Source Of Free Energy Research Articles

Kinetic-scale diagnostics of destabilization of electromagnetic electron whistler-cyclotron modes in the presence of hybrid non-thermal non-extensive electrons

Temperature anisotropies exist in all the solar terrestrial regions and act as a source of free energy that plays a pivotal role for the destabilization of various plasma modes, one of them is the electromagnetic electron whistler-cyclotron instability. In this paper, the kinetic-scale diagnostic of parallel propagating electromagnetic electron whistler-cyclotron instability is numerically investigated in hybrid non-thermal non-extensive non-collisional magnetized plasmas. The dielectric response function (DRF) of right handed circularly polarized whistler instability (WI) is derived by the incorporation of Vlasov–Maxwell model for both super-extensive (q<1, α≠0) and sub-extensive (q>1, α≠0) bi-Cairns–Tsallis distributed plasma (bi-CTDP) systems. The unstable solutions of WI are obtained through the exact numerical analysis of DRF to compute the oscillatory/real frequency and growth rate. The dependence of pertinent parameters, i.e., non-thermality (q), non-extensivity (α), temperature anisotropy ratio (δe) and (α,q)-dependent plasma beta (β∥eα,q), on the destabilization of whistler mode are examined in detail. The prevalence of hybrid non-thermal non-extensive electrons population plays a substantial role in altering the characteristics of whistler-cyclotron instability in bi-CTDP system as compared to other non-thermal/non-equilibrium plasma systems. The nature and characteristics of the instabilities and waves are substantially influenced by the shape of particle velocity distributions, particularly on kinetic scale. The hybrid non-thermal non-extensive character of electrons distribution remarkably support the instability growth. We observed the highest growth rate of WI in super-extensive bi-CTDP in contrast to other non-thermal plasma distributions. A detailed comparison of the present findings with the other models, e.g. bi-Cairns, bi-nonextensive, and bi-Maxwellian plasmas is also unveiled in the present research.

Development and characterization of engineering plastic diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis

Research on carbon dioxide free energy sources is increasing due to climate change, with green hydrogen gaining significant attention for its eco-friendly production process. This study focused on creating a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis using the TIPS method, utilizing the engineering thermoplastics PEEK and PPS for their excellent mechanical properties and heat resistance. DPK was employed as a diluent, and the phase diagram was established by measuring the crystallization temperature and cloud point based on polymer content. The morphology of the diaphragm, both surface and cross-section, was observed using an SEM, while tensile strength, alkaline stability, and permeability tests assessed its suitability for alkaline electrolysis conditions. The diaphragm with a polymer content of 20 wt% demonstrated a mechanical strength of 31.9 MPa, making it viable for operational use in alkaline electrolysis. All the diaphragms exhibited exceptional alkali resistance, with weight changes of less than 1 % in a 25 to 30 wt% KOH solution. Additionally, permeability tests indicated that permeability decreased as polymer content increased. Electrochemical evaluations revealed that the 20 wt% polymer content diaphragm achieved the best performance, delivering 188.7 mA/cm². This study confirms the potential of using these diaphragms in efficient and sustainable alkaline water electrolysis systems.

Investigation of electromagnetic fluctuations in a magnetically screened high beta plasma

We report low-frequency electromagnetic turbulence in large-volume plasma devices in a region that receives magnetically screened plasma. The magnetic screen is produced by the activation of a large solenoid that generates a strong magnetic field ( BEEF ) transverse to the background axial magnetic field ( Bz ). The magnetic field strength variation in BEEF controls the plasma diffusion and is responsible for parametric profile modifications in large volume plasma devices. The turbulence is characterized by the observed features of an electromagnetic mode having frequency ordering in the lower hybrid range (f ci < f < f LH). The free energy source for the excited turbulence is believed to be the prevalent finite radial pressure gradient in the system. The excited electromagnetic mode shows typical scales for the wave number, k⊥ ∼ 0.13 cm−1 and frequency f ∼ 6 kHz and propagates with phase velocity comparable to ion acoustic velocity, C s in electron diamagnetic drift direction. It is believed that the low-frequency pressure gradient-driven electromagnetic mode exhibits coupling with the lower hybrid or whistler wave.

