Sound Verbs Research Articles

Attention to verbal morphology in L2 Arabic reading: An eye‐movement study

AbstractAttention is believed to help facilitate learning. Godfroid and Uggen found that attention to irregular verb morphology motivated the learning of novel second language (L2) German forms. The current study explored the generalizability of these findings to geminate and sound verbs in Arabic, a typologically different language with a novel writing system. Eleven fourth‐semester learners of Arabic participated in the experiment. Participants completed a language learning background survey, took a fill‐in‐the blank pretest, read 20 sentence pairs while an Eyelink 1000 recorded their eye movements, and answered true/false comprehension questions that appeared on‐screen following each sentence. A posttest, identical to the pretest, and a prior vocabulary knowledge scale task were then conducted. Learners' reflections were recorded in a subsequent recall task and a follow‐up semistructured interview. Descriptive analyses of the eye‐tracking metrics reveal generally equivalent reading times between verb types, although participants made more direct visual comparisons between geminate‐ than between sound‐verb conjugations. Participants did not report awareness of geminate verbs, but noticed other aspects of input, and, on average, improved their written productive knowledge by 2% after only one exposure. Pedagogical implications are discussed in terms of input enhancement in a communicative L2 classroom.

Имплицитная репрезентация концепта ДВИЖЕНИЕ глаголами звучания с семой ШУМ (на материале немецкого языка)

The purpose of the study is to describe sound verbs with the distinctive feature “noise”, implicitly expressing the MOVEMENT concept. The paper examines in detail the specifics of reflection of conceptual movement, manifested in the corresponding linguistic means at the lexico-semantic and syntactic levels. The study is novel in that it is the first to identify the factors influencing metaphorisation, which determines the integration of a peripheral, context-conditioned semantic meaning into the structure of the basic meaning of sound verbs. As a result of the study, the researchers have identified models representing the metaphor of movement in verbs with the semantics of sound.

Structures lexico-syntaxiques fondées sur les verbes hurler, crier, gémir dans le roman policier et dans le roman sentimental

The aim of our work is to describe some structures with hurler, gémir, crier in two literary genres: the detective novel and the sentimental novel. Focusing on structures with hurler, gémir, crier, we will try to show that there are privileged structures in a genre that convey additional information in specific contexts. Finally, we establish the conceptual scheme which consists of obligatory elements such as sound verb, sound element, appropriate interjection and other elements such as human names, body parts, appropriate predicate.

Motor and auditory priming in a lexical decision task with action and sound verbs

According to embodied cognition theories, concepts are represented in sensory and motor brain systems. These sensory-motor representations can give rise to priming effects. Action verbs (e.g., to push) presumably have a higher association with motor features, and sound verbs (e.g., to buzz) with auditory features. This study assesses whether motor and auditory primes differentially influence the lexical decision of action and sound verbs. Seventy-five healthy Russian-speaking adults participated in the experiment. An online lexical decision task with cross-modal priming was administered. Participants were presented with meaningless primes such as a video clip of a moving hand (motor prime), a bike bell sound (auditory prime), or a static video clip (neutral prime). Then they saw a verb (an action verb, a sound verb, or a pseudoverb) and had to report whether or not it was a real word by pressing a button on the keyboard. Linear mixed effect models indicated no effect of the prime type on response accuracy or speed for any verb type. However, intransitive verbs elicited less accurate responses than transitive and optional-transitive verbs overall, regardless of the prime type. Moreover, participants responded slower for pseudoverbs than for real verbs. The results do not suggest differential category specific effects for action- and soundrelated verbs in a lexical decision task. However, the results for intransitive verbs support the facilitation through complexity hypothesis. Our findings do not support embodied cognition theories, but await further replication. Recommendations and future directions are discussed.

From Animalization to Neutralization: Functioning of Sound Verbs Associated with Animals

L'article met au centre des investigations les verbes associes aux cris d'animaux et tente de demontrer sur l'exemple de langues diverses que meme si au depart, il y a une part d'animalisation du lexique lorsque le domaine Cible de la metaphore est l'homme, le cote animal tend a s'estomper et a se neutraliser-au point de ne plus se sentir comme expressif-, lorsque le domaine Cible n'est pas l'homme (partie du corps, objet, element naturel). Ces deux voies correspondent a deux differents types de metaphorisation (metaphores de ressemblance et de correlation). L'article met en evidence les trois composants-sources qui sont a la base de metaphorisation vers le domaine des hommes : la capacite de produire des sons, la capacite de se mouvoir et la capacite d'eprouver des emotions.

