Source Of Novel Drugs Research Articles

Comprehensive Review of Cyclamen: Development, Bioactive Properties, and Therapeutic Applications.

Plants are being researched as potential sources of novel drugs, which has led to a recent acceleration in the discovery of new bioactive compounds. Research on tissue culture technology for the synthesis and processing of plant compounds has skyrocketed, surpassing all expectations. These plants can be bought either raw or as extracts, where some of the chemicals are extracted by mashing the plant in water, alcohol, or another solvent. The use of herbal medicine may open new chances for reducing the onset of infections and treating different diseases including cancer. A perennial plant that blooms in the winter, Cyclamen, is one of the most widely used potted flowers in many nations. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, sterols, and glycosides are the main active components of Cyclamen. Analgesic, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties have all been demonstrated as potential effects of various extracts of Cyclamen tubers. However, the use of this medicinal plant in official medicine will require further research in the areas of pharmacology. Furthermore, it is necessary to create standard operating procedures for a crude herbal medication. In this regard, this review aims to highlight the key characteristics of the Cyclamen plant, such as its various parts, species, stages of development, and geographic range; pinpoint its intriguing bioactivities, its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and its anti-cancerous effects; and ascertain its potential medicinal uses and the main future perspectives.

Computational Screening and Biochemical Analysis of Ricinus Communis Linn Root

The goal of the current investigation was to computational screening and biochemical evaluation of Riconus communis Linn's root. The phytochemicals from the root of Ricinus communis were extracted using methanol and water. Via phytochemical screening with LC-MS, it was possible to identify the greater number of phytoconstituents in the ricinus communis linn root extracts. Potential sources of novel drugs and therapeutic leads included the plant's active phytoconstituents. The study's findings indicated that the methanolic extract of Ricinus communis root includes compounds with anticancer properties and some pharmacological active moieties. Esters, bioflavonoids and phenolic compounds have been estimated by chemical analysis and these were further identified with the help of LC-MS analysis. Thus, the raw root extracts of Ricinus communis may serve as fresh sources for the creation of novel plant-based medicines for the treatment of various illnesses. Since the plant already contains phenolic compounds, esters, and flavonoids, and the potential toxicity of a few specific components were investigated. It can be employed for the approaching research because it has been found that it is less dangerous and active.

Determination of phenolic content and bioactive characterization of Anatolian propolis

In this study, propolis referred to as of Türkiye Anatolian propolis was utilized. This work was aim to prepare a 70% ethanolic extract of propolis and subsequently determine certain biochemical parameters, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), phenolic and flavonoid composition, inhibitory effects on certain enzymes [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), urease, and alpha-amylase], along with assessments of antiviral activity against Vero cells, lung cancer cells (A549), and breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). The richness of phenolic content in Anatolian propolis clearly indicates a high inhibitory effect on these enzymes. Additionally, it was observed to exert significant effects on cancer cells and demonstrated effective antiviral activity. It can be contemplated that the Anatolian propolis might serve as a potential source for novel drugs, and the isolation of its compounds could offer opportunities for utilization in traditional medicine.

Marine-Fungus-Derived Natural Compound 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid Induces Autophagy to Exert Antithrombotic Effects in Zebrafish.

Marine natural products are important sources of novel drugs. In this study, we isolated 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA) from the marine-derived fungus Emericellopsis maritima Y39-2. The antithrombotic activity and mechanism of HPA were reported for the first time. Using a zebrafish model, we found that HPA had a strong antithrombotic activity because it can significantly increase cardiac erythrocytes, blood flow velocity, and heart rate, reduce caudal thrombus, and reverse the inflammatory response caused by Arachidonic Acid (AA). Further transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR validation demonstrated that HPA may regulate autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to exert antithrombotic effects.

Antibacterial Properties of Bacterial Endophytes Isolated from the Medicinal Plant Origanum heracleoticum L.

Bacterial endophytic communities associated with medicinal plants synthesize a plethora of bioactive compounds with biological activities. Their easy isolation and growth procedures make bacterial endophytes an untapped source of novel drugs, which might help to face the problem of antimicrobial resistance. This study investigates the antagonistic potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from different compartments of the medicinal plant O. heracleoticum against human opportunistic pathogens. A panel of endophytes was employed in cross-streaking tests against multidrug-resistant human pathogens, followed by high-resolution chemical profiling using headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Endophytic bacteria exhibited the ability to antagonize the growth of opportunistic pathogens belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). The different inhibition patterns observed were related to their taxonomic attribution at the genus level; most active strains belong to the Gram-positive genera Bacillus, Arthrobacter, and Pseudarthrobacter. Bcc strains of clinical origin were more sensitive than environmental strains. Cross-streaking tests against other 36 human multidrug-resistant pathogens revealed the highest antimicrobial activity towards the Coagulase-negative staphylococci and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Interestingly, strains of human origin were the most inhibited, in both groups. Concerning the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the strain Arthrobacter sp. OHL24 was the best producer of such compounds, while two Priestia strains were good ketones producers and so could be considered for further biotechnological applications. Overall, this study highlights the diverse antagonistic activities of O. heracleoticum-associated endophytes against both Bcc and multidrug-resistant (MDR) human pathogens. These findings hold important implications for investigating bacterial endophytes of medicinal plants as new sources of antimicrobial compounds.

