocellulosic composition, the cellulose percentages were 38.77 ± 0.29% (treatment) and 34.16 ± 1.01% (control), and the difference was significant. These results indicated that POME FD could be a source of plant nutrients, which P. purpureum can absorb for growth. It was also found that the heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) inside the plant were below the standard limit of the World Health Organization (WHO). Since POME FD was shown to have no adverse effects on P. purpureum, further research regarding the potential application of P. purpureum following phytoremediation of POME FD such as biofuel production is warranted to evaluate its potential use to fit into the waste-to-wealth agenda.

Interaction between Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth Promotion and Tuber Inulin Content of Helianthus tuberosus L

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) could interact synergistically because PSB solubilize sparingly available phosphorous compounds into orthophosphate that AMF can absorb and transport to the host plant. Little is known about the interactions between these two groups in terms of promoting Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus L., which is widely planted by farmers because of its high inulin content. Production depends mainly on synthetic fertilizers as source of plant nutrients. This study aimed to isolate and characterize PSB and investigate the effects of co-inoculation of AMF and PSB on plant performance and inulin accumulation. Isolate UDJA102x89-9, identified as Klebsiella variicola (KV), showed phosphate-solubilizing ability and produced high amounts of several organic acids in vitro and of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The experiment combined KV and two AMF species (Glomus multisubtensum (GM) and Rhizophagus intraradices (RI)). Co-inoculation of KV with RI, in combination with rock phosphate, showed the largest increases in plant growth and tuber inulin content, compared both to an unfertilized and fertilized control. This result would reveal whether the phosphate solubilization and IAA property of the PSB in vitro played a significant role in changing plant growth and production, and the available P was subsequently taken up and transported to plant roots by AMF. The high combined effect may have the potential for use by farmers in the future as a biofertilizer for inulin production by Helianthus tuberosus L.

Empowerment of Community with the Application of Compost on the Cultivation and Post-Harvest of Onion

Kenagarian (West Sumatra traditional village) Andaleh is located at the base of Mount Marapi in Batipuh Tanah Datar District, West Sumatra. The main livelihoods of the population are farming by planting rice, vegetable crops, ornamental plants, and cinnamon. In general, farmers in this location increase the yield of vegetables (onion) using artificial fertilizers. Sometimes it requires limited chemical fertilizer, difficult to obtain and expensive. Of course, this will burden farmers in the production of onion is a daily necessity of the community. At this location, there are many titonia plants and agricultural waste. The solution given is agricultural waste and plant processing into compost. Compost can increase growth and yield of onion bulbs. The objectives to be achieved in Community Service and Empowerment Program (KKN-PPM) activities are 1) Making compost using straw and agricultural waste and its application as organic fertilizer when mapping the red plotters, 2) Applying agricultural waste compost in the cultivation of onion 3) Processing the onion bulbs into the fried onion. The methods applied were debriefing students, counseling, training and demonstration plots with farmers. Activities that have been carried out are counseling about good onion cultivation, counseling about the benefits of organic fertilizer (compost) to 1) improve soil improvement and sources of nutrients for plants. 2) training to make compost from straw and agricultural waste using Effective Microorganism EM-4, 3) supporting compost application in onion cultivation in farmers' fields and 4) processing of fried onion.

Effect of Combined Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Components of Food Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.)

Barley is an important food and beverage crop in the highlands of Ethiopia. Despite many importance of barley and its many useful characteristics, there are several factors affecting its production. Low Soil fertility is one of the major constraints affecting its production. Integrated nutrient management, where both natural and man-made sources of plant nutrients are used, is the best approach to supply adequate and balanced nutrients and increase barley productivity in an efficient and environmentally benign manner, without sacrificing soil productivity of future generations. With this in view, integrated applications of organic and inorganic fertilizer sources on yield and yield components of barley were assessed in this review. By this maintaining soil fertility is one of the main factors affecting the sustainability of barley production. The advantages need to be integrated in order to make optimum use of organic and inorganic fertilizer achieve balanced nutrient management for barley yield. This review study showed that balanced fertilization application using both organic and inorganic fertilizers is important for maintenance of yield and yield components of barley. The basic concept underlying the combined applications of fertilizers is the adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustaining desired barley productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner. Therefore, increased attention should be being paid to developing an integrated soil fertility management that maintains or enhances soil productivity through balanced use of all sources of nutrients, including organic and inorganic fertilizers. Keywords: Barley Productivity, Integrated Soil Fertility Management, Nutrient Management, Plant Nutrients DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/95-01 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Inoculation of cattle manure with microbial agents increases efficiency and promotes maturity in composting.

