Sounding Unit Research Articles

Effect of Hot Seat Strategy on Eighth Graders’ Achievement in Wave Motion and Sound Unit in Qalqilya City

This study sought to find out the effect of the Hot Seat Strategy on eighth graders’ achievement in Wave Motion and Sound Unit in their Life and Science textbook. The researcher used the quasi-experimental design to achieve the aim of the study. The population of the study was all eighth graders (No=934) in Qalqilya public schools. The study sample, randomly chosen, was 208 students in the eighth grade. Of five eighth-grade sections, the researcher randomly chose two sections: one experimental and another control. After data collection, it was obtained that the Hot Seat Strategy positively impacted students’ achievement. There was a statistically significant difference at α = 0.05 in students’ achievement level as well as level of knowledge, memorization, understanding, and application in favor of the experimental group.

A Study of the Lao Language Phonetic System of Villagers at Vangpa Village, Kaenthao District, Xayyabuly Province

The purpose of this research was to study the consonant and vowel sound system of Villagers at Vangpa Village, Kaenthao District, Xayyabuly Province. The sample consisted of 15 villagers who are living inVangpa Village. The researcher analyzed data using theory of OnKeo NUANNAVONG. The findings of this research were as follows: Consonant sound of villagers at Vangpa Village consisted of 19 sound units such as: ກ /k/, ຂ-ຄ /kh/, ຫງ-ງ /ŋ/, ຈ /c/, ສ-ຊ /s/, ຫຍ-ຍ /ɲ/, ດ /d/, ຕ /t/, ຖ-ທ /th/, ໜ-ນ /n/, ບ /b/, ປ /p/, ຝ-ຟ /f/, ໝ-ມ /m/, ຢ /j/, ຫຼ-ລ /l/, ຫວ-ວ /w/, ອ /ʔ/, ຫ-ຮ /h/ of which 19 sound units are the first letter of the syllable and 8 units are the last letter of the syllable. There are 2 sound units out of official consonant sound such as ຜ-ພ /ph/ because of villagers at Vangpa Village produce sound ຖ-ທ /th/. And villagers are not produce complex consonant sound of “ວ”. Vowel sound of villagers at Vangpa Village consisted of 22 sound units. Common vowels are 18 sound unit such as xະ /a/, xາ /a:/, xິ /i/, xີ /i:/, xຶ /ɯ/, xື /ɯ:/, xຸ /u/, xູ /u:/, ເxະ /е/, ເx /е:/, ແxະ /ɛ/, ແx /ɛ:/, ໂxະ /o/, ໂx /o:/, ເxາະ /ɔ/, xໍ /ɔ:/, ເອິ /ə/, ເອີ /ə:/. Diphthong sound of Villagers at vangpa village consisted of 4 sound units as ເອັຍ /ia/, ເອຍ /i: a/, ອົວະ /ua/, ອົວ /u: a/. There are not 2 sound units of official language as ເxຶອ /ɯa/, ເxືອ /:a/ because of Vangpa’s villagers produce sound of ເxັຍ /ia/, ເxຍ /i:a/. There are 3 special vowels of Vangpa’s villagers which are ໄx /aj/, ເxົາ/aw/, xຳ /am/. Vangppa’s villagers are not able to produce the sound ໃx. Instead, they produce sound ໄx.

Jacobson’s Distinctive Features and the Analysis of assimilation in Kurdish Bahdini local dialect

Distinctive Features are generally used to describe the smallest units of sound in both phonetic and phonological analyses which aims to differentiate between the meaning of one word and another in a certain language. The topic of distinctive features has always caught the interest of phonologists and many schoolars used these features as the smallest units of sounds in order to describe sound features in all human languages. This research is an attempt to represent the distinctive features of Kurdish language, as well as to explain assimilation through Jacobson,s Distinctive Features in order to reach some phonological rules in Kurdish language. Samples are taken and analysed from revels written by speakers from the center of Duhok in order to represent the distinctive features of the sounds which affect the adjacent sounds, as well as creating the rules of the sounds which affect each other. Jacobson’s features are mainly based on a acoustic description of sounds. The most important hypotheses of this research show that this theory meets the following requisitions: Distinctive Features (DFs) can describe a natural class of sounds. They can also describe the distinctions of sounds in all languages of the world and these features can be defined phonological. In conolusion it is clear that in Bahdini local dialect, The changes often affect the sound which carries the feature (±voiced) of stop and fricative sounds in general, and upon the feature (+voiced) of fricative in novel particularly.

