Sound Velocity Meter Research Articles

Volumetric-acoustic investigations of antihypertensive drug in aqueous acetaminophen system

Captopril is an antihypertensive drug used to lower the blood pressure in living organisms. In order to arbitrate and understand the synergy between antihypertensive drug viz., captopril and antipyretic drug acetaminophen in aqueous system, the density and sound velocity at different temperatures (293.15 to 318.15) K with temperature interval of 5 K were measured using Anton Paar density sound velocity meter (DSA5000M). The experimental measured data were further used to calculate volumetric and acoustic parameters such as apparent and partial molar volume, apparent and partial molar isentropic compressibility, partial molar expansibility, Hepler’s constant, compressibility hydration number, and intermolecular free length. Positive values of apparent molar volume (ϕv) and negative values of apparent and partial molar compressibility (ϕk and ϕko) of captopril in water and aqueous acetaminophen solution has been shown strong intermolecular interactions in solutions. Negative values of Hepler's constant indicate the structure breaking behavior of drug in water.

Dielectric relaxation and thermodynamic study of aqueous Glycine using time domain reflectometry technique

Using the Time Domain Reflectometry technique in the frequency range of 10 MHz to 50 GHz, the complex permittivity spectra of Glycine (Gly) with water combination have been determined over the complete concentration range of mole fractions and in temperature range of 10–25 °C. The Cole-Davidson model was used to fit the intricate permittivity spectra for Gly and water.The non-linear least square fit method has been used to compute the static dielectric constant (ε0), relaxation time (τ), effective Kirkwood correlation factor (geff), excess permittivity (ε0E), (1/τ)E excess inverse relaxation time (1/τ)E and Bruggeman factor (fB). An automated density and sound velocity meter, the Anton Paar DSA 5000 M and viscosity with Lovis 2000 M/ME, was used to measure the density, sound velocity, and viscosity of aqueous solutions. FT-IR spectra are used to identify the conformation assessments of hydrogen bonding development between complicated mixtures.

Volumetric, Acoustic, and Refractive Behavior of Acid Gas Absorbers: N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone and Glycol Ethers (2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol, and 2-(2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol)

Thermophysical properties such as density (ρ), speed of sound (u), and refractive index (nD) for pure N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NVP) and binary mixtures of NVP with 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol (DEGMEE), 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol (DEGMBE), and 2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol (TEGMME) have been measured over the whole range of mole fraction from temperature T = (298.15 to 323.15) K and at 0.1 MPa pressure employing an Anton Paar vibrating U-tube density and sound velocity meter (DSA 5000 M) and an Abbemat refractometer, respectively. To quantify the nonideality in these systems, the experimental data has been used to evaluate various acoustical and thermodynamic parameters, such as excess molar volume (VmE), deviation in the speed of sound (Δu), isentropic compressibility (κs), excess isentropic compressibility (κsE), deviation in refractive index (ΔnD), molar refraction (Rm), and polarizability (α). Molecular interactions prevailing in these systems have been explained in terms of variation in the measured and calculated values of physicochemical parameters. The collected thermophysical data can be employed in the optimization and design of a desulfurization/CO2-capture process utilizing the studied solutions. Furthermore, this data can also be utilized for the theoretical model extension as well as in solving many difficult engineering problems such as fluid flow, heat and mass transfer, and energy transformations.

