Sounding Names Research Articles

Semantic Context Effects in Picture and Sound Naming: Evidence from Event-related Potentials and Pupillometric Data.

When a picture is repeatedly named in the context of semantically related pictures, (homogeneous context) responses are slower than when the picture is repeatedly named in the context of unrelated pictures (heterogeneous context). This semantic interference effect in blocked-cyclic naming plays an important role in devising theories of word production. Wöhner, Mädebach, and Jescheniak [2021; Wöhner, S., Mädebach, A., & Jescheniak, J. D. Naming pictures and sounds: Stimulus type affects semantic context effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 47, 716-730, 2021] have shown that the effect is substantially larger when participants name environmental sounds than when they name pictures. We investigated possible reasons for this difference, using EEG and pupillometry. The behavioral data replicated Wöhner and colleagues. ERPs were more positive in the homogeneous compared with the heterogeneous context over central electrode locations between 140-180 msec and 250-350 msec for picture naming and between 250 and 350 msec for sound naming, presumably reflecting semantic interference during semantic and lexical processing. The later component was of similar size for pictures and sounds. ERPs were more negative in the homogeneous compared with the heterogeneous context over frontal electrode locations between 400 and 600 msec only for sounds. The pupillometric data showed a stronger pupil dilation in the homogeneous compared with the heterogeneous context only for sounds. The amplitudes of the late ERP negativity and pupil dilation predicted naming latencies for sounds in the homogeneous context. The latency of the effects indicates that the difference in semantic interference between picture and sound naming arises at later, presumably postlexical processing stages closer to articulation. We suggest that the processing of the auditory stimuli interferes with phonological response preparation and self-monitoring, leading to enhanced semantic interference.

Social contact and ethnic identity: Experimental evidence from West Africa

AbstractWhat determines one's ethnic identity? I argue that contact with a co‐ethnic encourages an enhanced ethnic identity compared to contact with a non‐co‐ethnic. This is most likely to hold where identities are more ethnic and less national, as in many African countries, thus creating a sense of trust among co‐ethnics. To test this claim, I conducted a field experiment with participants from the West African countries of Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal using two designs to test my claims including if enumerators and participants share an ethnic identity established directly with face‐to‐face contact, and indirectly with enumerators employing ethnic sounding names. Social contact in which ethnicity is shared increases identification with one's ethnic group. Not sharing an ethnic identity does not increase the chances of a national identity. Variation by ethnic groups is strongest for members of groups who have recently lost political power or are marginalized. Sharing an ethnic identity affects political views. These findings contribute to our understanding about the potential for contact to affect prejudice and bias, and they raise issues about data collection done with personal contact.

„[J]ak to dobrze – śmiać się, płakać” – nazwy dźwięków wydawanych przez świat ożywiony w poezji Stanisławy Plewińskiej

This paper aims to explore the names of sounds emanating from the animate world. The names have been semantically stratified and divided into the following two groups: HUMAN – NON-HUMAN. The HUMAN group includes names of sounds produced by humans as biological beings, as sentient and talking beings, as working beings, and as creative and social beings. The NON-HUMAN group contains the names of sounds produced by animals and plants.

A cross sectional survey of nurses’ reasons for medication errors at private multispecialty hospitals in Madurai, India