Особенности семантики лакун-модификаций. К идее создания словаря лакун (на материале глаголов звучания)

The article examines the insufficiently explored phenomenon in word-formation synthesis – the intra-linguistic affixal lacunae i.e. lexical gaps. The nature of lacunar units is described as a unique type of semantic modifications that display a similar structure, semantics, and characteristics. From the standpoint of derivative codification, the major lacunae groups are identified, analyzed, and mapped out based on their lexicographic properties. The glossary selection criteria for the experimental Lacunae – Modifications Dictionary are determined. Relying on the data from the Russian National Corpus, nearly 5,000 lacunae and sound verb modifications, combined, were researched using a web-scraping algorithm from a special project at Missouri S&T. The results of this study may serve as a foundational platform for this novel dictionary of affixal lexical gaps in the Russian language.

Non-sound’ verb Inflection in Arabic: Allomorphic variation and paradigmatic uniformity

Focusing on the Levantine Arabic variety, this paper investigates the paradigmatic asymmetry observed in the inflection of sound verbs whose stems contain three or four consonants and non-sound verbs whose stems contain only two consonantal realizations. It provides a unified account of verb inflection within Optimality Theory and the theory of paradigms. The target of investigation is the allomorphic variation in the non-third person markers which appear in their basic allomorph in inflected sound verbs, but appear in their augmented eeC form in the paradigms of non-sound (weak and geminate) verbs. Previous analyses have viewed this paradigmatic inconsistency as arbitrary exceptions requiring highly specific rules or allomorphic postulates, thus treating the sound and non-sound verb systems as two distinct types. This paper shows that the interaction of independently-motivated markedness constraints with paradigmatic uniformity constraints is capable of producing these allomorphic effects without recourse to ad-hoc rules or arbitrary allomorphic statements. The two verbal types are therefore treated as a unified system. The Optimality-theoretic account of affix allomorphy accords a prime role to the markedness constraint optimizing binarity of prosodic constituents, and rhythmic and prosodic uniformity within and across inflectional subparadigms the interaction of which explains the emergence of the augmented allomorph of the affix. The paper advocates an expanded definition of paradigms allowing grammatical categories such as gender, person, case, etc. to form subparadigms subject to what I refer to as paradigm-to-paradigm faithfulness requiring paradigmatic identity within a grammatical category regardless of verb type. Hollow verbs which present an interesting challenge to the analysis are discussed and accounted for by highlighting the role of Anchor in differentiating between hollow verbs and other non-sound verbs. The paper ends with a comparison with the contrast analysis of Broselow (2008) demonstrating on empirical grounds the superiority of the uniformity against the contrast account.

Brain Activation During Conceptual Processing of Action and Sound Verbs.

Grounded cognition approaches to conceptual representations postulate a close link between conceptual knowledge and the sensorimotor brain systems. The present fMRI study tested, whether a feature-specific representation of concepts, as previously demonstrated for nouns, can also be found for action- and sound-related verbs. Participants were presented with action- and soundrelated verbs along with pseudoverbs while performing a lexical decision task. Sound-related verbs activated auditory areas in the temporal cortex, whereas action-related verbs activated brain regions in the superior frontal gyrus and the cerebellum, albeit only at a more liberal threshold. This differential brain activation during conceptual verb processing partially overlapped with or was adjacent to brain regions activated during the functional localizers probing sound perception or action execution. Activity in brain areas involved in the processing of action information was parametrically modulated by ratings of action relevance. Comparisons of action- and sound-related verbs with pseudoverbs revealed activation for both verb categories in auditory and motor areas. In contrast to proposals of strong grounded cognition approaches, our study did not demonstrate a considerable overlap of activations for action- and sound-related verbs and for the corresponding functional localizer tasks. However, in line with weaker variants of grounded cognition theories, the differential activation pattern for action- and sound-related verbs was near corresponding sensorimotor brain regions depending on conceptual feature relevance. Possibly, action-sound coupling resulted in a mutual activation of the motor and the auditory system for both action- and sound-related verbs, thereby reducing the effect sizes for the differential contrasts.

Processing of Action and Sound Verbs in Context: An FMRI Study.

Recent theories propose a flexible recruitment of sensory and motor brain regions during conceptual processing depending on context and task. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated the influence of context and task on conceptual processing of action and sound verbs. Participants first performed an explicit semantic context decision task, in which action and sound verbs were presented together with a context noun. The same verbs were repeatedly presented in a subsequent implicit lexical decision task together with new action and sound verbs. Thereafter, motor and acoustic localizer tasks were administered to identify brain regions involved in perception and action. During the explicit task, we found differential activations to action and sound verbs near corresponding sensorimotor brain regions. During the implicit lexical decision task, differences between action and sound verbs were absent. However, feature-specific repetition effects were observed near corresponding sensorimotor brain regions. The present results suggest flexible conceptual representations depending on context and task. Feature-specific effects were observed only near, but not within corresponding sensorimotor brain regions, as defined by the localizer tasks. Our results therefore only provide limited evidence in favor of grounded cognition theories assuming a close link between the conceptual and the sensorimotor systems.