Mangrove-associated endomycota: diversity and functional significance as a source of novel drug leads.

Endophytic fungi are known for their unprecedented ability to produce novel lead compounds of clinical and pharmaceutical importance. This review focuses on the unexplored fungal diversity associated with mangroves, emphasizing their biodiversity, distribution, and methodological approaches targeting isolation, and identification. Also highlights the bioactive compounds reported from the mangrove fungal endophytes. The compounds are categorized according to their reported biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic property. In addition, protein kinase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase inhibition, antiangiogenic, DNA-binding affinity, and calcium/potassium channel blocking activity are also reported. Exploration of these endophytes as a source of pharmacologically important compounds will be highly promising in the wake of emerging antibiotic resistance among pathogens. Thus, the aim of this review is to present a detailed report of mangrove derived endophytic fungi and to open an avenue for researchers to discover the possibilities of exploring these hidden mycota in developing novel drug leads.

Ribosomal Protein S12 and its Effects on Specialized Metabolism of Streptomyces Bacteria

Abstract: Species within the actinobacterial genus Streptomyces represent one of the most gifted natural chemists in the microbial world. Their specialized metabolites attract the interest of the pharmaceutical industry as a source of novel drugs. A majority of these molecules pose an insur-mountable challenge for economically justified production via chemical synthesis. Therefore, sub-merged fermentation-based isolation of such molecules often remains the only viable way to obtain them. This in turn fuels interest in process development programs aiming to maximize the yield of specialized metabolite per volume unit of fermentation medium. Along with the optimization of the medium and the fermentation mode itself, strain improvement remains an important part of an over-all process development endeavor. An improved strain can be generated via application of tradition-al approaches of selection for random or induced mutants and genomics-enabled genetic engineer-ing methods. Here I focus on a specific class of mutations with the gene rpsL for ribosomal protein S12, which often confer resistance to streptomycin in bacteria and upregulate specialized metabo-lism in Streptomyces. The review will portray the evolution of our understanding of the mechanisms behind rpsL mutations, as well as how technological advances change the way these mutations are introduced into the genomes of interest.

Genus Acanthella—A Wealthy Treasure: Secondary Metabolites, Synthesis, Biosynthesis, and Bioactivities

Marine sponges are multicellular and primitive animals that potentially represent a wealthy source of novel drugs. The genus Acanthella (family Axinellidae) is renowned to produce various metabolites with various structural characteristics and bioactivities, including nitrogen-containing terpenoids, alkaloids, and sterols. The current work provides an up-to-date literature survey and comprehensive insight into the reported metabolites from the members of this genus, as well as their sources, biosynthesis, syntheses, and biological activities whenever available. In the current work, 226 metabolites have been discussed based on published data from the period from 1974 to the beginning of 2023 with 90 references.

Insight into the Biological Roles and Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Different Types of Cancer: Targeting Cancer Therapeutics.

Cancer is a hard-to-treat disease with a high reoccurrence rate that affects health and lives globally. The condition has a high occurrence rate and is the second leading cause of mortality after cardiovascular disorders. Increased research and more profound knowledge of the mechanisms contributing to the disease's onset and progression have led to drug discovery and development. Various drugs are on the market against cancer; however, the drugs face challenges of chemoresistance. The other major problem is the side effects of these drugs. Therefore, using complementary and additional medicines from natural sources is the best strategy to overcome these issues. The naturally occurring phytochemicals are a vast source of novel drugs against various ailments. The modes of action by which phytochemicals show their anti-cancer effects can be the induction of apoptosis, the onset of cell cycle arrest, kinase inhibition, and the blocking of carcinogens. This review aims to describe different phytochemicals, their classification, the role of phytochemicals as anti-cancer agents, the mode of action of phytochemicals, and their role in various types of cancer.

