Source Of Electricity Supply Research Articles

Building Characteristics and Incompatible Land Uses as Drivers of Fire Disaster Risk

Risk-based land use planning is regarded as a controlling tool for reducing environmental disasters in urban settlements. However, unsustainable land use practices allow building and infrastructural developments in fire disaster-risk areas. Losses to urban fires are largely dependent on building and land use characteristics across settlements. This paper examines the underlying characteristics that increase fire risks in urban buildings by analyzing the relationship between land use patterns, types of building use, and fire disaster risk in the metropolitan area of Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were collected through a field survey using a structured questionnaire supplemented by focus group discussion. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 88 neighborhoods and 1,803 building occupants were selected using systematic random sampling. Findings indicate incompatible land use developments in many areas of the city. The study revealed that one out of five buildings were not accessible to fire-fighting vehicles owing to inadequate road widths (43.7%) and pot-holes (39.8%). One out of seven buildings (14.1%) had no water supply. About 10% of the buildings had emergency doors on permanent lock. About half of the building occupants relied on power supply sources that increased risks of fire occurrence (52%) and 49.4% used unsustainable waste disposal methods that threatened fire safety. The paper concluded that land use attributes, such as accessibility, compatibility of uses, water supply sources, sources of electricity supply and solid waste disposal method, and building characteristics, such as burglar proofs, nature of entrance/exit, type of lighting fuel are factors that are relevant in fire disaster risk analysis.

РОЗРОБКА СИСТЕМИ КЕРУВАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОПОСТАЧАННЯМ В УМОВАХ ОБМЕЖЕННЯ ПОТУЖНОСТІ

Abstract. The article considers the problem of efficient distribution of electricity under conditions of limited production capacity. The specifics of production and energy consumption of various industries and classes of consumers are studied, which allows taking into account their needs and ensuring optimal distribution of electricity. Over the past decades, there has been an increase in demand for electricity in industry, the economy and the population. At the same time, existing sources of electricity generation may be limited in capacity, which leads to a situation where insufficient power cannot satisfy all consumer needs. The article presents an analysis of various methods of power supply management, including traditional and innovative approaches. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, and the author proposes his own control system that combines the best aspects of different approaches. The main results of the study are the development of an efficient power supply management system that ensures optimal distribution of electricity among different categories of consumers. The use of this system will reduce electricity losses and ensure a stable electricity supply for all consumers. In today's environment of technological development and growing electricity consumption, there is an urgent problem of optimising the management of limited sources of electricity supply to different categories of consumers. Solving this problem will help to increase the reliability and efficiency of electricity supply, as well as ensure the balanced operation of the system of conditionally limited electricity sources in the face of diverse consumer needs. Further research could consider the possibility of implementing the proposed power supply management system in practice and evaluate its effectiveness. Additional research can also be conducted on the impact of various factors, such as changes in electricity demand or increased production capacity, on the operation of the control system. Overall, this paper is an important contribution to the development of power management systems. It proposes a new approach to electricity distribution that allows for optimal resource utilisation and reduces energy losses. The results of the study may be useful for energy specialists and developers of power supply management systems. Keywords: autonomous power supplies, uninterrupted power supply, optimisation of energy consumption, renewable energy sources, power supply control system.

Neophodnost energetske tranzicije u tekstilnoj industriji

The textile industry should play an important role in the development of the economy, but it is limited due to the negative impact on the environment, which can be solved by switching to sustainable and renewable energy sources (RES). A successful strategy for the production of textile products includes a set of environmental, economic and energy, technological and health factors. Clothing and home textiles are the basic products of the textile industry, but with new materials and technologies, the use is expanding in the field of agrotechnical nets, applications for building structures or military materials. Textile products are created in long technological processes in production halls so that natural resources and water are used for processing, into which harmful substances flow. Following these negative sides, the textile industry has to reform in the field of application of materials on inputs to sources of electricity supply. There is a technological and energy transition that can contribute to increasing production efficiency, work effectiveness and reducing electricity consumption, sustainable use of nearby energy resources such as RES. In this way, water pollution is directly reduced, and the forced use of resources that cannot be renewed or cleaned of pollution is indirectly reduced. The advantage is that the energy transition can save materials, the aesthetic appearance of textiles and products improves, and the economic savings are significant. Funds can be invested in the replacement of acceptable materials, which are recycled and do not pollute. RES such as solar energy and wind energy can be placed on the roofs of halls, and natural fibers can be washed, bleached or thermally treated with geothermal water and thus create sustainable materials in the textile industry.