Abstract Introduction Healthcare services should eliminate errors, but any human-involved tasks are prone to error and healthcare is no exception.1 Medication errors are possible in hospitals though they should be eliminated with utmost care. Such medication errors would lead to an increased fatality rate, the emergence of new diseases, increased mediation costs and extended hospital stays.2,3 Aim This cross-sectional study aimed to classify and to identify the reasons for medication error as reported by the nurses and the impact of the collaborative work of Nurses, Pharmacists and Doctors in reducing medication errors and improving patient safety. Methods An exploratory (cross-sectional) study was conducted to classify and to identify the reasons for medication error among 474 nurses working in private multispecialty hospitals in Madurai between January to May 2023. The data for the study was collected using a questionnaire which included demographic variables and questions on medication errors. The questionnaire was filled through a one-to-one interview method and the data collected were analysed using SPSS 21.0. Results The results of analyses done using SPSS revealed that 58.2% of nurses reported having made medication errors and 88.4% of them said they had reported these immediately on the occurrence of such errors to their nursing superintendents. The most common type of medication errors reported were wrong infusion rates and wrong medicines, especially for medicines with similar sounding names (sound-alike drugs). Lack of awareness of the causes of medication errors was found to be the major reason for the occurrence of such errors in hospitals. The analyses showed that there was a significant relationship between age, years of experience and medication errors. One-way ANOVA analysis revealed that the greater the age and experience, the lesser the occurrence of medication errors. However, there was no significant relationship between working shifts and medication errors. The findings also highlighted that the greater the number of patients in the ward, the higher the error in oral administration of drugs. The finding reveals that teamwork between nurses, pharmacists and doctors was reported to help to drastically reduce the number of errors. Discussion/Conclusion Whilst a small-scale study only and reliant on accurate self-reporting, the findings suggest that not all nurses report medication errors, which could result in adverse outcomes for patients. Hence the nursing managers or nursing superintendents should encourage nurses to report medication errors to ensure patient safety. The findings also suggest that collaborative work between nurses, pharmacists, and doctors can reduce medication errors, hence collaborative work and appointing clinical Pharmacists is important to reducing medication errors.

Adverse Effects: Thirteen Homeowners Near A Blasting Quarry Bought Out By Quarry Owner

In Ontario, a blasting quarry operation, once established, is allowed to effectively operate indefinitely, as a licence to permit aggregate extraction has no expiry date. Once established, the prospect of terminating a quarry operator’s licence is virtually non-existent, regardless of the nature or number of site plan and quarry violations or adverse impacts (e.g., flyrock, noise, toxic fumes, fugitive dust, vibrations, drain or damage domestic wells), all due to a lack of effective government oversight (e.g., government staff shortage exacerbated by allowing self-reporting of the aggregate industry). Before a blasting or non-blasting quarry operation is permitted, the owner of the quarry should be compelled to purchase potentially impacted properties, provided that in doing so the environmental impact is reduced to a “trivial” level and the surrounding community is not destabilized. Otherwise, once a quarry is operational, the only remedy available to the municipality and impacted property owners is to launch a civil action at considerable time and expense, a process that can drag on for years with no guarantee of success. Sometimes, a quarry operator will voluntarily commit to purchase adversely impacted properties, but sometimes the acquisitions are undertaken surreptitiously, and require the property owner to sign a non-disclosure agreement. This case study pertains to a number of adversely effected homeowners whose homes were bought out by the owners of the Acton Quarry in Halton Hills, Ontario. They concealed their true identity through the use of numbered companies and one with the delightful sounding name (Snowfarm Ltd.) when purchasing the houses and in the process destabilized the community.

Intra– and inter–hemispheric network dynamics supporting object recognition and speech production

We built normative brain atlases that animate millisecond-scale intra- and inter-hemispheric white matter-level connectivity dynamics supporting object recognition and speech production. We quantified electrocorticographic modulations during three naming tasks using event-related high-gamma activity from 1,114 nonepileptogenic intracranial electrodes (i.e., non-lesional areas unaffected by epileptiform discharges). Using this electrocorticography data, we visualized functional connectivity modulations defined as significant naming-related high-gamma modulations occurring simultaneously at two sites connected by direct white matter streamlines on diffusion-weighted imaging tractography. Immediately after stimulus onset, intra- and inter-hemispheric functional connectivity enhancements were confined mainly across modality-specific perceptual regions. During response preparation, left intra-hemispheric connectivity enhancements propagated in a posterior-to-anterior direction, involving the left precentral and prefrontal areas. After overt response onset, inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity enhancements mainly encompassed precentral, postcentral, and superior-temporal (STG) gyri. We found task-specific connectivity enhancements during response preparation as follows. Picture naming enhanced activity along the left arcuate fasciculus between the inferior-temporal and precentral/posterior inferior-frontal (pIFG) gyri. Nonspeech environmental sound naming augmented functional connectivity via the left inferior longitudinal and fronto-occipital fasciculi between the medial-occipital and STG/pIFG. Auditory descriptive naming task enhanced usage of the left frontal U-fibers, involving the middle-frontal gyrus. Taken together, the commonly observed network enhancements include inter-hemispheric connectivity optimizing perceptual processing exerted in each hemisphere, left intra-hemispheric connectivity supporting semantic and lexical processing, and inter-hemispheric connectivity for symmetric oral movements during overt speech. Our atlases improve the currently available models of object recognition and speech production by adding neural dynamics via direct intra- and inter-hemispheric white matter tracts.