Coherence Manipulation in Asymmetry and Thermodynamics.

In the classical regime, thermodynamic state transformations are governed by the free energy. This is also called as the second law of thermodynamics. Previous works showed that, access to a catalytic system allows us to restore the second law in the quantum regime when we ignore coherence. However, in the quantum regime, coherence and free energy are two independent resources. Therefore, coherence places additional nontrivial restrictions on the state transformations that remain elusive. In order to close this gap, we isolate and study the nature of coherence, i.e., we assume access to a source of free energy. We show that allowing catalysis along with a source of free energy allows us to amplify any quantum coherence present in the quantum state arbitrarily. Additionally, any correlations between the system and the catalyst can be suppressed arbitrarily. Therefore, our results provide a key step in formulating a fully general law of quantum thermodynamics.

Ramsay 1 and Ramsay 2, learnings from the first natural hydrogen exploration wells in Australia

In October and November 2023, Gold Hydrogen, an ASX listed natural hydrogen explorer, drilled Ramsay 1 and Ramsay 2, the first natural hydrogen exploration wells in Australia. Twinning an historic well, the Ramsay Oil Bore 1 well in PEL687 in South Australia, the objective of the Ramsay 1 and Ramsay 2 wells was to find movable naturally generated hydrogen in the subsurface and establish the presence of a commercially attractive natural hydrogen resource base. This paper highlights some of the learnings from the process of designing and executing these natural hydrogen exploration wells and how the initial hurdles of demonstrating the presence of a hydrogen resource were overcome during the drilling phase. Using modified standard drilling technology and dedicated hydrogen detection tools (calibrated real time mud gas analysis), Gold Hydrogen has shown that exploration for natural hydrogen resources can be done safely and cost effectively. The main learnings included the application of a calibrated hydrogen detection methodology to derive a pseudo hydrogen saturation log and the successful selection of drilling mud and casing compliant with long term hydrogen exposure. As global drilling for natural hydrogen is still in its infancy, these modifications to the exploration well design and execution could have a significant impact on future drilling for this highly attractive carbon free energy source. With a program of seismic data acquisition and follow-up wells planned for 2024, Gold Hydrogen is leading a group of Australian natural hydrogen explorers, who are trying to unlock commercial natural hydrogen resources in the world.

A New Type of Jovian Hectometric Radiation Powered by Monoenergetic Electron Beams

AbstractIn this study, we statistically analyze the Jovian auroral radio sources detected in situ by Juno/Waves at frequencies f below the electron cyclotron frequency fce. We first conduct a survey of Juno/Waves data over 1–40 MHz from 2016 to 2022. The 15 detected HectOMetric (HOM) sources all lie within 1–5 MHz and are both less frequent than the radio sources commonly observed slightly above fce and clustered in the southern hemisphere, within ∼90–270° longitudes. We analyze these emission regions with a growth rate analysis in the framework of the Cyclotron Maser Instability (CMI), which we apply to JADE‐E high cadence electron measurements. We show that the f &lt; fce emissions correspond to crossed radio sources, ∼300 km wide. They are located in a hot and highly depleted auroral plasma environment, along flux tubes colocated with upward field‐aligned current and at the equatorward edge of the main auroral oval. The wave amplification is consistent with the CMI and its free energy source consists of a shell‐type electron distribution function (EDF) with characteristic energies of 0.2–5keV. More energetic, 5–50 keV, shell‐type EDFs were systematically observed at higher latitudes but without any radio counterpart. Various parameters for the f &lt; fce HOM sources, reminiscent of the ones at Earth/Saturn, are compared. Other CMI‐unstable EDFs, primarily loss cone ones, are systematically observed during the same intervals, giving rise to emission observed at fce &lt; f &lt; fce + 0.5%. Our analysis thus reveals that different portions of the same EDF can be CMI‐unstable and simultaneously amplify radio waves below and above fce.

Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in a Solar Flat Plate Collector using Nano-Fluids

Solar energy is a source of clean and free energy that has been used by humans in various ways. The recent energy crisis has made countries around the world approach energy issues differently. The heat and light emitted by the sun is called solar energy. Solar energy is the light and heat that is radiated from the sun and can be harnessed using a range of technologies, such as photovoltaic systems and solar thermal energy. One of the most important applications of solar energy is the use of photovoltaic panels to convert solar energy into electrical energy. Solar collectors are used to harness the thermal energy (heat) from solar energy. In this study, the heat exchange by nanofluid in pipes, screw, and absorber plate in the flat plate collector were examined. Nanofluids are fluids that have particles suspended between 1 and 100 nanometers in size in the base fluid. The addition of nanofluids significantly increases heat transfer and thermal conductivity. In this study, silicon carbide nanofluids with percentages of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% in the base fluid (ethylene glycol) were used. The thermal properties, such as Nusselt number, conductive heat transfer coefficient, and transfer rate of the nanofluids were investigated.

A comparative study of ion beam and velocity shear driven resonant instability of kinetic Alfvén waves with [formula omitted]-electrons

A comparative analysis is carried out between the ion beam and velocity shear as the possible source of free energy in the generation of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) through a three-component theoretical model. The model consists of Kappa electrons, Maxwellian background ions, and drifting-Maxwellian beam ions as the constituent species. The ion beam and velocity shear-driven resonant instabilities of KAWs are investigated and the results are compared on a one-to-one basis. In the presence of κ-electrons, velocity shear is found to be a more effective source of free energy as compared to ion beam in the generation of KAWs. The threshold value of both energy sources in the excitation of KAWs is found numerically for a fixed set of plasma parameters. The characteristics of KAWs such as real frequency, parallel and perpendicular wavelength range, wave unstable region, growth rate, etc. are examined for both cases and the results are compared with the observed values relevant to Earth’s magnetotail.

Linear Theory Analysis and One‐Dimensional Hybrid Simulations of High‐Frequency EMIC Waves in a Dipole Magnetic Field

AbstractNarrowband (Δf ≲ 0.1fcp), high‐frequency (0.9fcp ≲ f &lt; fcp) electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, or HFEMIC waves for short, are a relatively new type of EMIC waves, where fcp is the proton cyclotron frequency. Here, we investigate the instability threshold conditions and the nonlinear evolution of HFEMIC waves at parallel propagation. First, linear theory analysis is extended to a regime relevant to HFEMIC waves (parallel proton beta β‖p &lt; 0.01). The instability threshold follows a similar anisotropy‐β‖p relation and requires a large value of anisotropy (T⊥p/T‖p ≳ 10) for wave growth. As a result of decreasing group velocity, the convective growth rate at a fixed threshold exhibits a similar inverse relation with β‖p. Heavy ions affect the instability only weakly, primarily through the introduction of stop bands. Second, we carry out one‐dimensional hybrid simulations in a parabolic background magnetic field, with initial parameters constrained by observation. Despite the narrow source region (within about ±3° latitude), HFEMIC waves can grow well above the thermal noise level due in large part to a small group velocity of HFEMIC waves. The saturation level is well within the range of observational amplitudes, and the quasilinear process primarily determines the wave evolution. Finally, we demonstrate that the present results compare favorably to the recent statistical results, thereby supporting anisotropic low‐energy protons as free energy source for HFEMIC waves.