Роль имплицитных компонентов значения в синтезе русских глагольных модификаций (на примере глаголов механической фонации)

The article examines the implicit components in the meaning of semantically modified derivatives. Using the methods of componential analysis of definitions from various Russian explanatory and aspectual dictionaries, the implicit components in the sound verbs’ meanings are inventoried. The impact of the relevant implicit components on the synthesis process is examined; the dichotomy of the implicit components of meaning and corresponding synthesizing prefixes is identified. The productivity and typical colloquial usage of synthesized derivatives is demonstrated using data from the Russian National Corpus.

Studies in the Verbal Morphology of Soqotri III/2: a List of Sound and Weak Verbs Belonging to Second Stem in Soqotri

Studies in the Verbal Morphology of Soqotri III/2: a List of Sound and Weak Verbs Belonging to Second Stem in Soqotri

The trolley rumbled through the tunnel: On the history of the English Intransitive Motion Construction

AbstractThis article examines the history, from Old English times to the first quarter of the twentieth century, of the Intransitive Motion Construction. It compares the development of its result subschema (The trolley rumbled through the tunnel), where the verb is one of sound emission, with the development of other subschemas of the construction, in particular the manner subschema (The man walked in), where the verb denotes manner of motion. As shown by earlier research, the manner subschema and the manner of motion lexicon have greatly expanded since the Old English period, especially in Modern English. The result subschema, by contrast, although attested as far back as Old English, remains marginal until the nineteenth century, when it finally gains in importance, thus making the Intransitive Motion Construction more versatile. This expansion in the conceptual range of the construction, from predominantly coding manner of motion to describing other highly specific details of motion, such as the sound resulting from it, is linked to the addition to the English lexicon, in relatively recent times, of a great number of new sound verbs whose frequency of use has been constantly on the increase. Furthermore, the paper argues that these changes in the English sound verb inventory are also responsible for some of the developments undergone by the so-calledWay-construction (The steamer plashed its way forward) in the Late Modern English period.

Источник звука как индикатор семантического поведения глаголов звучания в процессе синтеза

the article examines the predictability of Russian verbal modifications during the process of word formation synthesis. The main reasons for modifiers’ combinatorial irregularity with respect to semantically connected sound verbs are identified. For the first time ever, the sound source, as the primary factor in determining the word formation synthesis’ results, is described from three perspectives: semantic, lexicographic, and denotative. Using various parameters relevant for both sound source and semantic modifiers, the sound verbs are subjected to combinatorial testing. The nature of dynamic dependency between the results of word formation synthesis, the distinguishing characteristics of modifiers, and the semantic range of verbs is analyzed.

Feature-Specific Event-Related Potential Effects to Action- and Sound-Related Verbs during Visual Word Recognition.

Grounded cognition theories suggest that conceptual representations essentially depend on modality-specific sensory and motor systems. Feature-specific brain activation across different feature types such as action or audition has been intensively investigated in nouns, while feature-specific conceptual category differences in verbs mainly focused on body part specific effects. The present work aimed at assessing whether feature-specific event-related potential (ERP) differences between action and sound concepts, as previously observed in nouns, can also be found within the word class of verbs. In Experiment 1, participants were visually presented with carefully matched sound and action verbs within a lexical decision task, which provides implicit access to word meaning and minimizes strategic access to semantic word features. Experiment 2 tested whether pre-activating the verb concept in a context phase, in which the verb is presented with a related context noun, modulates subsequent feature-specific action vs. sound verb processing within the lexical decision task. In Experiment 1, ERP analyses revealed a differential ERP polarity pattern for action and sound verbs at parietal and central electrodes similar to previous results in nouns. Pre-activation of the meaning of verbs in the preceding context phase in Experiment 2 resulted in a polarity-reversal of feature-specific ERP effects in the lexical decision task compared with Experiment 1. This parallels analogous earlier findings for primed action and sound related nouns. In line with grounded cognitions theories, our ERP study provides evidence for a differential processing of action and sound verbs similar to earlier observation for concrete nouns. Although the localizational value of ERPs must be viewed with caution, our results indicate that the meaning of verbs is linked to different neural circuits depending on conceptual feature relevance.

Auditory perception modulated by word reading.