The Spatiotemporal Changes of China's Inter-provincial Power Transmission Network from 2005 to 2020

This study integrates the downscaling model of electricity production consumption, the balance equation of electricity inflow and outflow, and the actual connectivity between provincial power grids into a research framework, and develops a downscaling method for inter-regional power transmission data, thereby obtaining a complete inter provincial power transmission dataset. It was found that from 2005 to 2020, the source of power supply gradually shifted from the Central China Power Grid to the Southwest Power Grid. Sichuan, Yunnan, and some provinces in the southwest region have become important sources of electricity supply. The scale of power transfer from the source point and the scale of power transfer from the sink point are both showing an increasing trend, and the scale of inter provincial and inter regional power transmission is constantly expanding, resulting in a strengthening trend of the close density of network connections.

Analysis of the application of modern means of detection and measurement of carbon monoxide when using alternative sources of electricity supply during the war in Ukraine

The article examines the impact of carbon monoxide on the human body, as well as the necessity of its detection and measurement. Carbon monoxide poisoning is very dangerous for human health and is accompanied by negative consequences and requires the implementation of new means of its timely detection and measurement. The article identifies the main sources of carbon monoxide, as well as assesses its impact on public health. The choice of modern means of detecting and measuring carbon monoxide is an important and necessary component of protecting people in modern realities. The work examines and analyzes the technical capabilities of modern cpaabilities of determining the level of carbon monoxide, defines the main models of carbon monoxide detectors, and also classifies and systematizes the peculiarities of their operation. The most convenient and practical portable carbon monoxide sensor. It does not require stationary installation. This is especially important in closed rooms, where carbon monoxide poisoning can occur instantly. The article analyzes literary sources in the field of the main types of alternative energy sources used in Ukraine during emergency and planned blackouts, as well as the dangers associated with them. The influence of dangerous and harmful factors affecting the human body during the use of these devices is considered: power banks, generators, batteries and inverters. The analysis of scientific research on ensuring safety when using alternative energy sources in domestic premises, private and multi-story buildings, factories, underground passages and storages was performed. The features of each type of modern signaling devices are analyzed. Recommendations are provided for the selection of modern means of detecting and measuring carbon monoxide.

A method for searching the best static program for nuclear power unit control in the event of perturbations of different nature

Considering the current state of Ukraine's energy sector in a dangerous and unstable environment, the operation of nuclear power plants is one of the most important sources of electricity supply for the state. The development of the theory of optimal control and the technical level of automated process control systems in the current state of affairs make it possible not to reduce the efficiency of controlling a nuclear power unit, not only by changing the parameters at any load, but also by changing the structure of automation equipment capable of implementing a certain static control program of power, which currently eliminates the influence of internal and external disturbances, without reducing safety indicators. The article considers the situation when the linear programming method is not applicable for solving the control problem. In this case, the decision at each stage does not depend on the decision at the previous one. This is where target programming comes in handy –this is one of the methods of multi-criteria optimization, in the theory of which decision-making problems are solved simultaneously according to several criteria. The purpose of the work is to ensure the safe and efficient operation of a nuclear power unit in an energy system that is not constant in operational states. Using a mathematical model of a nuclear power unit, experiments were carried out to simulate the switching of controlprograms. The simulation model of the automated power control system, based on the bumpless switching of static programs according to the technological methods of operating power equipment, made it possible to form a change in the current model of the control program, as well as eliminate the static control error and get the response of process dependent parameters to program switching. Also, based on the results of the research, an objective function was proposed, which includes three normalized criteria with different objectives. In particular, the problem of optimizing the switching of static power control programs was solved by minimizing the objective function, which combines such characteristics as the efficiency and safety of the operation of a nuclear power unit.

