Source Of Biogas Research Articles

Pretreated wheat straw blended with coffee husk biomass resources for the generation of biogas energy

Wheat straw and coffee husk are agricultural residues that may be successfully exploited for energy generation through anaerobic digestion. Improper handling of biogas-producing facilities can result in methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas that may outweigh some environmental benefits. As a result, the environmental pollution issue raising exponentially, the usage of organic wastes becomes today's scenario to overcome the environmental issue. The quest for alternative energy supplies, especially those extracted from renewable materials like biomass is sparked by rising global energy demand and the gradual decline of oil reserves. In this study, two experiments are focused on the combined impact of co-digestion and thermal pretreatment of wheat straw blended with coffee husk biomass. Wheat straw and coffee husk wastes were analysed and used as biogas sources to generate energy. The volatile solid which was pretreated at 160°C temperature, 3% concentration of sulphuric acid, resulted in 30 minutes of cooking time by using biogas. The biomass system yielded is biogas and biomethane, with 764 and 460 mL/g. The biogas energy generated could be used to replace fossil fuels for a variety of purposes, reducing emissions and promoting the country's long-term sustainability. Furthermore, the experimental data obtained from both experiments are validated.

The potential of agricultural and livestock wastes as a source of biogas in Vietnam: Energetic, economic and environmental evaluation

Many economies, including Vietnam, have substantial potential for producing energy from agricultural waste. However, the analysis of using agricultural waste as a renewable energy source and its associated economic and environmental benefits remain unclear. This study aims to a) estimate trends in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock and crop residue burning; b) evaluate the environmental benefits of using biogas in substitution for coal, wood, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) under various scenarios; c) assess the economic viability of a household-scale biodigester, and d) propose recommendations for the effective exploitation and utilization of biogas. GHG emissions were calculated for livestock and crop residue burning (CRB) using activity data and emission factors. The environmental analysis was conducted to understand the role of biogas in reducing GHG by assuming 100 % exportation of biogas in substitution for fuels for electricity and heat generation. The economic benefits were assessed through internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), payback period, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), and levelized cost of heat (LCOH). Results indicate that, between 2000 and 2050, CO2-eq emissions will rise from 38.5 to 95.2 Mt. Environmental analysis shows that replacing coal or wood with biogas can bring more benefits than LPG, in reducing GHG emissions by 68.2 and 67.9 Mt CO2-eq in 2020 and by 148.4 and 147.9 Mt CO2-eq by 2050. Economic analysis shows that investment in biodigesters is most viable when replacing LPG with biogas, with NPV = $4878, IRR = 57.2 %, PBP (simple) = 1.7 years, and LCOH = $0.029/kWh.

Bio-Waste from Urban and Rural Areas as a Source of Biogas and Methane—A Case Study from Poland

The growing volume of household waste, especially bio-waste, poses a significant challenge to waste management systems. In Poland, bio-waste accounts for almost one third of total waste generation. To address this challenge, in the context of optimising the waste biomass value chain, we are investigating the potential of methane fermentation to convert bio-waste into valuable end products in the form of digestate (organic recycling) and biogas (a renewable energy source with a wide range of downstream applications). This paper presents the moisture content, loss on ignition and biogas and methane production efficiency for bio-waste and for the seven types of waste that are the main constituents of selectively collected bio-waste (meat, other edible waste (dairy), fruits and vegetables, grass, leaves, branches and the < 10 mm fraction). Data on the technological properties of bio-waste and its constituents may be of interest to a range of stakeholders. The average moisture content ranged from 41.9% (<10 mm fraction and others) to 84.4% (fruits and vegetables), and the average organic matter content of the dry weight of the waste ranged from 37.8% (<10 mm fraction and others) to 88.7% (edible constituents other than meat and fruits and vegetables). The bio-waste had an average moisture content of 71.3 ± 1.7% and loss on ignition of 68.6 ± 1.7%. Biogas production from selectively collected bio-waste ranged from 285 to 404 Ndm3∙kg−1 DM (mean: 347 ± 53 Ndm3∙kg−1 DM), and methane production ranged from 191 to 271 Ndm3∙kg−1 DM (mean: 215 ± 33 Ndm3∙kg−1 DM).