Lambs of Sacrifice: Termination, the Mixed-blood Utes, and the Problem of Indian Identity

Lambs of Sacrifice: Termination, the Mixed-blood Utes, and the Problem of Indian Identity

Reducing Medication Errors: Rethinking Prescribing Drugs in Standardized Units over Quantities of Ingredients

The prescribers need to memorize the dose and strength of thousands of drugs often with similar sounding names but differing actions, by their weight (strengths), which could lead to significant errors in medication. When prescribing, instead of using amounts in milligrams, a “standard unit” - a universal standard adult dose unit- concept can be employed to minimize such instances of erroneous recollection of dosages. Prescribers would not essentially need to know the composition and actual amount of active pharmaceutical ingredients in prescribed drugs if such a standardized unit prescribing system could be adopted. They could simply resort to prescribing the required number of units of medication instead. The standard adult dose of any drug could be referred to as one adult unit regardless of the amounts by weight. Only drug manufacturers and research scientists would need to know the actual strengths of the medications in milligrams of what would be referred to as a standard adult unit. Implementation of the unit system, along with the incorporation of electronic prescribing, could allow for simple data entry, and easier corrections for lean body weight/BMI, renal function, age, pregnancy, etc., leading to improvements in patient safety and optimal dosage achieved, eliminating difficult calculations. Moreover, a parallel paediatric unit could also be developed. The conceptual study to arouse an interest cannot address all issues and details relating to actual implementations.

Leadership in Black and White: Ethnicity and Its Impact on the Way Public Leaders’ Efforts in Tackling Corruption are Perceived

Previous research has studied the factors that impact the way individuals perceive leaders. This study aimed to extend previous leadership research by (1) examining the rating disparities of black and white leaders in an agency and (2) basing the ratings on agency levels of corruption. No such study was found to use government as a context or corruption as a measure. The results from the survey experiment indicate that when leaders performed very well in terms of lowering corruption, white respondents perceived the corruption efforts of the leader with a white sounding name higher than the leader with a black sounding name, while black respondents perceived the corruption efforts of the leader with a black sounding name higher. Black and white sounding names were used as a proxy for the leader’s ethnicity. However, when corruption increased under the leaders’ tenure, neither black nor white respondents differed in how they perceived leaders with white and black sounding names. Thus, respondents only exhibited implicit leadership bias when leaders performed very well.

Clearinghouse Committee Report, Nov. 1974

Editor’s note: This article originally appeared in Vol. 3, Number 2, November 1974, which is the first DttP issue available online (https://purl.stanford.edu/ng908xy2537).Clearinghouse Committee is a very structured sounding name for a very unstructured group. You are a member of the committee if you are a past chairperson, a task force liaison person, or anyone who has shown some interest in the activities of the clearinghouse. The Committee has never met though I did send out one letter to members last August. A time slot has been set aside for a meeting during Midwinter Conference 1975. I look forward to some discussion of the role of the clearinghouse.

Why was this cited? Explainable machine learning applied to COVID-19 research literature.