THE LIMIT DISTANCES OF CONNECTION OF OBJECTS AND CONSUMERS TO ENERGY SOURCES BY DIFFERENT POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

This article is devoted to the development of a methodology for selecting the optimal variant of the power supply system for a remote local facility from the centralized integrated power system. The article proposes and formulates a definition of the term local power facility. 
 The main factors influencing the choice of a power supply system for a remote facility from a centralized power supply system are analyzed, including: the remoteness of the consumer from the centralized power grid, load power, the nature of the loads, its natural and climatic, and socio-economic conditions of location. 
 A classification of power supply systems of local energy facilities has been developed according to such categorical features as: sources of electricity supply, nature of power supply operation, location of the power supply, nature of consumer connection to the power supply, and method of electricity distribution. 
 The article develops the equations of the boundary radii of connection of electrical installations to power sources in the case of centralized power supply from the integrated power system and centralized power supply from the own power plant within the local power facility. Schematic diagrams of power supply of local energy facilities with a detailed description of their elements are constructed. 
 The advantages and disadvantages, as well as opportunities and threats to the development of power supply of local facilities as part of microgrids are presented. The advantages of centralized power supply include the low cost of energy and its much higher quality compared to the energy received from own power plants. The disadvantages of decentralized electricity supply include the high cost of investment in the equipment of own solar, wind or fuel power plants, usually of high capacity and staffed by highly qualified specialists, as well as problems with energy storage and the need to purchase fuel, its delivery and storage in large volumes. 
 The article provides strategic directions necessary for the development and dissemination of energy innovations in Ukraine in the long term.

An Environment Perceptive on Solar Installation for University Campus: A Case of Universiti Utara Malaysia

Sustainable energy has become the main agenda globally. Among the renewable energy (RE) sources, solar provides huge potential in electricity production due to the abundance of sun radiation. As tropical country Malaysia enriched with solar radiation the whole year. This paper aimed to study the environmental perspective towards solar installation in the UUM campus building. Climate change sharply decreased by implementing the solar photovoltaic (PV) system up to 91.2 % compared to the conventional source of electricity supply. The global warming impact of solar panel installation was in the range of 44.74 to 178.99 g CO2EQ / kWh. The most contributing process towards this impact was transportation. Installation PV in UUM campus, could avoided carbon dioxide emissions equivalent to 996 ton of waste recycled instead of landfilled or 47583 tree seedlings grown for ten years. Hopefully, the result encourages stakeholders to consume solar power as the primary source of renewable energy components on the way to achieving the Malaysia government’s target of 50% RE in electricity generation.

Analyses of the Motivating Factors and Barriers to the Adoption of Solar Photovoltaic Power Technology in Nigeria: A Survey

For a long time till date there has been mismatch in the Nigeria’s electricity supply to its continuously growing demand. The pervasively epileptic nature of the electricity supply from the centralized grid has made many Nigerians opt for fossil fuel generators which come with consequences of air and noise pollution. To curb this menace, there is need for the country to drastically transit towards the adoption of renewable energy (RE). However, Solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology adoption is still poor despite being proven by research works to be a viable alternative source of electricity supply in Nigeria. Therefore, this research work aimed at investigating the barring factors to the adoption of the technology. It also studied the motivating factor among the few adopters of the technology. A survey was carried out through the use of online questionnaire to sample respondents’ opinion across Nigeria. The results showed that the level of adoption of the technology is low. The result as well showed that the few adopters are motivated with the features of the technology such as convenience, reliability and eco friendliness. On the other hand, over 90% of those who do not adopt the technology considered the high cost of installation as the major barrier. This work has laid down a pathway for stakeholders and researchers to develop strategies in improving solar photovoltaic adoption in Nigeria. Areas of future work will require the determination of why other barrier factors seems to be less significant as compared to cost of installation.