Analysis of Biogas Yield From Organic Waste (Vegetables, Cassava Peels And Banana Leaves)

Until now, waste remains an unresolved issue; however, there is an effort to address the waste problem by utilizing it to produce biogas. Biogas is considered one of the renewable energy sources, as it can be derived from organic waste originating from markets, cooking leftovers, animal manure, and other waste materials. The purpose of this research is to analyze the biogas yield from various types of organic waste as an alternative source of biogas or renewable energy. The waste materials used in biogas production are cooking leftover vegetable waste, banana leaf waste, and cassava peel waste. The biogas production involves anaerobic fermentation over a period of 10 days. Biogas testing is conducted by measuring the mass of the produced biogas using a digital scale and determining the ignition time with a stopwatch. The results of this study reveal the mass of biogas produced and the ignition time for biogas from vegetable waste, banana leaf waste, and cassava peel waste, respectively. The values are 950 grams and 337 seconds, 905 grams and 83 seconds, and 765 grams and 60 seconds. It is found that the highest methane content is produced from cooking leftover vegetable waste mixed with cow dung compared to banana leaf waste and cassava peel waste.

Market prospects for biogas-to-energy projects in the U.S.A. based on a techno-economic assessment of major biogas sources in North Carolina

Current market potential for biogas-to-energy projects in the United States is analyzed based on levelized cost of energy (LCOE) estimates for producing renewable electricity, compressed natural gas (bio-CNG) and renewable natural gas at 2,837 landfills, wastewater treatment plants and swine farms in North Carolina having biogas resource potentials of 13 m3/d to > 380,000 m3/d. The LCOE estimates are generated using new approaches for modeling biogas collection from multiple sources via physical pipeline networks or tanker truck transport (a.k.a. “virtual” pipelines) in combination with recent production and cost functions published elsewhere. Whereas the LCOE estimates end up being significantly higher than 2022–23 prices for electricity and natural gas in regional U.S. energy markets, bio-CNG projects collecting > 100 MMBtu/d (1 MMBtu ∼ 1 GJ) of biomethane yield LCOEs on par with recent prices for CNG for transportation of $26–$51/MMBtu. When incentives available through federal and certain state government programs are considered, sites in pipeline networks or in virtual pipelines with biomethane collection rates as low as 45 MMBtu/d could become economically viable. The results of this study help quantify the potential for monetizing an underutilized energy resource in the U.S. that can contribute to decarbonizing the nation’s energy production.

Minimizing tannery sludge in landfilling through a mixed microbial culture approach: Effect of oxidizing pretreatment, temperature and hydraulic retention time on process performances and chromium fate

Exploiting tannery sludge as potential source of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and biogas offers a promising solution for a new management of this waste, which is currently landfilled due to chromium presence. This study assessed the optimal hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dosage, temperature (T) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) through hydrolysis and acidification tests to maximize SCFAs production and to recover biogas from the solid-rich fermentation residue.A dosage of 0.4 g H2O2/g TS and mesophilic T (40 °C) were the most suitable conditions to promote sludge biodegradability and SCFAs production in batch tests. Afterwards, among the two investigated HRT (4 and 8 days) in the semi-continuous processes, longer HRT increased SCFAs concentration and acidification yield up to 16.0 g CODSCFAs/L and 0.32 g CODSCFA/g VS0, respectively. Chromium was initially released in the liquid phase, but completely removed in less than 5 HRTs, allowing the utilization of fermentation liquid without environmental-safety issues. Finally, the solid-rich residue showed its potential as biogas source, having a specific gas production (SGP) of 0.48 m3/kg VS. According to the mass balance assessment, more than 50% of sludge can be saved from landfill, with potential economic benefit close to 2,700,000 €/y compared to the current management practice.