Estimating the Acoustical Parameters and Molecular Interactions of n-Butylammonium perchlorate in Mixed Organic Solvents in the Temperature Range 298-328 K

A study of the interactions in non-aqueous system containing n-Butylammonium perchlorate is presented. The densities and ultrasonic velocities of n-Butylammonium perchlorate in binary mixtures of Acetonitrile and Dimethylsulfoxide at the temperature range from 298 to 328K under atmospheric pressure were measured. The binary mixtures contain 20, 40, 60 and 80 mol% of Dimethylsulfoxide and the concentration range taken is from 0.03-0.28 mol kg-1. Anton Paar density and sound velocity meter was used for measurement of densities and ultrasonic velocities. The experimental data have been employed to calculate various acoustical parameters like isentropic compressibility (βs), intermolecular free length (Lf), relaxation strength (r), specific acoustic impedance (Z), relative association (RA), Wada’s constant (W), Rao’s constant (R), Vander walls constant (b), molar volume (Vm) and free volume (Vf). The results of the derived acoustical parameters have been discussed as a function of salt concentration, solvent composition and temperature. Overall results shows appreciable solute-solvent interactions in Dimethylsulphoxide rich region of the binary mixtures studied and the extent of these interactions have been found to be decreasing with rise in temperature.

Ultrasonic Velocity and Isentropic Compressibility Studies of Monoalkylammonium Salts in Binary Mixtures of Acetonitrile and N,N-Dimethylacetamide at Variable Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of alkyl substituted ammonium perchlorates-RNH3ClO4, where R is methyl (Me), ethyl (Et),n-propyl (Pr),n-butyl (Bu),n-hexyl (Hx) and n-octyl (Oc), have been measured in the concentration range 0.03–0.28 mol·kg−1 in binary mixtures of acetonitrile (AN) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) containing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mol% DMA at temperatures 298–328 K in 10 K intervals, using an Anton Paar density and sound velocity meter (DSA 5000 M). The experimental data of ultrasonic velocities and densities have been used for calculating isentropic compressibilities ( $$K_{{S}}$$ ) and apparent molal isentropic compressibilities ( $$K_{{{S,}\phi }}$$ ). Limiting apparent molal isentropic compressibilities ( $$K_{{{S,}\phi }}^{{\text{o}}}$$ ) for all the electrolytes have been evaluated from $$K_{{{S,}\phi }}$$ against m1/2 plots and split into contributions of individual ion ( $$K_{{{S,}\phi , \pm }}^{{\text{o}}}$$ ). The variation of $$K_{{{S,}\phi , \pm }}^{{\text{o}}}$$ values with solvent composition shows preferential solvation of alkylammonium ( $${\text{RNH}}_{3}^{ + }$$ ) ions by DMA in the AN rich region and by AN in the DMA rich region. The extent of solvation of the alkylammonium ions, at all studied temperatures, was found to increase with decreasing alkyl chain length; that is $${\text{OcNH}}_{3}^{ + }$$ < $${\text{HxNH}}_{3}^{ + }$$ < $${\text{BuNH}}_{3}^{ + }$$ < $${\text{PrNH}}_{3}^{ + }$$ < $${\text{EtNH}}_{3}^{ + }$$ < $${\text{MeNH}}_{3}^{ + }$$ . $$K_{{{S,}\phi , \pm }}^{{\text{o}}}$$ values for all $${\text{RNH}}_{3}^{ + }$$ ions increase with increasing temperature, indicating a decrease in the solvation of the ions with increasing temperature.

Partial molar volumes and isentropic compressions of sugar alcohols in aqueous solutions from 15 °C to 40 °C at atmospheric pressure

Densities and sound speeds of aqueous solutions of Erythritol, Xylitol, Sorbitol, and Maltitol were measured at 15 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C, and 45 °C using a density and sound velocity meter (DSA 5000M). The results were used to calculate the apparent and standard molar volumes and compressions, the specific volumes and compressions, as well as the hydration numbers and their temperature dependence. The volumetric results are used to characterize the hydration of sugar alcohols and are related to sweet taste chemoreception.