Therapeutic Potential of Bioactive Flavonoids from Citrus Fruit Peels toward Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus

Obesity is associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Recently, a growing body of evidence shows that phytochemicals, especially many flavonoids, place an inhibitory regulatory effect on adipogenesis, obesity and diabetes. With computer-aided drug discovery, the action modes of more and more bioactive flavonoids are being identified and confirmed at the molecular level. Citrus fruit peels are particularly rich in bioactive flavonoids which have demonstrated strong therapeutic potentials in regulating lipid metabolisms. However, they are usually thrown away after consuming the flesh, sometimes even causing environmental problems. Thus, extraction of useful flavonoids from citrus fruit waste for pharmaceutical industry could be a profitable and environmentally friendly solution in the future, advocating the concepts of circular economy and sustainable society. The aim of this review is to summarize current evidence on the antiobesity and antidiabetic potentials of identified bioactive flavonoids extracted from the peels of citrus fruits. Our results suggest that various citrus fruit peels could be potential sources for novel drugs and nutraceuticals. Combining experimental data and artificial intelligence methods to study citrus flavonoids would facilitate the discovery of novel drugs against obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.

Characterization and bioactive component analysis of filamentous bacterium XJ-16

Actinomycetes, which can produce a variety of bioactive compounds in the metabolic process, is one of the important sources of novel drugs, enzymes, anti-tumor drugs and enzyme inhibitors. It has been the focus of researchers to find and develop Actinomycetes with special characters. Strain XJ-16 is a blue alkali-resistant filamentous bacterium with high antimicrobial activity isolated from saline-alkali land of Xinjiang. Based on the classification, the enzyme production, metabolite antibacterial activity, and antibacterial substance isolation of XJ-16 were explored. which showed that XJ-16 belongs to the blue group of Streptomyces sp, and it can secrete cellulase, lipase, urease, protease, catalase and oxidase during metabolism. In addition, the bacteriostatic substance secreted by the strain XJ-16 showed inhibitory effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as the yeast Candida albicans. Then it was found that the bacteriostasis produced by XJ-16 has strong tolerance to acid, weak tolerance to alkali, and easy to be inactivated. After tested by HPLC, the retention time of antimicrobial substance was 13.261 min. This study provides new research ideas and theoretical support for searching for new antibacterial compounds and further developing the blue alkaline Actinomycete XJ-16.

Cyanobacteria: Their Biological Activities and Interesting Medical Applications: Review

Cyanobacteria possess secondary metabolites that can be used in the field of medicine through biotechnological applications. Recently, these microorganisms have gained more interest from scientists due to the production of bioactive compounds with applications in commercial and medical domains. Also, Cyanobacteria are a distinct class of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria that live in a variety of settings around the globe. Many bioactive molecules derived from cyanobacteria exhibit a broad spectrum of activities, including antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, antiinflammatory, antitumor, antimalarial, immunosuppressive, and anti-HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) activities as well as protease inhibition, demonstrating their potential as a good source of new therapeutic lead compounds over the past two decades. Cyanobacteria are advantageous as a microbial source for drug development since they are easier to culture than other microorganisms and need only basic inorganic ingredients for growth. So, it appears that there is room for greater use of cyanobacteria in the drug development process. In addition, because of the wide variety of microbes present, cyanobacterial secondary metabolites may be a rich source of novel substances that can be used to create novel medications. However, a variety of problems with how the cyanophycean species are handled have made it difficult to exploit these species. Now that the majority of these issues have been handled, cyanobacteria may be able to increase the range of natural products derived from microbes. In contrast to other microbial sources of natural products, cyanobacteria have historically received less attention. This, combined with the enormous chemical diversity and biological activities of their products, has made them appealing sources of novel drugs for use in a variety of therapeutic fields. As a result, cyanobacterial strains from still uncharted and harsh habitats can make for excellent candidates in interdisciplinary research on the medicinal potential of cyanobacteria.

The computationally predicted drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics properties, medicinal chemistry parameters, and toxicity properties of Cucurbita maxima compounds.

Natural compounds are increasingly becoming an important source of drug leads for computer-aided drug design approaches. Cucurbita maxima has been observed to have medicinal properties and can, therefore, be a potential source of novel drug leads. However, before compounds can be synthesized in the lab for tests, modern approaches require that the candidate compounds be screened for drug-likeness characteristics and toxicity, among others. In this work, the computational tools, SwissADME and DataWarrior were used to screen C. maxima compounds for their potential consideration as drug leads. A total of 130 compounds, downloaded from the LOTUS natural products database, were computationally analysed. The data set presented in this work will be useful to researchers searching for novel drug leads based on natural compounds.

Proteomics Characterization of Food-Derived Bioactive Peptides with Anti-Allergic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties.