Transition to alternative sources of electricity supply: diversifying the energy strategy in the Republic of Uzbekistan

In today’s world, the problem of energy security is becoming increasingly important. The issue of increasing energy independence and diversification of energy supply sources is becoming an important component of this problem. Transition from classical to alternative energy sources allows not only to reduce dependence on external suppliers, but also to improve the environmental situation. The article is devoted to analyzing the process of transition to alternative sources of electric energy in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In the conditions of constantly growing demand for electricity and irreversible depletion of natural resources, the importance of this topic can hardly be overestimated. The purpose of this study is to examine the theoretical and practical aspects of this transition, including not only changes in the energy sector, but also socio-economic, technological and environmental consequences of these changes for the country.

Implementation Of Fuzzy Logic On Turbine Ventilators As Renewable Energy

Energy needs in Indonesia in particular and in the world in general continue to increase. One of the sources of electricity supply, PLTA together with steam power plants (PLTU) and gas power plants (PLTG) indeed play an important role in the availability of electricity. Indonesia, which is an archipelagic country and one of the countries located on the equator, is a factor that Indonesia has abundant wind energy potential. The electrical energy needs of remote communities can be met. Turbine ventilator is a device that functions to circulate air which is placed on the roof of the building that functions as ventilation in residential and industrial buildings. Based on previous research, there are those who examine the use of turbine ventilators as power plants, but there are still many shortcomings that need to be fixed. turbine ventilator that is used to catch the wind and drive the generator, by connecting the wind turbine using a v-belt so that the rotation produced by the generator is maximized. Then the generator produces electrical energy.

A study of the implementation of the improvised single camera microteaching programme at the University of Port Harcourt

This study sought to develop a model of improvised microteaching technology that can be deployed for the success of teacher education programmes in moments of fiscal deficit and equipment down time. Using a single video camera to improvise a video technology based microteaching laboratory, the study analysed the impact of video feedback on trainee teachers self confidence, quality of voice level in delivery of instruction, overall improvement of teaching skills and the inherent challenges. The study revealed that the improvised single camera model of microteaching is less technology intensive, cost effective, and a result oriented model of microteaching programme. With the challenge of high waiting time resulting from the use of one camera and the need for alternative source of electricity supply, it is recommended that the model be applied in the teacher education institutions with proper planning.

Atoms for electricity generation in Africa: Analysis of factors affecting the continent's readiness

Africa is among the continents with substantial number of its population deprived of electric power and clean cooking technologies. Research shows that some 600 million people are without access to electricity in Africa. Nuclear energy has demonstrated to be a well-established source of electricity supply in a number of countries. However, the mention of that technology usually raises social concerns particularly about security, safety and risks associated with radioactive waste management, nuclear weapon proliferation, among others. The Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analytical tool is adopted in this research to unravel the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in relation with the deployment of the technology. Results from the analysis indicates that factors such as availability of uranium, clean technology among others are strengths for its development in Africa. However, issues such as negative public perception, lack of financing etc. are serious issues that could hinder the development and implementation of nuclear technological applications on the African continent. Other factors such as the various power pools for interconnectivity and employment opportunities that such facilities come with, are some of advantages for the African continent. Corruption and insecurity are the key issues that are seen as threats to the smooth implementation and development of a nuclear facility. The study concludes with some recommendations.

Environmental impact assessment of biomass supported electricity generation for sustainable rural energy systems - A case study of Grenada County, Mississippi, USA

Fossil fuels have been the major source of electricity supply in the United States of America (USA) for many decades. While a significant shift has occurred from coal-dominated supply to natural gas and renewable source based supplies in recent decades, there is still large potential to improve biomass supported electricity contribution in rural communities, which depend majorly on forest-related activities. Wood waste, an underutilized renewable resource, has the potential for electricity generation in rural areas to reduce the contribution of electricity generated from fossil fuels and assist in greenhouse gas savings. In this study, a life cycle assessment approach was used to estimate the emissions of electricity generated by wood residues in a rural community (Grenada County, Mississippi (MS), USA) and compared with those emissions from the recent electricity mix (2018), a previous electricity mix (2010) supply, along with natural gas (NG) and coal (Bituminous Coal, BC) based electricity generation options. A significant reduction (85.9–94.6%) in global warming impact was observed when compared with BC, NG and grid supplied electricity for years 2010 and 2018. When compared to the current electricity mix at the grid (2018), acidification, eutrophication, respiratory effects and smog formation showed higher emissions ranging from 30.8% to 72.4%. The sensitivity analysis showed an improvement in emissions savings with increased biomass to power conversion efficiency (40%), lower moisture content of the biomass (0%, bone dry biomass), and reduced transportation distance (35 km). This study showed an improvement in the electricity mix supplied to Grenada county, MS, which implies sustainable development opportunities for promoting energy security in rural communities with forest-based industries.