Multiple studies have investigated bibliometric factors predictive of the citation count a research article will receive. In this article, we go beyond bibliometric data by using a range of machine learning techniques to find patterns predictive of citation count using both article content and available metadata. As the input collection, we use the CORD-19 corpus containing research articles—mostly from biology and medicine—applicable to the COVID-19 crisis. Our study employs a combination of state-of-the-art machine learning techniques for text understanding, including embeddings-based language model BERT, several systems for detection and semantic expansion of entities: ConceptNet, Pubtator and ScispaCy. To interpret the resulting models, we use several explanation algorithms: random forest feature importance, LIME, and Shapley values. We compare the performance and comprehensibility of models obtained by “black-box” machine learning algorithms (neural networks and random forests) with models built with rule learning (CORELS, CBA), which are intrinsically explainable. Multiple rules were discovered, which referred to biomedical entities of potential interest. Of the rules with the highest lift measure, several rules pointed to dipeptidyl peptidase4 (DPP4), a known MERS-CoV receptor and a critical determinant of camel to human transmission of the camel coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Some other interesting patterns related to the type of animal investigated were found. Articles referring to bats and camels tend to draw citations, while articles referring to most other animal species related to coronavirus are lowly cited. Bat coronavirus is the only other virus from a non-human species in the betaB clade along with the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. MERS-CoV is in a sister betaC clade, also close to human SARS coronaviruses. Thus both species linked to high citation counts harbor coronaviruses which are more phylogenetically similar to human SARS viruses. On the other hand, feline (FIPV, FCOV) and canine coronaviruses (CCOV) are in the alpha coronavirus clade and more distant from the betaB clade with human SARS viruses. Other results include detection of apparent citation bias favouring authors with western sounding names. Equal performance of TF-IDF weights and binary word incidence matrix was observed, with the latter resulting in better interpretability. The best predictive performance was obtained with a “black-box” method—neural network. The rule-based models led to most insights, especially when coupled with text representation using semantic entity detection methods. Follow-up work should focus on the analysis of citation patterns in the context of phylogenetic trees, as well on patterns referring to DPP4, which is currently considered as a SARS-Cov-2 therapeutic target.

To Code-Switch or Not to Code-Switch: The Psychosocial Ramifications of Being Resilient Black Women Engineering and Computing Doctoral Students

ABSTRACT This qualitative study explored how 21 Black women enrolled in engineering and computing doctoral programs characterize and understand how they code-switch. We define code-switching as when Black women consciously or unconsciously modify the way they behave in engineering and computing environments to dissociate themselves from negative stereotypes held against their intersectional identities across gender and race. Utilizing Black feminist thought (BFT) as a theoretical framework, this study found that Black women experienced a host of detrimental challenges. Due to their environments, participants modified how they dressed and spoke in a conscious attempt to avoid reinforcing negative stereotypes held against Black women (i.e., the angry Black woman, the incompetent Black woman scientist, negative connotations of Black sounding names, and respectability politics of Black womanhood) and instead dispel these myths. To cope with the effects of code-switching, Black women relied heavily on their spirituality and identifying ways to reaffirm their Blackness. The implications of the findings indicate that Black women experience stress due to code-switching because of the stereotypes they encounter at the intersection of their gender and race.

Raising International Discourse Rights in Translation and Interpreting Pedagogy

This research project aims at consolidating and revitalizing translation and interpreting pedagogy with dual emphasis on the cultural soft power and international discourse rights of China via emphasizing international competitiveness. In order to realize the significant needs of the current market requirements and the new era of China, this project proposes the “ICC” interpreting training model. It refers to the combination of intercultural communication competency with international competitiveness as the teaching and learning outcomes by means of integrating the following five components in the course content and the whole curriculum design: (1) interpreting competency – bilingual competence and interpreting skill-based training; e.g., short-term memory and note-taking; (2) national value – strengthening translation and the crucial roles and responsibilities of interpreter trainers and trainees in disseminating national culture; (3) expertise of subject matters – equipping students with expertise for work field and meeting the market requirements; e.g., specific professional knowledge and jargons demanded by the tasks; (4) professional ethics and image – extra-linguistic knowledge emphasizing a translator’s and an interpreter’s professional code of conduct and ethics in a way that can establish the “iconic” image of a professional interpreter; e.g., confidentiality, posture, and appearance; (5) practical assessment – evaluation of students’ performance in practical translation and interpreting opportunities and/or internship in organizations of various natures according to international standards. This research proposes a new training model to incorporate intercultural communication competency with international competitiveness. The significant role of interpreting pedagogy in contributing to a sound national name is investigated. The new “ICC” model that this research is proposing answers such a call for the significant role of raising cultural soft power and international discourse rights in China.