DETERMINANTS OF THE INVESTMENTS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC MICRO-INSTALLATIONS BY INDIVIDUAL USERS IN POLAND

Aim:The paper’s objective is to determine the behavior and attitudes of Polish investors and users towards photovoltaic installations in Poland. Methods: The survey was carried out by ARC Rynek i Opinia (the Institute of Opinion and Market Research), commissioned by the company Alians-OZE, which, as part of the cooperation between business practice and science, made the results of the research available to the authors of this paper. The study was carried out in April 2021 using the CAWI technique. Results: The most important advantage of using photovoltaic micro-installations included factors such as using a source of free energy and independence from electricity price increases. The most important disadvantages were the high price of installation and the period of return on investment. Conclusions: The individual users of photovoltaic micro-installations, due to their activities in the green energy market as prosumers, not only increased the amount of renewable energy available, but also increased the social awareness of the benefits of such solutions. Therefore, it is important to promote as part of the pro-ecological policy, as well as the measures aimed at promoting this renewable energy source among individual users.

Soiling impact and cleaning techniques for optimizing photovoltaic and concentrated solar power power production: A state-of-the-art review

Nowadays, renewable energies are capturing the world's attention, particularly in light of the phenomenon of climate change and carbon dioxide emissions, which have caused major environmental damage. As a result, many investors have recently focused on developing investments in renewable energy projects worldwide, specifically photovoltaic and concentrated solar power plant projects. These solar technologies are considered among the most profitable solutions for generating power from a natural, free, and unlimited energy source. This review paper discusses one of the most significant issues affecting the performance of these solar systems, which is known as soiling. It has been supported by several studies in various nations with different climatic conditions, which offered accurate empirical data on the degradation rate of photovoltaic and concentrated solar power systems’ production due to the soiling effect. Furthermore, it provides various mitigating soiling ways, including manual and autonomous cleaning methods for both solar technologies. Ultimately, it summarizes each cleaning technique's main advantages and drawbacks, specifying its applicability according to the location characteristics and climatic conditions. Additionally, the review results reported in this work are intriguing enough to warrant further development of concentrated solar power and photovoltaic technologies.

Recent Advancement in Solar‐Driven Interfacial Steam Generation for Desalination: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review

Solar energy is one of the most efficient origins of energy for a wide range of environmentally beneficial purposes. Water desalination by steam generation with the help of solar energy is not only an economical and straightforward approach, but it also utilizes free energy sources to solve the problem of increasing freshwater scarcity. Solar water evaporation is an essential component of the low‐energy method for generating fresh water, which is required for economic development and human health. Freshwater productivity determines how effectively the system captures incoming solar energy and transforms it into usable heat. Effective water distillation has recently gained a lot of attention. The photothermal conversion process is built on the performance of the evaporator. This review thoroughly examines the most recent developments in photothermal materials, structure design, and engineering strategies, including design principles for highly efficient photothermal conversion, thermal management, water transport phenomena, salt rejection behavior, and improved evaporation rate. The prospective applications of this technique in saline water desalination, waste water purification, and energy generation are highlighted. Furthermore, the most recent scientific advancements are utilized to demonstrate the potential, prospects, and challenges of solar‐driven evaporation in energy conversion.

Development of the ambipolar electric field in a compressed current sheet and the impact on magnetic reconnection

Satellite data analysis of a compressed gyro-scale current sheet prior to magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail shows that electrostatic lower hybrid waves localized to the region of a transverse ambipolar electric field at the centre of the current sheet are driven by $\boldsymbol{E} \times \boldsymbol{B}$ velocity shear and result from compression. The presence and location of shear-driven waves around the centre of the current sheet, where the magnetic field reverses and the density gradient is minimal, is consistent with our model. This is notable because the free energy source is the curvature of the electron $\boldsymbol{E} \times \boldsymbol{B}$ flow and not the density gradient. Laboratory experiments and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations have shown that shear-driven lower hybrid fluctuations are capable of producing anomalous cross-field transport (viscosity) and resistivity, which can trigger magnetic reconnection. We estimate the terms in the generalized Ohm's Law directly from MMS data as the spacecraft cross a gyro-scale current sheet. Our analysis shows that the wave effects (resistivity, diffusion and viscosity) and pressure anisotropy effects are comparable. We also find that the quasi-static electric field gradient is correlated with a non-gyrotropic electron distribution function, which is consistent with our model. Furthermore, theoretical arguments suggest agyrotropy is an indicator of the possibility for magnetic reconnection to occur.