Effect of potassium chloride on the solvation behavior of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine: Volumetric, viscometric, calorimetry and spectroscopic approach

The density (ρ), speed of sound (u), viscosity (η) and enthalpy of dilution (q) measurements for methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline and theobromine) in aqueous medium and in aqueous solutions of (0.10–1.00) mol·kg−1 KCl covering a temperature range T = (288.15–318.15) K and at p = 101.325 kPa have been accomplished using a density and sound velocity meter, Micro-Ubbelohde type capillary viscometer and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry, respectively. Transfer parameters evaluated from the data suggest that competition among various interactions exists at low and high molalities of KCl(aq.) solutions. The increase in bitterness and decrease in hydration number of methylxanthines with the mB values have been observed. The dehydration effect of KCl(aq.) at low molalities on the methylxanthines has also been established using ITC. Positive change in the chemical shifts (1H NMR) and increase in absorption intensity (UV–vis) of methylxanthines in the presence of KCl(aq.) further support our results.

Acoustic Imaging of Selected Areas of Gdansk Bay with the Aid of Parametric Echosounder and Side-Scan Sonar

Abstract The article presents and analyses the data recorded during sounding of the Gdansk Bay seabed with the aid of a parametric echosounder and a side-scan sonar. The accuracy of seabed structure examination, as a condition for obtaining valuable results, requires correct configuration of echolocation devices and proper calibration of peripheral devices, such as the survey unit geographical position sensor - GPS, the navigation unit, the MRU-Z sensor of pitch, roll and heave, and the sound velocity meter, which deliver the data to the bathymetric measurement system. Parametric seabed profilers deliver two types of data: the envelope, and the detailed echo signal without processing. The envelope is used for data visualisation in the form of online echograms, while the echo signal is stored for further analyses, to be performed using dedicated software or, after relevant conversion, in arbitrary programming environment1. The presented data analysis is illustrated by selected sample images recorded by the parametric echosounder and the side-scan sonar during Gdansk Bay sounding.

Local anesthetic-bovine serum albumin interactional behaviour: Characterization by volumetric, calorimetric, and spectroscopic methods

The main aim of the current work is to figure out the effect of concentrations of local anesthetics on globular protein's molecular and functional properties. For this, volumetric parameters i.e. partial specific volume (V), expansibility (E°), and adiabatic compressibility (Ks) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been calculated in buffered solutions of two local anesthetics: procaine hydrochloride (PC) and tetracaine hydrochloride (TC) using density and sound velocity meter at different temperatures. The variation in V, E°, and Ks with temperature and drug concentrations indicate the larger polar interactions/dehydration phenomenon in the interaction of TC with BSA at both lower and higher concentrations of TC whereas polar interactions at lower and non-polar interactions at higher concentrations of PC have been observed in the association of PC with BSA. Both drugs interacts via hydrophobic/hydration phenomenon at intermediate concentrations. These observations have also been supported by microcalorimetry. In addition to ionic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, and π-π interactions, additional cation–π interactions have been addressed in case of PC-BSA from NMR. Due to the higher hydrophobicity of PC cation, it partially occupies the binding cavity of protein. The absorption spectroscopic measurements indicate the higher affinity constant for PC-BSA as compared to TC-BSA. The chromophoric environment of protein has not been disturbed by the interaction of PC and TC.

Effect of composition and temperature variations on thermophysical properties of binary and ternary mixtures of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate with 1-butanol and/or methanol

The thermophysical properties, densities, ρ, speeds of sound, u and dynamic viscosities, η of pure ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate, ([EMIM][ES]), and solvents 1-butanol, methanol and of their binary and ternary mixtures have been measured experimentally at a temperature range from (298.15–323.15) K, with an interval of 5 K and at pressure 0.1 MPa by using Anton Paar vibrating tube density and sound velocity meter DSA 5000M and Lovis microviscometer 2000M. The excess molar volumes, VE, isentropic compressibilities, κs, molar isentropic compressibilities, Кs,m, excess molar isentropic compressibility, Кs,mE, and viscosity deviations Δη have been calculated using the experimental ρ, u and η data at the same temperature range and pressure for [EMIM][ES] + 1-butanol/methanol binary systems and the VE, κs, excess isentropic compressibility, κsE and Δη for ternary [EMIM][ES] + 1-butanol + methanol system. The VE, κsE, Кs,mE and Δη data for the studied binary/ternary systems have been fitted to Redlich-Kister equation. The variations in VE,κsE, Кs,mE and Δη values with changes in composition and temperature have been discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding, ion–dipole interactions and structural effects on mixing of ILs and solvents.