A review on third-generation biofuels from marine diatoms

Modern life increases the consumption of fossil fuels leading to a decrease in natural resources. Therefore, an alternative energy sources like biowastes - food waste, agricultural waste, municipal waste, etc. energy tree sources like edible and non-edible oily seeds; and various aquatic plants were also identified as energy sources. In recent years, many efforts have been made to determine the possibility of using algae as a source of bio-oil and biogas for energy production. Algae are considered as large and diverse group, often autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular. They can produce far greater amounts of biomass and lipids per hectare than any other type of terrestrial biomass-producing organism. Due to their global presence, diatoms are known for producer of biofuels in recent years. Another energy sources is biodiesel, which is used as a sustainable form of diesel fuel derived from natural sources. Diatomic biofuels are among the third generation biofuels that ultimately contribute about 60-90% less greenhouse gas emissions than traditional fuel sources.

Revealing sustainable energy opportunities through the integrated use of Canna indica biomass and buffalo manure for biogas generation

Mature Canna indica L., contains significant percentages of hemicellulose (21.6±0.22%) and lignin (20.14±0.13%), showing its high potential as a biogas source. This study explores the potential of using C. indica biomass harvested from waterlogged clay areas for biogas production. The research focuses on optimizing the anaerobic co-digestion process with swine dung through varying calcium oxide (CaO) pretreatment concentrations during a 45-day experiment. CaO pretreatment significantly enhances biogas yield, with 2% CaO yielding the highest biogas production at 8024.10 mL. Methane concentration analysis reveals that higher CaO concentrations, notably 2% and 3%, accelerate methane production, indicating an optimal CaO concentration of around 2% for maximizing methane yield. This study outperforms others in anaerobic co-digestion, achieving a methane concentration of 64.93%. Data on C. indica at different CaO concentrations as a substrate underscores the need for precise CaO tuning for optimal methane production. The findings open avenues for sustainable waste management and renewable energy production, hinting at promising developments in energy solutions through optimized anaerobic co-digestion processes using C. indica and buffalo dung.

Substitute Biogas Source for Sustainable Energy Generation: Advances in Insects Employment

The growing need for sustainable energy generation has sparked interest in exploring alternative biogas sources. In recent years, insects have emerged as a promising substitute for traditional feedstocks in biogas production due to their high protein and lipid content, rapid growth rate, and low environmental impact. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the advances in insect employment for sustainable energy generation. It presents a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature, highlighting the potential of insects as viable and renewable biogas sources, the challenges associated with insect rearing and processing, and the technological innovations in optimizing their utilization. The review also discusses the economic viability and environmental benefits of employing in-sects in biogas production and future research directions in this emerging field. The nutrient content of fermentable or biodegradable organic materials will serve as an ingredient in the production of biogas/biomethane. Nutrient-rich insect frass will eliminate the need for co-digestion with another feedstock, as previously examined. Currently, insect waste is not a familiar feedstock for biogas production, as its first utilization dates back to 2018, when 177-225 mL/g TS of biomethane was realized.

Gas production characteristics of biogenic gas simulated in hydrate-developing area of Dongsha area, South China Sea

Most of the natural gas hydrate sources in the world are biogenic gas, but there are still many unsolved problems in the formation process of biogenic gas. The gas source of gas hydrates in the northern South China Sea is also controversial, and the evaluation of biogas source rock in hydrate development areas lacks experimental basis and quantitative data. In order to solve these problems, this paper used the sediments obtained from the GMGS2 hydrate drilling voyage to simulate the biological gas production. Through the culture experiment, the relationship between sedimentary gas production, temperature and sediment characteristics in the hydrate development area of Dongsha Sea area was comparatively studied, and the results were compared with typical biological gas fields. The results showed that CH4 and CO2 were the main gas products, and a small amount of H2 was formed. Methane yield is closely related to temperature, and the optimal temperature range in the study area is 20°C~ 40°C. At the same time, it is found that organic carbon content (TOC) has no significant correlation with methane yield, and it is not suitable to be used as an index for the evaluation of biogas source rock. Comprehensive analysis shows that the methane production rate in the study area is relatively high and the hydrocarbon generation potential is great, which meets the gas source conditions for the formation of gas hydrate ore body. The main factors affecting biomethane yield include available organic matter, bacterial community and environmental factors.