Grouping sounds into evolving units for the purpose of historical language comparison

Computer-assisted approaches to historical language comparison have made great progress during the past two decades. Scholars can now routinely use computational tools to annotate cognate sets, align words, and search for regularly recurring sound correspondences. However, computational approaches still suffer from a very rigid sequence model of the form part of the linguistic sign, in which words and morphemes are segmented into fixed sound units which cannot be modified. In order to bring the representation of sound sequences in computational historical linguistics closer to the research practice of scholars who apply the traditional comparative method, we introduce improved sound sequence representations in which individual sound segments can be grouped into evolving sound units in order to capture language-specific sound laws more efficiently. We illustrate the usefulness of this enhanced representation of sound sequences in concrete examples and complement it by providing a small software library that allows scholars to convert their data from forms segmented into sound units to forms segmented into evolving sound units and vice versa.

PENGGUNAAN GAYA BAHASA DALAM PUISI KARYA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 27 MALANG

Poetry is one of the standards for junior high school (SMP) students' literary abilities. In poetry, there is definitely a language style that functions to beautify the language in poetry. Likewise with poems written by class VIII A students at SMPN 27 Malang. Based on this, the aim of this research is to reveal the use of language styles in students' poetry, so that the types and forms of use of language styles are known and students' abilities in applying diction in poetry. The research used is qualitative. The data sources contained in this research are 34 poems written by students. From the results of the analysis, it was found that sixteen (16) types of language styles were obtained, with a total of 79. The language styles found include: the first is rhetorical reticence with the highest number of occurrences of around 22 data, then followed by the metaphor, hyperbole and personification language styles with 9 data, followed by the anaphora language style with 6 data. There are other language styles such as rhetorical questions and associations with 4 data each, followed by synecdoche pars pro toto and repetition with 3 data. Next there are the language styles of allegory, tautology, synecdoche totem pro parte which both amount to 2 data, then there are also the language styles of epic parable, simile, pleonasm, and alliteration which each have 1 data. The forms of language style units obtained from students' poetry are in the form of word units, sound units and sentence units. Finally, students' ability to apply denotative and connotative meaningful diction in poetry.

Caterpillar sonic defences: diversity of vocalisations in silk and hawk moth (Bombycoidea) larvae

ABSTRACT Several Bombycoidea caterpillars, renowned for their large size and diverse appearances, possess an intriguing hidden talent – the ability to ‘vocalise’. Vocalisation is a rare form of sound production in insects, whereby sounds emanate from the oral cavity by air being forced through the foregut. Here, we report on vocalisation in 10 Bombycoidea species that occur across three families. Sounds in all 10 species are evoked in response to simulated predator attacks. Species were identified as vocalisers based primarily on video evidence of mouthparts being open during sound production. Vocalisations, when considered collectively across all 10 species studied, sound like a train of ‘hisses’ (sound units) that occur following an attack. Each sound unit comprises a series of pulses (4–104 on average) and is broadband with high dominant frequency (24–49 kHz on average). Given that vocalising species occur in different families across this large superfamily, we asked whether related species shared similar sound features. We found considerable overlap between sound characteristics of different vocalising species, suggesting a shared mechanism overall. However, distinct differences were also noted between families, suggesting that vocalisation may have evolved multiple times within Bombycoidea. The evolutionary origins and specific functions of vocalisation in caterpillars are discussed.

Global evaluation of fast radiative transfer model coefficients for early meteorological satellite sensors

Abstract. RTTOV (the Radiative Transfer for TOVS code, where TOVS is the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder) coefficients are evaluated using a large, independent dataset of 25 000 atmospheric model profiles as a robust test of the diverse 83 training profiles typically used. The study is carried out for nine historical satellite instruments: the InfraRed Interferometer Spectrometer D (IRIS-D), Satellite Infrared Spectrometer B (SIRS-B), Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) and High Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) for the infrared part of the spectrum, and the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU), Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), Special Sensor Microwave – Humidity (SSM/T-2), Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMI/S) for the microwave. Simulated channel brightness temperatures show similar statistics for both the independent and the 83-profile datasets, confirming that it is acceptable to validate the RTTOV coefficients with the same profiles used to generate the coefficients. Differences between the RTTOV and the line-by-line models are highest in water vapour channels, where mean values can reach up to 0.4 ± 0.2 K for the infrared and 0.04 ± 0.13 K for the microwave. Examination of the latitudinal dependence of the bias reveals different patterns of variability for similar channels on different instruments, such as the channel centred at 679 cm−1 on both IRIS-D and SIRS-B, showing the importance of the specification of the instrumental spectral response functions (ISRFs). Maximum differences of up to several kelvin are associated with extremely non-typical profiles, such as those in polar or very hot regions.