Small scale standalone solar and tidal hybrid power system in isolated area

The source of electricity supply in isolated areas is commonly from diesel or other fossil fuel-based generation systems. However, the increasing cost and harmful emissions of these fuels have led researchers to seek alternative solutions in providing electricity. Hence, harnessing renewable resources can be a favourable solution in lowering the dependency on fossil fuels. The Strait of Malacca is blessed with tidal current energy, a research was conducted to design a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) that consists of tidal current and solar energy as its sources along with backup power such as generators to support the electrical demand of a lighthouse. A simulation method is used to determine and compare the optimal configuration of the HRES with the diesel generator-based system. An evaluation of all possible scenarios of standalone systems was carried out by considering the amount of fuel consumption and pollutant emittance, capacity shortage, excess electricity production, unmet energy and renewable fraction parameters of each system scenario. From the findings, the hybrid energy system of Scenario A that consists of tidal turbines, PVs, generator, battery, and converter produces better results where the diesel fuel consumption can be reduced up to 84% in comparison with the standalone generator-based system.

Design and Built a Prototype Kit for Fire Detection in a Peat Swamp Forest: A Preliminary Results

Peat forest fire detectors need to be developed immediately due to the frequency of peat forest fires in Malaysia during the summer is very high. This can affect the life in the forest and the health of the surrounding population. Among them is the Ayer Hitam Muar Forest Reserve, Johor which is almost 50,000 acres in size and experiences fires every year. However, fire monitoring management methods still need to be improved in terms of speed, accuracy and systematic channeling fire alerts. Apart from location and area factors, the main challenge of the early fire detection process is the lack of manpower to monitor and notify fires. The conventional method through patrols and phone calls from farmers who see a fire is less effective because of the delay in the notification received by the authorities. Initially, the work of identifying the location of the fire and measuring the signal strength of the telco service in the Forest Reserve was done with the help of rangers from the Muar district forestry department. This article proposes a prototype for detecting peat forest fires capable of monitoring and sending early fire notifications using a smartphone. The prototype uses an ESP32 microcontroller, GSM/GPRS modem and industry-standard sensors incluing smoke, temperature, humidity and motion detectors. A total of five prototype units were developed as sensor nodes (SN) 1 to 5 with unique IDs that can send information to UTHM web servers simultaneously. Data from each SN is displayed in real-time while notifications of smoke detection and motion alerts are sent to the authorities via the Telegram application. Solar panels are used as a source of electricity supply while the authorities can access information via smartphones. This prototype was tested to see its stability and operational accuracy while the data obtained were recorded. The developed system can help the authorities detect fires at an early stage and the location of the fire can be known based on the SN information received on the smartphone screen.

Activity-determined Steps on the Attenuation of Atmospheric PM2.5 Concentration Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) at the Country Level: Empirical Evidence in Taiwan