Mac Giolla Phádraig Dál gCais: an ancient clan rediscovered

Y-DNA analysis of Fitzpatricks has turned traditional historical narratives of how the surname was taken on its head. The attachment of the surname Fitzpatrick to the Barons of Upper Ossory, who were supposedly the descendants of Mac Giolla Phádraig Osraí and, in turn, of an ancient Laighin (Leinster) lineage, is no longer sustainable. DNA insights and critical assessment of historical records have demonstrated that those who claim to descend from the barons have a Y-haplotype consistent with them emerging from a line of clerics out of a Norman-Irish origin ca. 1200 AD. Questions arise, therefore, regarding the origins of other large Fitzpatrick groups who, based on Y-DNA, can be shown to descend from ancient Irish. Could any of these lines descend from the Mac Giolla Phádraig Osraí of old, those of Annalistic fame? For the first time, this article introduces the Mac Giolla Phádraig Dál gCais in a scholarly narrative. Mac Giolla Phádraig Dál gCais are, unquestionably, an ancient Pátraic surname clan. But are they also a Mac Giolla Phádraig lineage that arose in Osraí in ancient times? Such a question radically disrupts traditional narratives, yet the answer is ‘maybe’ – sound historical, genealogical, and name occurrence evidence supports the view that there is no need to adhere to a singular patrimony for the Mac Giolla Phádraig Osraí and that a Dál gCais line was well positioned to have territory in Osraí and adopt Mac Giolla Phádraig as a surname. With certainty, the Mac Giolla Phádraig who are the subject of this article are Dál gCais on a genetic basis since, via their paternal haplotype, they share common ancestry with Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland. The descendants of those Mac Giolla Phádraig Dál gCais feature through ancient records for An Clár (Clare) are still found in the County, yet many derive from lines that were dispersed from their ancient An Clár homelands in the seventeenth-century. From An Clár to Oileáin Árann (Arann Islands), and Gaillimh (Galway), and – one way or another – on to Maigh Eo (Mayo), and Ros Comáin (Roscommon), they are a great and ancient Mac Giolla Phádraig Clan, who at times held much wealth, power, and influence. And some were smugglers!

Sugiharti Halim (2008): A Cinematic Portrayal of Chinese Indonesian's Ambiguous Identity

Sugiharti Halim (2008) provides a cinematic insight into the lives of Chinese Indonesians whose identities are perpetually labeled as liyan (other) in the eyes of the inlanders (pribumi). It narrates the story of Sugiharti Halim, a Chinese Indonesian girl, who struggles with her Indonesian sounding name which, instead of successfully assimilating her Chinese identity, makes her even more Chinese than before. This study aims to investigate the cinematic portrayal of Chinese Indonesian’s ambiguous identity as experienced by the female protagonist. The writer employs close textual analysis of the indie film and approaches the issue by the reading of cinematic codes (mise en scene) and the theoretical perspective of name giving developed by Watzlawik in 2016. The conflict highlited in this “indie” criticizes the position of Chinese filmmaker for being pigeoholed on the ground of their ethnicity as portrayed in most commercial films which put Chinese more as a marginalized group. Therefore, the study reveals that films have become a new means of politicizing the interest of certain ethnic group which somehow puts the Chinese Indonesians in their most vulnerable position. The study also concludes that independent films help the young Chinese filmmakers to reconnect with their Chinese heritage as they begin to pick up bits of their Chineseness which were previously miscontrued by the inherited ideals of the New Order regime.

What's in a Name? Why it is of vital importance to get the pronunciation right?

Health services across the world are on the one hand the most regulated of all professions, the workforce planning is the most advanced and the restrictions on licence to practice most stringent, especially across borders- yet the workforce is dependent on the ability of large scale movement of professionals across nation-states. The UK NHS has over 41% of its doctors and a quarter of all nurses who were born / trained overseas. This is not much different to many other advanced health systems.
 It is also recognised that patient outcomes, recruitment and retention of healthcare professionals who are in great demand depends on autonomy, job satisfaction and a sense of value, equality and a just environment.
 A fundamental tenet of equality, celebrating diversity and inclusion is how organisation or society deals with the immigrant professionals or ‘foreigners’. The ability to correctly pronounce ‘foreign’ names is one of the fundamental and most obvious demonstration of respect one accords to a fellow human.
 There is a long standing practice of transfiguring foreign sounding names to anglicised or westernized versions for ease of use. The westernization of foreign names is predominantly imposed by the dominant segments of populations on those considered inferior. There is clear evidence of social inequalities linked to one’s race, ethnicity, immigration and gender. Transfiguring one’s name is a clear example of such discrimination, microaggression and a form of bias.
 It is time that we understood the impact of such microaggressions of colleagues and our patients. It should be vital for all professionals to take the time and attention needed to get the pronunciation right and in the process understand the cultural diversity, identity and demonstrate due respect and equality. It is also imperative on those of us with foreign sounding names that we help colleagues navigate the rich heritage of our culture and identity and do so with humility. It can only then be a win-win for all.