Grouping sounds into evolving units for the purpose of historical language comparison.

Computer-assisted approaches to historical language comparison have made great progress during the past two decades. Scholars can now routinely use computational tools to annotate cognate sets, align words, and search for regularly recurring sound correspondences. However, computational approaches still suffer from a very rigid sequence model of the form part of the linguistic sign, in which words and morphemes are segmented into fixed sound units which cannot be modified. In order to bring the representation of sound sequences in computational historical linguistics closer to the research practice of scholars who apply the traditional comparative method, we introduce improved sound sequence representations in which individual sound segments can be grouped into evolving sound units in order to capture language-specific sound laws more efficiently. We illustrate the usefulness of this enhanced representation of sound sequences in concrete examples and complement it by providing a small software library that allows scholars to convert their data from forms segmented into sound units to forms segmented into evolving sound units and vice versa.

Proses Morfofonemik pada Bahasa Jawa Kabupaten Bengkalis

This research discusses morphophonemic phenomena in the Javanese language in Bengkalis with a focus on sound changes that occur at the morpheme level. Morphophonemics, as a linguistic study that explores the relationship between morphemes (minimal meaning units) and phonemes (minimal sound units), is a theoretical basis for describing morphemic sound changes in Javanese. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. Research data was obtained from the results of Javanese speech by speakers. Research data was obtained from the results of data collection techniques using the listen, speak, note method. The data analysis technique is carried out through the following stages: 1) observing research data; 2) Transcription of research data; 3) Translating research data; 4) Classifying research data; 5) Analyzing changes in nasal meaning according to theory; 6) Draw conclusions from the research results. The research results show that the Javanese language on the island of Bengkalis experiences several morphophonemic phenomena, including changes in phonemes, addition of phonemes, and deletion of sounds at the morpheme level. If the prefix (N-) meets the phoneme /p/ it will change to /m/. Likewise with the prefixes (Sa-) and (Pa-), if they meet the initial phoneme of a vowel, the phoneme /a/ will disappear. Concrete examples are given to illustrate sound changes that occur in various morphemic contexts.

Quantifying the impact of assimilating sensitive observations on heavy precipitation forecast with ensemble-based forecast sensitivity to observations technique

In this study, the Ensemble-based Forecast Sensitivity to Observations (EFSO) technique was used to examine the impact of assimilated sensitive observations on the forecast of heavy rainfall through three data assimilation strategies, i.e., running without observation assimilation (CNTL); with assimilation of all observations (CNTL_DA); with assimilation of sensitive observations (SEN_DA). The Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer presented the largest positive impact on the forecast, followed by the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A and surface land reports. The top 10% of observations contributing the largest positive impact on the forecast were located in the upstream ocean of the low-level winds associated with precipitation maximum. Compared to ensemble CNTL and CNTL_DA experiments, ensemble SEN_DA exhibited better precipitation probability, in which the representative member in ensemble SEN_DA successfully predicted the precipitation magnitude and location. Based upon the representative experiments of the ensemble CNTL, CNTL_DA, and SEN_DA, synoptic conditions were examined to understand how the SEN_DA improves the forecast of heavy precipitation. The three representative experiments exhibited similar characteristics and variations in large-scale circulation, horizontal water vapor transport, and wind fields. However, compared to the representative experiments of CNTL and CNTL_DA, the advection and barotropic components of potential divergence contributed to the increase and persistence of convective instability throughout heavy rainfall in SEN_DA. Heavy precipitation was closely associated with the intensity, duration, and location of the maximum convective instability. Furthermore, the release of convective instability depended on the mesoscale ascent, which determined the maximum and location of the precipitation. These results help to understand the optimization of observational design and assimilation strategy.

The Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcanic Eruption as Seen in Satellite Microwave Observations and MiRS Temperature Retrievals

AbstractThe strongest volcanic eruption since the 19th century occurred on 15 January 2022 at Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai, generating unprecedented atmospheric waves not seen before in observations. We used satellite microwave observations from (a) Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)‐20 and the Suomi‐National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (SNPP) and (b) Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU)‐A on board Meteorological operational satellite (MetOp)‐B/MetOp‐C to study these waves in the stratosphere immediately after the eruption. The NOAA Microwave Integrated Retrieval System (MiRS) was applied to these microwave observations to produce atmospheric temperature profiles. The atmospheric Lamb wave and fast‐traveling gravity waves are clearly revealed in both the brightness temperatures and the MiRS retrieved temperatures, revealing their vertical phase structures. This study is the first attempt to perform a detailed analysis of the stratospheric impact of the Tonga eruption on operational satellite microwave observations and the corresponding MiRS retrievals.

An experimental comparison of additional training in phoneme awareness, letter-sound knowledge and decoding for struggling beginner readers.

Despite evidence that synthetic phonics teaching has increased reading attainments, a sizable minority of children struggle to acquire phonics skills and teachers lack clear principles for deciding what types of additional support are most beneficial. Synthetic phonics teaches children to read using a decoding strategy to translate letters into sounds and blend them (e.g., c-a-t = "k - ae - t" = "cat"). To use a decoding strategy, children require letter-sound knowledge (LSK) and the ability to blend sound units (phonological awareness; PA). Training on PA has been shown to benefit struggling beginning readers. However, teachers in English primary schools do not routinely check PA. Instead, struggling beginner readers usually receive additional LSK support. Until now, there has been no systematic comparison of the effectiveness of training on each component of the decoding process. Should additional support for struggling readers focus on improving PA, or on supplementary LSK and/or decoding instruction? We aim to increase understanding of the roles of LSK and PA in children's acquisition of phonics skills and uncover which types of additional training are most likely to be effective for struggling beginner readers. We will compare training on each of these components, using a carefully controlled experimental design. We will identify reception-age children at risk of reading difficulties (target n = 225) and randomly allocate them to either PA, LSK or decoding (DEC) training. We will test whether training type influences post-test performance on word reading and whether any effects depend on participants' pre-test PA and/or LSK. Two hundred and twenty-two participants completed the training. Planned analyses showed no effects of condition on word reading. However, exploratory analyses indicated that the advantage of trained over untrained words was significantly greater for the PA and DEC conditions. There was also a significantly greater improvement in PA for the DEC condition. Overall, our findings suggest a potential advantage of training that includes blending skills, particularly when decoding words that had been included in training. Future research is needed to develop a programme of training on blending skills combined with direct vocabulary instruction for struggling beginner readers.

Evaluating the Representations of Atmospheric Rivers and Their Associated Precipitation in Reanalyses With Satellite Observations

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are filaments of enhanced horizontal moisture transport in the atmosphere. Due to their prominent role in the meridional moisture transport and regional weather extremes, ARs have been studied extensively in recent years. Yet, the representations of ARs and their associated precipitation on a global scale remains largely unknown. In this study, we developed an AR detection algorithm specifically for satellite observations using moisture and the geostrophic winds derived from 3D geopotential height field from the combined retrievals of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit on NASA Aqua satellite. This algorithm enables us to develop the first global AR catalog based solely on satellite observations. The satellite‐based AR catalog is then combined with the satellite‐based precipitation (Integrated Muti‐SatellitE Retrievals for GPM) to evaluate the representations of ARs and AR‐induced precipitation in reanalysis products. Our results show that the spreads in AR frequency and AR length distribution are generally small across data sets, while the spread in AR width is relatively larger. Reanalysis products are found to consistently underestimate both mean and extreme AR‐related precipitation. However, all reanalyses tend to precipitate too often under AR conditions, especially over low latitude regions. This finding is consistent with the “drizzling” bias which has plagued generations of climate models. Overall, the findings of this study can help to improve the representations of ARs and associated precipitation in reanalyses and climate models.

TTS System for Deafened and Vocally impaired persons in Native Language

This is contrary for Voice impaired people since their speech is tough for others to recognize even by their parents and teachers. Provided if their parents are illiterate. So our TTS system can be used for converting their written text to speech for their illiterate parents and friends around them. Though many methods have been adopted for the concatenation of the basic sound units, the HMM-based approach in modeling the sound is utilized by many researchers in many languages. In this paper, we have tried to implement, text to speech systems of synthesis for a Tamil text uses a phonemic concatenation approach in MATLAB. Instead of utilizing Tamil letters as it is, due to its difficulty in production, Tamil text is transliterated into English then it is converted into intelligible speech. The performance of the output is verified for various examples by changing its parameters, in which the quality of the sound is comparable to that of English text. So the proposed system is utilized for all languages other than Tamil also if it is properly transliterated for limited vocabulary.