Optimization of the Performances of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)-Based Biogas Plants Using Comparative Analysis and Response Surface Methodology

The rapid increase in demand for renewable energy has led to a need for more efficient and effective ways to produce biogas from palm oil mill effluent (POME), which is rich in biological and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD). Despite its potential as a source of biogas, POME is not always effectively utilized in biogas production due to a lack of optimization of the treatment process. This study aims to address this issue by identifying the critical parameters affecting biogas production from POME and optimizing the process for maximum biogas yield and COD removal. This study employed comparative analysis and response surface methodology to optimize the performance of palm oil mill effluent (POME)-based biogas plants in Malaysia. Historical data from three commercial POME-based biogas plants in Malaysia were analyzed to identify the most critical parameters for biogas yield and COD removal. Response surface methodology, using Box–Behnken design and Design-Expert software, was then used to optimize these parameters. Sensitivity analysis was performed to interpret the impact of parameters on biogas production, with Organic Loading Rate (OLR) found to be the most critical factor for methane yield. The results showed that the optimum conditions for maximum methane production were OLR of 1.23 kg/m3·day, inlet Total Solids (TS) of 46,370 mg/L, pH of 4.5, and temperature of 45.4 °C, resulting in a 39.6% increase in methane yield (0.335 m3 CH4/kgCODremoved) and a 1.1% increase in COD removal (93.4%).

Analysis of Biogas Sources in the Context of Renewable Energy; Erzurum Province as an Example

Analysis of Biogas Sources in the Context of Renewable Energy; Erzurum Province as an Example

Availability and the Possibility of Employing Wastes and Biomass Materials Energy in Jordan

The state of Jordan’s energy independence is critical, with the country relying almost entirely on imported oil and gas. Consequently, energy availability is considered to be the most significant challenge faced by Jordan’s industrial sectors. Between 2014–2019, the Jordan generated over 12,000 kilo-tons of waste and residue each year. The available quantities of agricultural residues and animal wastes produced in Jordan were approximately 1284.2 kilo-tons/year and 10,909.6 kilotons/year, respectively, of which an estimated 42% could be used as a source of biogas. Two options for utilizing biomass resources have been reviewed in this paper: thermal treatment (direct combustion) and as a source of biogas. The quantity of biogas that can be produced in Jordan from a variety of biomass feedstocks is estimated to be 816.2 million cubic meters (MCM), which is equivalent to a yearly power output of 960.9 GWh, representing approximately 5.1% of the total electricity consumed by Jordan in 2019 (18,853 GWh). Assuming a thermal efficiency of 70%, biogas can generate as much as 4.8 TWh of heat energy. Alternatively, the direct combustion of various biomasses can provide Jordan with 2316.7 GWh of electricity. These findings may lead to the development of a long-term strategic plan for the intelligent utilization of available biomass feedstocks for electrical generation and/or as a source of biogas. This would consequently raise the proportion of sustainable energy derived from biomass in Jordan’s energy mix. This work aims to assess the technical, economic, and environmental aspects associated with incorporating biomass resources into Jordan’s energy network.

Degradation of biogas in a simulated landfill cover soil at laboratory scale: Compositional changes of main components and volatile organic compounds

A laboratory experiment lasting 28 days was run to simulate a typical landfill system and to investigate the compositional changes affecting the main components (CH4, CO2, and H2) and nonmethane volatile organic compounds from biogas generated by anaerobic digestion of food waste and passing through a soil column. Gas samples were periodically collected from both the digester headspace and the soil column at increasing distances from the biogas source. CH4 and H2 were efficiently degraded along the soil column. The isotopic values of δ13C measured in CH4 and CO2 from the soil column were relatively enriched in 13C compared to the biogas. Aromatics and alkanes were the most abundant groups in the biogas samples. Among these compounds, alkylated benzenes and long-chain C3+ alkanes were significantly degraded within the soil column, whereas benzene and short-chain alkanes were recalcitrant. Terpene and O-substituted compounds were relatively stable under oxidising conditions. Cyclic, alkene, S-substituted, and halogenated compounds, which exhibited minor amounts in the digester headspace, were virtually absent in the soil column. These results pointed out how many recalcitrant potentially toxic and polluting compounds tend to be relatively enriched along the soil column, claiming action to minimise diffuse landfill gas (LFG) emissions. The proposed experimental approach represents a reliable tool for investigating the attenuation capacities of landfill cover soils for LFG components and developing optimised covers by adopting proper soil treatments and operating conditions to improve their degradation efficiencies.