Bioactive peptides are found in foods and dietary supplements and are responsible for health benefits with applications in human and animal medicine. The health benefits include antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, immunomodulatory, opioid, antioxidant, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory functions. Bioactive peptides can be obtained by microbial action, mainly by the gastrointestinal microbiota from proteins present in food, originating from either vegetable or animal matter or by the action of different gastrointestinal proteases. Proteomics can play an important role in the identification of bioactive peptides. High-resolution mass spectrometry is the principal technique used to detect and identify different types of analytes present in complex mixtures, even when available at low concentrations. Moreover, proteomics may provide the characterization of epitopes to develop new food allergy vaccines and the use of immunomodulating peptides to induce oral tolerance toward offending food allergens or even to prevent allergic sensitization. In addition, food-derived bioactive peptides have been investigated for their anti-inflammatory properties to provide safer alternatives to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). All these bioactive peptides can be a potential source of novel drugs and ingredients in food and pharmaceuticals. The following review is focused on food-derived bioactive peptides with antiallergic and anti-inflammatory properties and summarizes the new insights into the use of proteomics for their identification and quantification.

Antimicrobial Biosynthetic Potential and Phylogenetic Analysis of Culturable Bacteria Associated with the Sponge Ophlitaspongia sp. from the Yellow Sea, China.

Sponge-derived bacteria are considered to be a promising source of novel drugs, owing to their abundant secondary metabolites that have diverse biological activities. In this study, we explored the antimicrobial biosynthetic potential and phylogenetics of culturable bacteria associated with the sponge Ophlitaspongia sp. from the Yellow Sea, China. Using culture-dependent methods, we obtained 151 bacterial strains, which were then analysed for their antimicrobial activities against seven indicator strains. The results indicate that 94 (62.3%) of the 151 isolated strains exhibited antimicrobial activities and inhibited at least one of the indicator strains. Fifty-two strains were selected for further phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, as well as for the presence of polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes. These 52 strains belonged to 20 genera from 18 families in 4 phyla, including Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Five strains with PKS genes and ten strains with NRPS genes were detected. Among them, two strains contained both PKS and NRPS genes. Notoacmeibacter sp. strain HMA008 (class Alphaproteobacteria) exhibited potent antimicrobial activity; thus, whole genome sequencing methods were used to analyse its secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. The genome of HMA008 contained 12 biosynthetic gene clusters that potentially encode secondary metabolites belonging to compound classes such as non-ribosomal peptides, prodigiosin, terpene, β-lactones, and siderophore, among others. This study indicates that the sponge Ophlitaspongia sp. harbours diverse bacterial strains with antimicrobial properties and may serve as a potential source of bioactive compounds.

Bioactive constituents of animal-derived traditional Chinese medicinal materials for breast cancer: opportunities and challenges.

Breast cancer is globally the most common invasive cancer in women and remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and endocrine therapy are currently the main treatments for this cancer type. However, some breast cancer patients are prone to drug resistance related to chemotherapy or immunotherapy, resulting in limited treatment efficacy. Consequently, traditional Chinese medicinal materials (TCMMs) as natural products have become an attractive source of novel drugs. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on the active components of animal-derived TCMMs, including Ophiocordyceps sinensis-derived cordycepin, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of O. sinensis, norcantharidin (NCTD), Chansu, bee venom, deer antlers, Ostrea gigas, and scorpion venom, with reference to marked anti-breast cancer effects due to regulating cell cycle arrest, proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and drug resistance. In future studies, the underlying mechanisms for the antitumor effects of these components need to be further investigated by utilizing multi-omics technologies. Furthermore, large-scale clinical trials are necessary to validate the efficacy of bioactive constituents alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs for breast cancer treatment.

Identification of Potential Natural Bioactive Compounds from Glycyrrhiza glabra as Sars-CoV-2 Main Protease (MPRO) Inhibitors: In-Silico Approach