In this study, fresh cattle manure was mixed with rice straw at a ratio of 10:1 in fresh weight and then composted in a self-built, aerated static composting box, whose dimension was 1m × 0.8m × 0.8m with a volume of approximately 0.6m3. To deal with the inconvenient and time-consuming problem of multiple stage inoculation, a single, one-time inoculation agent containing diverse microorganisms that are active at both the initial heating and thermophilic phases was developed. A total of 12 from 42 strains isolated from the none-inoculated Experiment 1 composting system were selected as microorganismal agents in Experiment 2 according to their species, prevalence and cultural temperature. 200mL of each microorganism enrichment broth was mixed to the inoculation group at the beginning of composting. A total of 2400mL of sterilize distilled water was added to the control group. The parameters of temperature, moisture, pH, C/N ratio, organic matter degradation, and germination index were investigated for both inoculation and control composting groups. Results showed that inoculation did not significantly shorten composting time. However, the pile temperature was increased with the maximum temperatures of 64.6°C and 60.3°C for the inoculation and control groups, respectively. The degradation of organic matter was accelerated (P < 0.05), and significantly higher GI value (P < 0.05) indicated that the maturity was promoted by the inoculation microorganism. This suggests that the final composting product would provide value as alternative source of nutrients for plants. Conclusively, we suggested a multiple microorganism inoculation method to increase the efficiency and promote maturity in cattle manure composting.

Biogas Digestate in Vegetable Hydroponic Production: pH Dynamics and pH Management by Controlled Nitrification

Soilless cultivation of vegetables with digestate fertilizer from biogas production as a nutrient source is a promising method for integrating food production and organic waste management. In this study, bok choy (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) was cultivated in a hydroponic nutrient film technique system with biogas digestate as the only fertilizer source. Nitrification in moving bed biofilm reactors (external and/or integrated into the hydroponic cultivation system) was employed to lower the high ammonium concentration in the digestate prior to use. Treatments with differing nitrification and digestate input strategies were compared with respect to pH dynamics, crop growth, shoot water content, and shoot mineral content. The results showed that < 20% longer cultivation time (< 1 week) gave similar yield in biogas digestate-based hydroponics as in conventional hydroponics based on synthetic fertilizers. Automatic pH control through addition of digestate resulted in similar shoot dry weight as in the mineral fertilizer reference system. It can be concluded that biogas digestate is a suitable plant nutrient source for hydroponic production of bok choy, considering productivity and circularity aspects. The combined impact of digestate ammonium content, digestate pH, and the nitrification step needs to be considered when designing a hydroponic system with biogas digestate as the fertilizer source.Graphic

Performance of Medicago sativa Grown in Clay Soil Favored by Compost or Farmyard Manure to Mitigate Salt Stress

The use of saline water for the irrigation of forage crops to alleviate water scarcity has become necessary in semi-arid and arid regions and researchers have been seeking ways to offset the harmful results of soil salinity. Soil amendments with compost, manure and other organic material provide a valuable source of plant nutrients and appear to speed up soil recovery. The aim of this study was to compare the benefits of farmyard manure and a municipal solid waste (MSW) compost (40 mg ha−1) for raising alfalfa (Medicago sativa, cv. Gabès) under salt-water irrigation. Both compost and manure improved plant mineral uptake and growth of alfalfa cultivated in clay soil. Using compost in clay soil increased the content of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in plant tissues compared to manure, while the bio-accumulation factor (BAF) of Cu, Pb and Zn was higher in plants grown with manure compared to MSW compost with salt stress. Compost addition could enhance alfalfa growth under salt stress, which depends on salt doses and can greatly improve the recovery effects in a cost-effective way, although additional amendment type should receive special attention in order to be used as a tool for sustainable agriculture.

PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI BOKASHI PLUS T PADA KELOMPOK PETANI ORGANIK DI DESA MINASA BAJI KECAMATAN BANTIMURUNG

The Farmers in Minasa Baji village generally have used organic fertilizer in the form of cow dung is quite abundant in this village, in addition to chemical fertilizers (Urea, SP36, and KCl) as a source of plant nutrients. However, since cow dung is given to plants without going through the correct decomposition process, so not only does it contribute to the growth of the plant, potentially even becoming a pest and disease nest. On the other hand, as the loss of chemical fertilizer subsidies, the scarcity of chemical fertilizers and high prices in the market become a constraint farmers in the fulfillment of nutrient needs. Therefore, to anticipate the scarcity and high prices of chemical fertilizers, which tend to rise and the frequent occurrence of scarcity, it needs to look for an environmentally friendly substitute and able to substitute nutrient needs. Trichoderma technology that will produce Bokashi Plus T is able to meet the problem. The method of implementation consists of 3 methods: (1). Participatory education, (2) Training (demonstration and practice by participants), (3) Coaching and Assistance. The results of this activity are: (1) partners know the importance of using Trichoderma technology in the manufacture of organic fertilizer bokashi Plus T, (2) the partner is able to multiply his own bokashi starter, 3) Partners are able to own production Bokashi Plus T, 4) partners skilled apply bokashi independently in planting according to SOP. Keywords: Organic Farmers, Bokashi Plus T, Trichoderma

Response of Soybean Grown on a Claypan Soil in Southeastern Kansas to the Residual of Different Plant Nutrient Sources and Tillage

Response of Soybean Grown on a Claypan Soil in Southeastern Kansas to the Residual of Different Plant Nutrient Sources and Tillage