Rancang Bangun Instalasi Biogas Menggunakan Reaktor Fiber

Biogas is one of the energy sources that can be utilized by the community, especially for cooking. Biogas is more environmentally friendly than LPG gas that is generally used. This is because the source of biogas comes from animal manure or the like. This animal feces if not used will pollute the environment because of the unpleasant smell. Biogas is generally made from animal dung through an anaerobic fermentation process in a closed container at a certain time. In this study, biogas is made from cow dung and uses fiber as a fermentation container. In this study, biogas is made from cow dung and uses fiber as a fermentation container. The purpose of this study is to design biogas installations using fiber-type reactors. This research is based on the ease of raw materials, installation processes, and operation. The study was conducted through several stages, namely the design and making of installation drawings, preparation of the required tools and materials, design and fabrication, testing, data collection, and data analysis. Data was taken in this study in the form of pressure, flame tests, and its use to boil water. Testing and fermentation process of cow dung is carried out for 3 days. Based on the test results it is known that there was an increase in pressure during the fermentation process. During 3 days the fermentation process increased pressure to 11.5 cmHG, where the highest pressure on the third day was 15 cmHg. The results of the flame test at the final pressure show that the flame is blue for 27 minutes and 57 seconds. At a pressure of 11 cmHg, the flame began to dim. As for the 1L heating testing, water takes approximately 20 minutes and 3 seconds until the water boils.

The Effect of Pre-treatment of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and the Use of Cow Dung on Biogas Production

Renewable energy biogas technology, applying the concept of zero waste, can offer an alternative source of energy to deal with environmental problems. The water hyacinth is a type of weed that grows fast and abundantly in rivers. Aside from being considered a pest and waste of no value, it can also be used for biogas production because of its high hemicellulose content. The purpose of this research was to make use of water hyacinths that are abundant in rivers as a source of biogas. The variables used were mixes of water hyacinth, cow dung, and water at variant ratios to be used in the initial treatment. The fermentation process undertaken used a batch system, and the biogas produced was measured every day. The parameters used were the volume of the biogas produced, degree of acidity (pH), C/N ratio, flame color, and composition test using gas chromatography (GC). The results of this study show that the highest biogas volume of 11,233 ml was obtained from the use of water:water hyacinth:cow ratio of 1:0.5:1 and that the lowest biogas volume of 4,370 ml was obtained from the use of the water:water hyacinth:cow dung ratio of 1:1:0. The pH range after the process was complete was between 6.9 and 7.6. The results of the gas chromatography (GC) analysis show that the methane content in the biogas was 80.78% of the area.

Stabilization of Sludge in Zakho Municipal Wastewater by Anaerobic Digestion for Biogas Production in Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Raw wastewater sludge samples were collected from two sanitary point sources in Zakho city wastewater pipes. Anaerobic digestion is utilized sludge stabilization as it was effective in reducing the volume of sludge and cheap source of clean biogas. the sludge of municipal wastewater of Zakho district is worth to be used for the generation of biogas and just 15 -17 kg sludge produced 233 to 350 m3 gas in solid retention time of 18 and 24 day respectively. Suspended solid is close related to the amount of COD that removed from sludge and approximately 1 kg COD generate 0.5-0.55 Kg suspended solid in the water. Volatile solid (VS) /total solid (TS) ratio is 0.46 after anaerobic digestion which locate in the range of anaerobic lagoon stabilization. Anaerobic digestion lead to reduction in total solid of wastewater especially organic or volatile suspended solid. Specific gravity of the sludge solid is1.5 which indicate that the sludge is stabilized by anaerobic digestion. Sludge volume index (SVI) indicate that the settleable biosolids are old, good quality and low turbidity. Sludge density index (SDI) increased from 1.83 to 2.9 ml/g after stabilization by anerobic digestion. CO2 and H2S are reduced to zero after stabilization by anaerobic digestion. Nutrients N, P, Ca, Mg, Cl are elevated significantly in final stabilized sludge to be used as organic fertilizer, except sulfate is decreased to acceptable ranges after stabilization.