Deciphering insights into the binding mechanism and plasticity of Telacebec with M. tuberculosis cytochrome bcc-aa3 supercomplex through an unbiased molecular dynamics simulation, free-energy analysis, and DFT study

The cytochrome bcc-aa3 supercomplex, a key component in the electron transport chain pathway involved in bacterial energy production and homeostasis, is a clinically validated target for tuberculosis (TB), leading to Telacebec (Q203). Telacebec is a potent candidate drug under Phase II clinical development for the treatment of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB. Recently, the cryo-electron microscopy structure of this supercomplex from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complexed with Q203 was resolved at 6.9 Å resolution (PDB ID: 7E1W). To understand the binding site (QP site) flexibility and Q203’s stability at the QP site of the Mtb cytochrome bcc complex, we conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and free energy analysis on this complex in an explicit hydrated lipid bilayer environment for 500 ns. Through this study, the persistence of a range of direct and indirect interactions was observed over the course of the simulation. The significance of the interactions with His375, Tyr161, Ala178, Ala179, Ile183, His355, Leu356, and Thr313 is underlined. Electrostatic energy was the primary source of the net binding free energy, regardless of the important interacting residues. The overall binding free energy for Q203 was −112.84 ± 7.73 kcal/mol, of which the electrostatic and lipophilic energy contributions were −116.31 ± 1.14 and −21.32 ± 2.35 kcal/mol, respectively. Meanwhile, DFT calculations were utilized to elucidate Q203’s molecular properties. Overall, this study deciphers key insights into the cytochrome bcc-aa3 supercomplex with Q203 on the ground of molecular mechanics and quantum mechanics that may facilitate structure-based drug design and optimization for the discovery of the next-generation antitubercular drug(s). Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Crystal Structures and Phase Stability of the Li2S-P2S5 System from First Principles.

The Li2S-P2S5 pseudo-binary system has been a valuable source of promising superionic conductors, with α-Li3PS4, β-Li3PS4, HT-Li7PS6, and Li7P3S11 having excellent room-temperature Li-ion conductivity >0.1 mS/cm. The metastability of these phases at ambient temperature motivates a study to quantify their thermodynamic accessibility. Through calculating the electronic, configurational, and vibrational sources of free energy from first principles, a phase diagram of the crystalline Li2S-P2S5 space is constructed. New ground-state orderings are proposed for α-Li3PS4, HT-Li7PS6, LT-Li7PS6, and Li7P3S11. Well-established phase stability trends from experiments are recovered, such as polymorphic phase transitions in Li7PS6 and Li3PS4, and the instability of Li7P3S11 at high temperature. At ambient temperature, it is predicted that all superionic conductors in this space are indeed metastable but thermodynamically accessible. Vibrational and configurational sources of entropy are shown to be essential toward describing the stability of superionic conductors. New details of the Li sublattices are revealed and are found to be crucial toward accurately predicting configurational entropy. All superionic conductors contain significant configurational entropy, which suggests an inherent correlation between fast Li diffusion and thermodynamic stability arising from the configurational disorder.

Regulation of Proton–α Differential Flow by Compressive Fluctuations and Ion-scale Instabilities in the Solar Wind

Large-scale compressive slow-mode-like fluctuations can cause variations in the density, temperature, and magnetic-field magnitude in the solar wind. In addition, they also lead to fluctuations in the differential flow U pα between α-particles and protons (p), which is a common source of free energy for the driving of ion-scale instabilities. If the amplitude of the compressive fluctuations is sufficiently large, the fluctuating U pα intermittently drives the plasma across the instability threshold, leading to the excitation of ion-scale instabilities and thus the growth of corresponding ion-scale waves. The unstable waves scatter particles and reduce the average value of U pα . We propose that this “fluctuating-drift effect” maintains the average value of U pα well below the marginal instability threshold. We model the large-scale compressive fluctuations in the solar wind as long-wavelength slow-mode waves using a multi-fluid model. We numerically quantify the fluctuating-drift effect for the Alfvén/ion-cyclotron and fast-magnetosonic/whistler instabilities. We show that measurements of the proton–α differential flow and compressive fluctuations from the Wind spacecraft are consistent with our predictions for the fluctuating-drift effect. This effect creates a new channel for a direct cross-scale energy transfer from large-scale compressions to ion-scale fluctuations.