Volumetric, compressibility and viscosity studies of binary mixtures of [EMIM][NTf2] with ethylacetate/methanol at (298.15–323.15) K

Densities, speeds of sound and viscosities of pure and binary mixtures 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide([EMIM][NTf2])+ethyl acetate/methanol have been measured experimentally over the entire composition range and at six temperatures from 298.15K to 323.15K, at pressure 0.1MPa using Anton Paar Density and Sound velocity meter DSA 5000M and, Lovis microviscometer 2000M. From these experimental data, the excess molar volumes (VE), viscosity deviations (∆η) and isentropic compressibility deviations (∆κs) have been evaluated. The VE values are negative for [EMIM][NTf2]+ethyl acetate system upto x1=0.90 and positive above this x1 value at all temperatures of study. However, the VE values are negative for [EMIM][NTf2]+methanol system at entire mole fraction range and at all temperatures. The VE values in both studied systems decrease with increase in temperature. The ∆η and ∆κs are found to be negative over the entire range of mole fraction and decrease with increasing temperature in both binary systems. The computed data of VE, ∆η and ∆κs have been correlated with Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The measured and computed data have been interpreted in terms of ion-dipole, ion-ion and dipole-dipole interactions and structural effects between like and unlike molecules upon mixing. The experimental data of VE have also been used to examine the applicability of Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (PFP) theory in predicting the VE of the binary mixtures. The minimum and maximum percent deviations of experimental and calculated by PFP VE values are 0.017 and 3.01 for [EMIM][NTf2]+ethyl acetate and 1.19 and 2.10 for [EMIM][NTf2]+methanol systems, respectively.

Interaction of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide with methanol/dimethyl sulfoxide at (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, 318.15 and 323.15) K: Measurements and correlations of thermophysical properties

Densities, speeds of sound and viscosities of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide+methanol/dimethylsulfoxide mixtures have been measured experimentally over the entire composition range and at six temperatures, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, 318.15 and 323.15K, under 0.1MPa pressure using Anton Paar density and sound velocity meter DSA 5000M and Lovis microviscometer 2000M. From these experimental data, the excess molar volumes, VE, isentropic compressibility deviations, ∆κs and the viscosity deviations, ∆η have been evaluated. The computed data have been adequately fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. The measured and computed data have been interpreted in terms of ion–dipole interactions and structural effects between like and unlike molecules upon mixing. The VE results have been correlated to the Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (PFP) theory. The experimental and PFP correlated values are quite close to each other.

Interaction of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Trifluoromethanesulfonate with Ethyl Acetate/1-Butanol: Thermophysical Properties

Densities, speeds of sound and viscosities of pure and the binary mixtures of [BMIM][CF3SO3] + ethyl acetate or 1-butanol have been measured over the entire range of mole fractions at T = (298.15–323.15) K and at 0.1 MPa pressure using an Anton Paar density and sound velocity meter DSA 5000M and a Lovis microviscometer 2000M. The excess molar volumes (VE), viscosity deviations (Δη) and the isentropic compressibility deviations (ΔκS) have been calculated using the experimental data. The variations in VE, Δη and ΔκS with changes in mole fraction and temperature have been interpreted in terms of ion–dipole interactions and structural effects on mixing of IL and solvents. The Redlich–Kister equation has been fitted to the VE, Δη and ΔκS values using a multi-parametric nonlinear regression method. The PFP theory has been applied to correlate the excess molar volumes. The experimental and PFP correlated values of VE are found to be quite close to each other.