Evaluation of a Creative Drama Practice for Noise Awareness in Primary School

This study aims to investigate students' awareness of the level, causes and negative effects of noise in schools through the utilization of creative drama activities. The objective of this sample application is to contribute to the development of a more tranquil and peaceful school environment. A single case study design was employed for this research, with the study group comprising 16 fourth-grade students from a primary school. Student interviews served as the primary data collection tool, supplemented by observations and video recordings. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data, resulting in the identification of four main themes related to noise awareness: "lack of tranquility," "noise phenomenon," "conflict exacerbation," and "creative ideas". By incorporating the Visual Arts and Science curriculum, students demonstrated important life skills such as innovative thinking, effective communication, and analytical reasoning. Additionally, this interdisciplinary approach allowed for the attainment of learning objectives within the Science curriculum's sound unit, while also addressing the "Visual Communication and Formation" domain of the Art curriculum.

Scientific Conclusions of the Alash Leader A. Baitursynuly on the Classification of Sounds of the Kazakh Language

The article will consider the scientific conclusions of A.Baitursynuly on how common sounds are created in the Kazakh language, spelling, spelling, correct spelling of sounds in the history of writing. It is noted that in the period from 1910 to 1927, the linguistic techniques used to designate the classification of consonant sounds, the order of their arrangement, the phonemic meaning of each sound, the results of a complete reform of the sound system were defined in the works “Til – kural”, “Oku kuraly”, “Til zhumsar”. It is also noted that A. Baitursynuly dedicated a symbol based on Arabic graphics to Kazakh sounds, not resembling the Arabic national letter and spoken language. It says that the goal is not to fundamentally resemble Arabic, not to fully penetrate into speech, to create a Kazakh national alphabetic system dedicated not only to the consonant, but also to the vowel. Based on the works “Til – kural”, “Oku kuraly”, “Sauat ashkysh”, “Til zhumsar” published since 1912, it was found that the scientist accidentally did not apply the system of consonant sounds to words ending in a consonant, based on the lines of synhormonism, assimilation, dissimilation, guided by the phonetic principle in the construction of the Arabic Kazakh alphabet and spelling. It is noted that the statement of A. Baitursynuly as a scientist, as a linguist about the sound features of the Kazakh language as “sound units that distinguish the lexical, morphemic meanings of each sound” hints at the concept of phoneme in modern linguistics. It is scientifically analyzed that in order to determine the sound specificity, structure, method of creation, phonemic meaning of consonant sounds k, k, g, g, w, with the help of oral hollow organs, auditory, speech moments, a system of sound sounds is determined. The practical significance of the conclusions formulated in the article is relevant for linguists, Akhmetologists, literary critics and other readers.

Deep Neural Network-based Mixed Speech Recognition Technology for Chinese and English

In the field of human-computer interaction, the current more advanced speech recognition systems are all single speech recognition, and it is urgent to adopt new in-depth learning technology to improve the existing speech recognition system. In this context, this research is based on DNN and investigates mixed speech recognition techniques for both Chinese and English. A single speech recognition algorithm based on DNN is first investigated, and then a new hybrid Chinese and English speech recognition model is constructed by fusing the attention mechanism and CTC loss function. In the construction of the hybrid speech recognition model, the end-to-end model and Transformer framework are used to combine the monotonic alignment property of the CTC loss function, which allows complex sound units to be transformed into characters for easy extraction and recognition. The performance of the constructed models was tested on Chinese speech dataset, English speech dataset and mixed Chinese and English speech dataset to determine the recognition accuracy and speed of the models. The results show that the proposed recognition model achieves 81.2% recognition accuracy and 100 recognition speed/minute on the Chinese-English mixed speech dataset, which is much better than the other three models. This study successfully addresses the need for improved speech recognition systems by introducing a novel hybrid model for mixed Chinese-English speech recognition. The experimental results confirm the superiority of the proposed model, achieving high accuracy and rapid recognition speed. The developed model holds promising potential for enhancing human-computer interaction and enabling efficient communication between Chinese and English speakers.