Free Energy, Stability, and Particle Source in Dynamical Holography

We study dynamical holographic systems and the relation between thermodynamical and dynamical stability of such systems, using the conserved currents in the bulk spacetime. In particular, in the probe limit a generalized free energy is defined with the property of monotonic decreasing in dynamic processes. It is then shown that the (absolute) thermodynamical stability implies the dynamical stability, while the linear dynamical stability implies the thermodynamical (meta-)stability. The holographic superfluid is taken as an example to illustrate our general formalism, where the dynamic evolution of the system in contact with a particle source is clarified by theoretical investigation and numerical verification. The case going beyond the probe limit is also discussed.

Application of organo-tin based complexes in transesterification reaction for biodiesel production- A review

The primary energy source utilized worldwide is derived from fossil fuels. Among all fields, the transportation sector accounts 54% of total energy consumption. The overuse and scarcity of fossil fuels demand the researchers to seek out a sustainable energy source. Among various renewable resources like solar, water, wind etc., biofuel is also an alternative pollution free energy source. Biodiesel are the fatty acid of methyl esters obtained from animal fat or vegetable oil. To achieve a similar viscosity as petrodiesel, the raw oil or fat is trans esterified to biodiesel. Transesterification is a well-known chemical process wherein the reaction takes place between oil and alcohol, facilitated by the presence of acid or base catalysts. Although the base catalyst has a high conversion rate, soap is generated as a by-product. As a result, acid catalysts are a feasible alternative source for transesterification, but with lower conversion and a high corrosion rate. As traditional acid catalysts, organotin catalysts possess good Lewis acidic character for the production of biodiesel. In this study, we have studied how different substituents on organotin (IV) complexes influence the catalytic activity in biodiesel production as well as in converting by-products of biodiesel into value added products.

Interplay between Anisotropy- and Skewness-driven Whistler Instabilities in the Solar Wind under the Core–Strahlo Model

Temperature anisotropy and field-aligned skewness are commonly observed nonthermal features in electron velocity distributions in the solar wind. These characteristics can act as a source of free energy to destabilize different electromagnetic wave modes, which may alter the plasma state through wave–particle interactions. Previous theoretical studies have mainly focused on analyzing these nonthermal features and self-generated instabilities individually. However, to obtain a more accurate and realistic understanding of the kinetic processes in the solar wind, it is necessary to examine the interplay between these two energy sources. By means of linear kinetic theory, in this paper we investigate the excitation of the parallel propagating whistler mode, when it is destabilized by electron populations exhibiting both temperature anisotropy and field-aligned strahl or skewness. To describe the solar wind electrons, we adopt the core–strahlo model as an alternative approach. This model offers the advantage of representing the suprathermal features of halo and strahl electrons, using a single skew–kappa distribution already known as the strahlo population. Our findings show that when the electron strahlo exhibits an intrinsic temperature anisotropy, this suprathermal population becomes a stronger and more efficient source of free energy for destabilizing the whistler mode. This suggests the greater involvement of the anisotropic strahlo in processes conditioned by wave–particle interactions. The present results also suggest that the contribution of core anisotropy can be safely disregarded when assessing the importance of instabilities driven by the suprathermal population. This allows for a focused study, particularly regarding the regulation of the electron heat flux in the solar wind.

Approaches on Carbon Free Energy Source from Water Splitting

Approaches on Carbon Free Energy Source from Water Splitting