Co łączy nazwy dźwięków ze świadomością językową?

Names of sound can be used to assess language awareness. Their psycholinguistic aspect is observed in the case of teaching small children language. The second aspect is descriptive and registering in nature, and is related to the knowledge of words. Some names of sounds take on a stylistic character and their use is sometimes assessed by others. Names of animal sounds that have a secondary reference to humans have a negative character, as do names of sounds that are used secondarily as speaking names. The sociolinguistic aspect is associated with the names of sounds typical of cer-tain backgrounds and used in a certain geographical area. The last manifestation of linguistic awareness regarding the names of sounds is related to communicative and discursive usage, i.e. applied to particular situations, persons, and a subject matter of an utterance. One can also see a manifestation of creative activity of people in the area of sound names. Artists and creative individuals not only use well-known names of sounds, but they also create completely new ones.

Naming pictures and sounds: Stimulus type affects semantic context effects.

Semantic context effects obtained in naming tasks have been most influential in devising and evaluating models of word production. We reinvestigated this effect in the frequently used blocked-cyclic naming task in which stimuli are presented repeatedly either sorted by semantic category (homogeneous context) or intermixed (heterogeneous context). Previous blocked-cyclic naming studies have shown slower picture naming responses in the homogeneous context. Our study compared this context effect in two task versions, picture naming and sound naming. Target words were identical across task versions (e.g., participants responded with the word dog to either the picture of that animal or to the sound [barking] produced by it). We found semantic interference in the homogeneous context also with sounds and the effect was substantially larger than with pictures (Experiments 1 and 2). This difference is unlikely to result from extended perceptual processing of sounds as compared with pictures (Experiments 3 and 4) or from stronger links between pictures and object names than between sounds and object names (Experiment 5). Overall, our results show that semantic context effects in blocked-cyclic naming generalize to stimulus types other than pictures and-in part-also reflect prelexical processes that depend on the nature of the stimuli used for eliciting the naming responses. This highlights the need to consider the impact of initial processing steps in naming studies when devising and evaluating theories of word production. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Changes in local brain function in mild cognitive impairment due to semantic dementia.

AimsMild cognitive impairment due to semantic dementia represents the preclinical stage, involving cognitive decline dominated by semantic impairment below the semantic dementia standard. Therefore, studying mild cognitive impairment due to semantic dementia may identify changes in patients before progression to dementia. However, whether changes in local functional activity occur in preclinical stages of semantic dementia remains unknown. Here, we explored local functional changes in patients with mild cognitive impairment due to semantic dementia using resting‐state functional MRI.MethodsWe administered a battery of neuropsychological tests to twenty‐two patients with mild cognitive impairment due to semantic dementia (MCI‐SD group) and nineteen healthy controls (HC group). We performed structural MRI to compare gray matter volumes, and resting‐state functional MRI with multiple sub‐bands and indicators to evaluate functional activity.ResultsNeuropsychological tests revealed a significant decline in semantic performance in the MCI‐SD group, but no decline in other cognitive domains. Resting‐state functional MRI revealed local functional changes in multiple brain regions in the MCI‐SD group, distributed in different sub‐bands and indicators. In the normal band, local functional changes were only in the gray matter atrophic area. In the other sub‐bands, more regions with local functional changes outside atrophic areas were found across various indicators. Among these, the degree centrality of the left precuneus in the MCI‐SD group was positively correlated with general semantic tasks (oral sound naming, word‐picture verification).ConclusionOur study revealed local functional changes in mild cognitive impairment due to semantic dementia, some of which were located outside the atrophic gray matter. Driven by functional connectivity changes, the left precuneus might play a role in preclinical semantic dementia. The study proved the value of frequency‐dependent sub‐bands, especially the slow‐2 and slow‐3 sub‐bands.

Colin Bennett Keith

Compassionate, modest and dedicated, Colin Bennett Keith was the epitome of the quiet man who served the community as a general practitioner. He was born into two families with longstanding...