Excess Thermodynamic Properties for Binary Mixtures of Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Ethyl Sulfate and 2-Methoxyethanol from T = (298.15 to 328.15) K at Atmospheric Pressure

The density (ρ), speed of sound (u) and refractive index (n D) for pure [Emim][EtSO4], 2-methoxyethanol and their binary mixtures were measured using an Anton Paar vibrating tube density and sound velocity meter (DSA 5000 M) and automatic refractometer over the whole composition range as a function of temperature between 298.15 and 328.15 K in steps of 10 K at atmospheric pressure. Experimental values were used to calculate the excess values of molar volumes (\( V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}} \)), partial molar volumes (\( \overline{V}_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}} \)), partial molar volumes at infinite dilution (\( \overline{V}_{\text{m}}^{{{\text{E,}}\infty }} \)), isentropic compressibility (\( \kappa_{S}^{\text{E}} \)), acoustic impedance (Z E), free length (\( L_{\text{f}}^{\text{E}} \)), speeds of sound (\( u_{{}}^{\text{E}} \)), internal pressure (\( \mathop \pi \nolimits_{i}^{\text{E}} \)), free volume (\( V_{\text{f}}^{\text{E}} \)) and deviations in refractive index ( \( \Delta_{\phi } n_{\text{D}} \)) for the binary mixtures. These properties were fitted to a Redlich–Kister type equation to obtain the binary coefficients and the standard deviations. The negative values of \( V_{\text{m}}^{\text{E}} \), \( \kappa_{S}^{\text{E}} \), \( L_{\text{f}}^{\text{E}} \),\( \alpha_{p}^{\text{E}} \), and \( V_{\text{f}}^{\text{E}} \) and positive values for Z E, \( u_{{}}^{\text{E}} \),\( \mathop \pi \nolimits_{i}^{\text{E}} \), and \( \Delta_{\phi } n_{\text{D}} \) indicate the existence of strong interactions between the components. This was further supported by IR spectroscopy analysis.

The study of solute–solvent interactions in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate + 2-ethoxyethanol from density, speed of sound and refractive index measurements

Physical properties, such as density (ρ), speed of sound (u) and refractive index (nD) for pure [Emim][EtSO4], 2-ethoxyethanol and their binary mixtures are measured using Anton Paar vibrating tube density, sound velocity meter (DSA 5000M) and automatic refract meter over the whole composition range as a function of temperature between (298.15–328.15)K at atmospheric pressure. Experimental values were used to calculate the excess molar volumes (VmE), excess values of partial molar volumes (V̅mE), partial molar volumes at infinite dilution (V̅mE,∞), excess/deviation values of isentropic compressibility (κsE), isothermal compressibility (κTE), free length (LfE), speed of sound (uE), refractive index (ΔϕnD), internal pressure (πiE), free volume (VfE) and isobaric thermal expansion coefficient (αPE) for the binary mixtures. These excess/deviation properties were fitted to the Redlich–Kister type equation to obtain the binary coefficients and the standard deviations. A qualitative analysis of these parameters indicates strong intermolecular interactions between the liquids in study. This was further supported by IR spectroscopy.

The study of solute–solvent interactions in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate + 2-ethoxyethanol from density, speed of sound, and refractive index measurements

Physical properties, such as density (ρ), speed of sound (u), and refractive index (nD) for pure [Emim][BF4], 2-ethoxyethanol and their binary mixtures, are measured using Anton Paar vibrating tube density and sound velocity meter (DSA 5000 M) and automatic refract meter over the whole composition range as a function of temperature between 298.15 and 328.15 K in steps of 10 K at atmospheric pressure. Experimental values were used to calculate the excess molar volumes (\( V_{\rm m}^{\rm E} \)), excess values of partial molar volumes (\( \overline{V}_{{\text m}}^{\rm E} \)), partial molar volumes at infinite dilution (\( \overline{V}_{{\text m}}^{\rm E ,\infty } \)), isentropic compressibility (\( \kappa_{\rm s}^{\rm E} \)), acoustic impedance (ZE), free length (\( L_{{\text f}}^{\rm E} \)) and deviations in speeds of sound (ud), and refractive index (\( \Delta_{\emptyset } n_{\rm D} \)) for the binary mixtures. These excess/deviation properties are fitted to the Redlich–Kister-type equation to obtain the binary coefficients and the standard errors. A qualitative analysis of intermolecular interactions between the liquids in study is analyzed on the basis of the measured and the derived properties.