Rise in Mid-Tropospheric Temperature Trend (MSU/AMSU 1978–2022) over the Tibet and Eastern Himalayas

The high-altitude Hindu Kush-Himalayan region (HKH, average ~5 km from msl) and the adjacent Indo-Gangetic plains (IG plains, ~0–250 m msl), due to their geographical location and complex topography, are reported to be highly sensitive to climatic changes. Recent studies show that the impacts of climate change and associated changes in water resources (glacial/snow melt water and rainfall) in this region are multifaceted, thereby affecting ecosystems, agriculture, industries, and inhabitants. In this study, 45 years of Microwave Sounding Unit/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU/AMSU)-derived mid-tropospheric temperature (TMT, 3–7 km altitude) and lower tropospheric temperature (TLT, 0–3 km altitude) data from the Remote Sensing Systems (RSS Version 4.0) were utilized to analyze the overall changes in tropospheric temperature in terms of annual/monthly trends and anomalies. The current study shows that the mid-tropospheric temperature (0–3 km altitude over the HKH region) has already alarmingly increased (statistically significant) in Tibet, the western Himalayas, and the eastern Himalayas by 1.49 °K, 1.30 °K, and 1.35 °K, respectively, over the last 45 years (1978–2022). As compared to a previous report (TMT trend for 30 years, 1979–2008), the present study of TMT trends for 45 years (1978–2022) exhibits a rise in percent change in the trend component in the high-altitude regions of Tibet, the western Himalayas, and the eastern Himalayas by approximately 310%, 80%, and 170%, respectively. In contrast, the same for adjacent plains (the western and eastern IG plains) shows a negligible or much lower percent change (0% and 40%, respectively) over the last 14 years. Similarly, dust source regions in Africa, Arabia, the Middle East, Iran, and Pakistan show only a 130% change in warming trends over the past 14 years. In the monthly breakup, the ‘November to March’ period usually shows a higher TMT trend (with peaks in December, February, and March) compared to the rest of the months, except in the western Himalayas, where the peak is observed in May, which can be attributed to the peak dust storm activity (March to May). Snow cover over the HKH region, where the growing season is known to be from September to February, is also reported to show the highest snow cover in February (with the peak in January, February, or March), which coincides with the warmest period in terms of anomaly and trend observed in the long-term mid-tropospheric temperature data (1978–2022). Thus, the current study highlights that the statistically significant and positive TMT warming trend (95% CI) and its observed acceleration over the high-altitude region (since 2008) can be attributed to being one of the major factors causing an acceleration in the rate of melting of snow cover and glaciers, particularly in Tibet and the Eastern Himalayas.

Student's Perspective On Learning English Phonemes

Studying phonemes is a part of phonology, so writing this article is about learning basic phonemes. Phonemes are the basic level of phonological learning because phonemes are the smallest basic units that form the elements that make up speech sounds. Therefore, in this article we will study the basic phoneme which is the smallest functional unit of language. a phoneme cannot stand alone because a phoneme has no meaning, but its role is very important because a phoneme can distinguish meaning. For example, the phonemes [l] and [r]. If we separate these two phonemes, we will definitely not understand their meaning. A phoneme has an identity basis which is called the meaning distinguishing function of the sound units of language. The method used in this article is a method that collects information through questionnaires to analyze students' understanding of phonemic learning and draw conclusions about basic phonemic learning, whether learning is important and easy to understand.

Efficient collocation of global navigation satellite system radio occultation soundings with passive nadir microwave soundings

Abstract. Radio occultation (RO) using the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) can be used to infer atmospheric profiles of microwave refractivity in the Earth's atmosphere. GNSS RO data are now assimilated into numerical weather prediction models and used for climate monitoring. New remote sensing applications are being considered that fuse GNSS RO soundings and passive nadir-scanned radiance soundings. Collocating RO soundings and nadir-scanned radiance soundings, however, is computationally expensive, especially as new commercial GNSS RO constellations greatly increase the number of global daily RO soundings. This paper develops a new and efficient technique, called the “rotation–collocation method”, for collocating RO and nadir-scanned radiance soundings in which all soundings are rotated into the time-dependent reference frame in which the nadir sounder's scan pattern is stationary. Collocations with RO soundings are then found when the track of an RO sounding crosses the line corresponding to the nadir sounder's scan pattern. When applied to finding collocations between RO soundings from COSMIC-2, Metop-B-GRAS, and Metop-C-GRAS and the passive microwave (MW) soundings of the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) on NOAA-20 and Suomi-NPP and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A) on Metop-B and Metop-C for the month of January 2021, the rotation–collocation method proves to be 99.0 % accurate and is hundreds to thousands of times faster than traditional approaches to finding collocations.