The SARS-CoV-2 virus caused the COVID-19 pandemic declared in early 2020, generating a global health emergency. So far, no approved drugs or vaccines are available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore and develop effective new therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the main protease (Mpro) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is considered essential in the virus replication propagation and considered a drug discovery target. Consequently, plant-derived compounds are an important and valuable source for novel drugs. This study reports molecular docking-based virtual screening (VS) of 20 compounds identified from Glycyrrhiza glabra to search for potent compounds against 3CL proteases (3CLpro). The screening results revealed that the identified compounds Semilicoisoflavone B, Licoflavone B, and Licocoumarin A exhibited low free energy of binding (FEB) values of 10.91, −10.29, and −10.21 kcal/mole for Autodock 4.2 and −9.81, −9.77, and −9.60 kcal/mole, for AutoDockVina, respectively. The obtained results of FEB in this study were better than the coordinated ligand N3, which was -7.4 kcal/mole. The three potential compounds showed different and stable interactions with the essential amino acids, especially the catalytic dyad (Cys145-His41) in the binding pocket of the 3CLpro. Three potential inhibitors were successfully identified from Glycyrrhiza glabra using molecular docking and virtual screening; these compounds obeyed the Lipinski rule of 5 with a little violation and showed low FEB and good interactions with the 3CLpro. These identified compounds may serve as potential leads that help in developing therapeutic agents against the SARS-CoV-2. Further research is recommended (in vitro and in vivo) to verify the above findings.

Isolation, Characterization, and In Silico Interaction Studies of Bioactive Compounds from Caesalpinia bonducella with Target Proteins Involved in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive deterioration, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Various drug targets implicated in AD are amyloid beta peptides, cholinesterase enzymes, and anti-amylogenic protein. Medicinal plants derived phytochemical constituents provide a vast pool of diverse compounds as a source of novel drugs. In view of this, the Caesalpinia bonducella seed extract and its active phytoconstituents were used to study the disease-modifying effects in Alzheimer's disease. The present study successfully demonstrated the therapeutic potential of various phytochemicals as it binds to multiple drug targets, resulting in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), BACE-1 enzyme, and anti-amylogenic protein as indicated by docking analysis. In conclusion, phytochemicals identified can be used as a suitable lead to developing a molecule that might have multi-targeted directed ligand (MTDL) potential and disease amelioration effects in Alzheimer's disease.

Antibacterial natural products from microbial and fungal sources: a decade of advances.

Throughout the ages the world has witnessed the outbreak of many infectious diseases. Emerging microbial diseases pose a serious threat to public health. Increasing resistance of microorganisms towards the existing drugs makes them ineffective. In fact, anti-microbial resistance is declared as one of the top public health threats by WHO. Hence, there is an urge for the discovery of novel antimicrobial drugs to combat with this challenge. Structural diversity and unique pharmacological effects make natural products a prime source of novel drugs. Staggeringly, in spite of its extensive biodiversity, a prominent portion of microorganism species remains unexplored for the identification of bioactives. Microorganisms are a predominant source of new chemical entities and there are remarkable number of antimicrobial drugs developed from it. In this review, we discuss the contributions of microorganism based natural products as effective antibacterial agents, studied during the period of 2010-2020. The review encompasses over 140 structures which are either natural products or semi-synthetic derivatives of microbial natural products. 65 of them are identified as newly discovered natural products. All the compounds discussed herein, have exhibited promising efficacy against various bacterial strains.

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF FIVE HERBAL EXTRACTS AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

Background: The emergence and extend of antibiotic resistance, together with the development of new strains of illness causes, are of enormous alarm to the global health community. Successful treatment of a illness involves the development of new pharmaceuticals or some promise source of novel drugs. Universally make use of medicinal plants of our community could be an outstanding source of drugs to fight off dental caries. This study is focused on discovering the antibacterial properties of the plants that are frequently being used as traditional medications. Methods: Five methanol extracts from Salvia officinalis, Commiphora myrrha, Boswellia carteril, Saussurea lappa and Dracaena cinnabari were examined for their antibacterial activities against most common bacterial oral pathogen, Streptococcus mutans. The antibacterial testing was carried out by using the disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution assays. Results: Methanol extracts of the five plants were effective against Streptococcus mutans with diameter zone of inhibition ranging from 63.6 to 21.0 mm. The results of the microdilution assay confirmed that the Salvia officinalis, Commiphora myrrha, Saussurea lappa and Dracaena cinnabari were effective against the Streptococcus mutans, exhibiting MIC values, ranging from 0.310 to 0.156 mg/ml. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that the methanol extracts of plants used in this study have an antibacterial effect even at low concentration against the carcinogenic Streptococcus mutans bacteria, and they may be possible to combat Streptococcus mutans to increase the effectiveness of oral hygiene practices by incorporating the extracts of these plants into anti-caries such as Toothpastes and mouthwash. Peer Review History: Received: 18 January 2022; Revised: 13 February; Accepted: 8 March, Available online: 15 March 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, alialkaf21@gmail.com Similar Articles: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS BIOFILM FORMATION AND DENTAL CARIES EXPERIENCE AND ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE IN ADULT FEMALES ANALYSIS OF BIOFILMS FOR STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS FROM DENTAL ROOT SURFACES OF ADULT PATIENTS WITH ROOT CARIES