Technical-economic viability of tubular biodigester and photovoltaic energy for rural property

Dairy cattle farming is an activity of great economic importance for Brazil, and the state of Parana has a relevant participation in national milk production. In order to reduce production costs, the generation of the electric energy in the distributed generation model appears as an alternative for the milk cattle farmer. Therefore, there are two possible options: The use of the property's animal waste for turning biomass into a biogas source, or the installation of photovoltaic panels. The objective of this work was to evaluate and compare through the use of economic engineering tools such as NPVand Payback, the feasibility of implementing these energy sources in a milk-producing property. The results demonstrated the economic viability of both forms of energy generation for a 25-year project horizon, considering a minimum attractiveness rate of 6,5%. Among the scenarios evaluated, the most financially interesting alternatives were those in which the cost of implementing the system was financed, since the considered interest rate of 3% per year is lower than the average inflation of 5,92% per year on the investment balances.

Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, 60250 Tokat

With the increase in the world population and the continuous development of technology, energy demands continue to increase. In general, the global energy needs are met by fossil sourced fuels. Depleting nature of fossil energy sources, their negative impacts on environment, increasing energy demands have led the efficient use of energy sources and the shift to local and renewable energy resources. Biogas is a renewable energy resource. Since organic wastes are used in biogas production, biogas offers a significant way of elimination of wastes and a source of energy. Animal wastes are the primary source of biogas. In this study, it is aimed to determine the biogas potential of Tokat province from animal wastes. Depending on this purpose, the amount of waste and biogas that can be obtained from animal waste and the energy potential that can be produced have been revealed by using the current data of the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry. Energy equivalents of the biogas that can be obtained were also calculated. According to 2021 data, there are 303.952 cattle, 511.457 sheep and 247.333 poultry in Tokat province. Annually, 245.988 tons solid animal waste are obtained in Tokat province. In this study, conducted with the 2021 data of Tokat province, the amount of biogas that can be produced from animal wastes was calculated as 49 million m3/year. Districts with the greatest biogas potential are Merkez, Turhal and Zile respectively in 2021. The energy equivalent of biogas produced has been calculated as 292.000 MWh/year

Microbial biotechnology approaches for conversion of pineapple waste in to emerging source of healthy food for sustainable environment

One of the most significant and difficult jobs in food sustainability, is to make use of waste in the vegetable and fruit processing sectors. The discarded fruits along with their waste materials, is anticipated to have potential use for further industrial purposes via extraction of functional ingredients, extraction of bioactive components, fermentation. As a result of its abundant availability, simplicity and safe handling, and biodegradability, pineapple waste is now the subject of extensive research. It is regarded as a resource for economic development. This vast agro-industrial waste is being investigated as a low-cost raw material to produce a variety of high-value-added goods. Researchers have concentrated on the exploitation of pineapple waste, particularly for the extraction of prebiotic oligosaccharides as well as bromelain enzyme, and as a low-cost source of fibre, biogas, organic acids, phenolic antioxidants, and ethanol. Thus, this review emphasizes on pineapple waste valorisation approaches, extraction of bioactive and functional ingredients together with the advantages of pineapple waste to be used in many areas. From the socioeconomic perspective, pineapple waste can be a new raw material source to the industries and may potentially replace the current expensive and non-renewable sources. This review summarizes various approaches used for pineapple waste processing along with several important value-added products gained which could contribute towards healthy food and a sustainable environment.