Densities and Speeds of Sound of Jatropha curcas Biodiesel + (C4–C5) Alkan-1-ol Binary Mixtures

Densities (ρmix) and speeds of sound (umix) for binary blends of Jatropha curcas biodiesel (1) + n-butanol or n-pentanol (2) were measured at T = (288.15 to 308.15) K and atmospheric pressure, over the entire composition range, with the help of a density and sound velocity meter (DSA 5000 M, Anton Paar). The density values were used to evaluate the excess molar volumes VmixE. The Redlich–Kister polynomial equation was adopted to compute and correlate the results, and a good agreement has been observed between experimental and calculated values. It has been observed that the ρ and u values of pure components and their binary blends decreased with respect to temperature. Further, results have been analyzed in terms of molecular forces functioning between biodiesel and alcohols.

Transfer Partial Molar Volumes of l-Alanine/l-Glutamine/Glycylglycine from Water to 0.512 mol·kg–1 Aqueous KNO3/K2SO4 Solutions at (298.15 to 323.15) K

Densities of l-alanine/l-glutamine/glycylglycine + 0.512 mol·kg–1 aqueous K2SO4/KNO3 systems have been measured for several molal concentrations of amino acids/peptide at different temperatures from T = (298.15 to 323.15) K using a density and sound velocity meter (Anton Paar DSA, 5000 m). Using the density data the partial molar volumes (ϕv0) and transfer partial molar volumes (Δtrϕv0) have been calculated. The measured and calculated thermodynamic parameters have been discussed in terms of zwitterion–ion, zwitterion–water dipole, ion–water dipole, and ion–ion interactions operative in the systems.

Interactions in (l-phenylalanine/l-histidine + 0.01 mol · kg−1 aqueous β-cyclodextrin) systems at T = (293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K

Densities (ρ) and speeds of sound (u) have been measured for (l-phenylalanine+0.01mol·kg−1 aqueous β-cyclodextrin) and (l-histidine+0.01mol·kg−1 aqueous β-cyclodextrin) systems at T=(293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15)K using the density and sound velocity Meter DSA 5000 M. The ρ and u values have been utilized to evaluate values of the partial molar volume (ϕv∘), transfer partial molar volume (Δtrϕv∘), partial molar isentropic compressibility (ϕk∘), and transfer partial molar isentropic compressibility (Δtrϕk∘) of the systems studied. The experimentally measured and calculated parameters have been interpreted in terms of host-guest and ion-hydrophilic interactions operative in the systems.

Interactions in (glycylglycine + 1 M aqueous glucose/1 M aqueous sucrose) systems at 298.15–323.15 K

Density and speed of sound values of (glycylglycine+1M aqueous glucose/1M aqueous sucrose) systems have been measured as a function of molal concentration of glycylglycine at temperatures: 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, 318.15, and 323.15K by an oscillating-tube density and sound velocity meter. The partial molar volumes, isentropic compressibilities and partial molar isentropic compressibilities of the (glycylglycine+1M aqueous glucose/1M aqueous sucrose) systems have been computed from the experimental density and speed of sound data at different temperatures. The isentropic compressibility values decrease with an increase in molal concentration of glycylglycine as well as temperature. The partial molar volumes increase whereas partial molar isentropic compressibilities decrease with an increase in temperature. The trends of variations of experimental and computed parameters have been discussed in terms of ionic–hydrophilic, hydrophilic–hydrophilic and hydrophobic–hydrophilic interactions operative in the systems.