Theories of embodied cognition positing that sensorimotor areas are indispensable during language comprehension are supported by neuroimaging and behavioural studies. Among others, the auditory system has been suggested to be important for understanding sound-related words (visually presented) and the motor system for action-related words. In this behavioural study, using a sound detection task embedded in a lexical decision task, we show that in participants with high lexical decision performance sound verbs improve auditory perception. The amount of modulation was correlated with lexical decision performance. Our study provides convergent behavioural evidence of auditory cortex involvement in word processing, supporting the view of embodied language comprehension concerning the auditory domain.

Sensation, perception and cognition

This paper presents an analysis of the field of perception verbs in Swedish within a typological and contrastive framework. Earlier work has to a great extent focused on the concepts see and hear. This article focuses on the more ‘raw’ form of perception represented by sensations and on the combination of meanings referring to perception and cognition in Swedishkänna‘feel, know’. The polysemy ofkännaturns out to be very language-specific even in relation to the most closely related Germanic languages. The polysemy ofkännais interesting also because this verb can refer to internal (bodily) perception and has an extension that covers blended spaces combining cognitive elements with emotional and bodily feelings (cf.feel remorse,feel convinced). Special attention is paid also to sensory verbs describing sensations of light and sound (cf. Englishglitter,glimmer,rattle,creak, etc.) and of bodily sensations and pain (cf.ache,itch, etc.) Sensations are interesting because — similar to sensory adjectives — evaluation and intensity are central components of their meaning in addition to the fine-grained description of sensory qualia. There are great differences across languages in the degree of elaboration of sensory verbs referring to sensations. Recent typological work has demonstrated great elaborations of taste verbs in some languages, whereas other languages have elaborated odor verbs. Swedish (similar to many other European languages) has a rich repertoire of sound verbs.

Aspectual Clusters of Russian Sound Verbs

This article explores whether the aspectual cluster model proposed by Janda (2007, 2008) can reflect the differences in the lexical semantics of Russian verbs denoting sound. A corpus of fifty sound verbs, including both sounds emitted by inanimate objects and those produced by animate beings, are divided into two groups: (i) paired verbs marking linguistic action, and (ii) paired verbs marking directional motion. Aspectual clusters for each verb were determined, and the clusters of various groups of verbs compared. Each of these groups was found to be characterized by a specific subset of aspectual cluster types.

The phone makes us scream: corpus study of English and Russian

This study explores English and Russian speech verbs with phone prepositional phrases (PPs). It investigates two hypotheses: 1) A phone PP produces an independent construction and 2) A phone PP can be freely added to any speech verb. Two constructions in English and two constructions in Russian are used as the material for the analysis. In both languages I explore a neutral phone construction and compare it with a construction meaning ‘speak into the phone’. I present a new method – statistical profiling, that explores which words occur in a slot of a construction most frequently and how that frequency list for a slot is changed if another slot is filled. This paper shows that English on the phone phrase can freely be added to any speech and sound verb, while other phone PPs produce different phone constructions.

Linguo-Statistical Analysis of Borrowed Words Used in School Textbooks and Children's Literature Books

Introduction Pre–primary school and basic educational programmes pay attention to children’s speech development, combining it with vocabulary development and acquisition of words meaning. As early as in kindergarten, favourable opportunities should be provided for the development of literary correct and rich language, and non-literate words should be eliminated from children’s speech. The kindergarten curriculum claims that at the preschool age, children must acquire such a vocabulary, which can ensure communication by means of language, prepare them for successful learning at school, and foster perception of folklore, ction, lms, radio and TV programmes. While children are learning the language, words from their passive vocabulary can enter the active vocabulary, depending on the work done for language enrichment by adults. A very important task to be implemented by both parents and teachers is to open up the wealth of the literary language, which can be perceived through multiple sources – folksongs, fairytales, legends, proverbs, sayings, riddles. A major role is played by ction in the process of personality development, because it immensely facilitates children’s knowledge about the environment, adult and peers life, and about their ideas, actions and aspirations. Diminutives, exclamation words and sound verbs, serving e€ciently for short emotional description of feelings, volition or reality and expressing their assessment, are widely involved by both adults and children in their language as well as used in genres of folklore and children literature. Children have to be able to use comparisons, synonyms, idioms, and foreign words, because in daily speech they are an integral components (they are widespread in ction and in other styles, dierent language elds). Loan words help to acquire foreign language more easily, approach languages and promote understanding. Aim of the study The aim of this work is to discover the usage of foreign words in textbooks for primary schools because foreign words are crucial components of vocabulary. Materials and methods School textbooks, children’s literature. Methods of applied linguastatistics, descriptive method and testing. Results As gures of statistics show there are quite a lot of foreign words which are used in textbooks for children in primary classes. Teachers think that a limited number of foreign words should be included in textbooks. Conclusions Primary attention at the teachers’ studies courses is paid to teaching foreign methodology.