Finding ways to minimize the atmospheric concentration of PM2.5 is an emergency issue throughout the world. This research has found a method to calculate historical PM2.5 data and to define the PM2.5 environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) pattern in Taiwan. From the analysis of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency’s public emission data, results showed that the continuous decay of PM2.5 is mostly contributed by the energy policy, while several short-term regular stepwise fluctuations in PM2.5 concentrations are caused by natural activity. Our study also proved that the linear decay with stepwise fluctuations also exhibits an EKC pattern.
 The results herein mean that the continuous decay of PM2.5 is caused by the energy policy, while the regular fluctuation of PM2.5 concentrations is caused by natural activity, like the La Nino phenomena. Based on the viewpoint of this paper, the oil consumption percentage for electricity generation should be first reduced to zero. However, oil-based power plants are an important emergency source of electricity supply. If Taiwan wants to continue the reduction of PM2.5 in the future, then a big capacity electric storage facility should be built as an emergency source of electricity supply. The energy policy in Taiwan at 2025 will be 50% natural gas, 30% coal, and 20% green energy. As oil fuel will reach 0%, PM2.5 will be affected by the energy intensity contributed from coal and natural gas, meaning that PM2.5 will maintain a long-term attenuation trend until 2035.

Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Renewable Energy System for off-Grid Electrification: A Case Study of University of Ibadan Abdusalam Abubakar Post Graduate Hall of Residence

The main objective of this study is to design a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) to meet the energy demand of a major Post Graduate Student residential hostel. The specific objectives were to estimate the energy demand, perform economic and technical analysis of various combination of renewable energy technologies that can meet the estimated energy demand and to select the appropriate and optimum hybrid system for the hall of residence. Quantitative analysis was used to determine the energy demand of the hall of residence while the solar resource information was obtained from the NASA Surface Meteorology. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software was used for analysis. The components of the system considered were solar photovoltaic (PV), diesel generator, batteries and inverter. The optimised hybrid system obtained was also compared to a system in which a diesel generator serves as the sole source of electricity supply. Economic analysis using the total net present cost and levelized cost of enegy was employed to determine the optimized hybrid combination. Environmental considerations were also made based on the amount of Carbon dioxide emitted per year. Results indicates that electricity generation through a hybrid system made up of 1000kW PV, 110 kVA generator, 11791 kWh Surrette S6CS25P battery arranged in parallel strings and a 220 kW Inverter had the lowest total net present cost, lowest cost of energy with a low emission. Hence, Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) should be employed in the production of electricity in due to its ability to reduce environmental degradation while ensuring a low total net present cost and a low cost of energy.

Did an Ultra-Low Emissions Policy on Coal-Fueled Thermal Power Reduce the Harmful Emissions? Evidence from Three Typical Air Pollutants Abatement in China.

Thermal power generation based on coal-fired power plants has the advantages of stability and controllability and has been the largest source of electricity supply in China. Coal-fired power plants, however, are also accompanied by high carbon emissions and the release of harmful substances (mainly including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and smoke dust), and are even regarded as the “chief criminal” in terms of air pollution. However, thermal power is also a pioneering industry involved in several environmental regulations and cleaner production techniques before other industries. Evidence of this is China’s ultra-low emissions (ULE) policy on coal-fired power plants, implemented in 2015. To verify this policy’s effect, this study treats ULE as an exogenous impact variable, examining its emissions reduction effect on SO2, NOx, and smoke dust in Eastern and Central China using the difference-in-difference method (DID). The results show that the total emissions of the three pollutants were abated by 0.133%, 0.057% and 0.036% in Eastern, and by 0.120%, 0.035% and 0.043% in Central China at every 1% rise of thermal power generated after ULE. In addition, several other factors can also argue for the promotion of thermal power. Other industries, such as steel or chemical, have proven that they can contribute significant SO2 and NOx emissions. Based on these results, we provide suggestions on synergistic emissions reduction among multiple industries, as well as a discussion on the necessity of implementing ULE in Western China.

Characterization of Hibiscus Flower as a Potential Source of Electric Supply

Deriving energy from plant has generated new technologies that are impressive. The success of harnessing energy in plants means that a global challenge has been truly solved. In this paper, the focus was to improve upon the plasmon technology in converting light to electricity such as photovoltaic. A metallic coated plant extract (MCPE) was synthesized and characterized in an unusual characterization set-up to determine the basic properties required for the plasmon technology. The MCPE was found to have band gap of 3.15 eV and possesses the basic properties of electron clouds oscillating about a mean position. This result means that the MCPE is a bio-particulate option that can replace the inorganic nanoparticles in the plasmon experiment. Further work on testing the MCPE in plasmon set-up is recommended.