Sound Mature Kernels Research Articles

Impact of Maleic Hydrazide Foliar Application on In situ Germination, Seed Yield and Seed Quality Parameters in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

In the 2023 kharif season, a field experiment was conducted at the All India Coordinated Research Project on Groundnut, Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka. The study aimed to investigate the impact of foliar application of maleic hydrazide on in situ germination, seed yield, and seed quality parameters in groundnut (cv. Dh 86). The findings indicated that foliar spray of maleic hydrazide @ 3000 ppm resulted in lower in situ germination (24.64%), higher yield attributes like pod yield per plant(9.35 g), kernel yield per plant (6.67 g), shelling percentage (71.47%), hundred seed weight(39.65 g) and sound mature kernel (96%) and lower seed quality parameters like germination (66%), root length (13.50 cm), shoot length (8.13 cm), mean seedling length(21.63 cm), seedling dry weight (332 mg) and seedling vigour index I &II (1428 & 21912) as compared to control. Indicating induction of dormancy through foliar spray of maleic hydrazide.

Assessment of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars on Yield and Yield Contributing Traits using Principal Component Analysis

Background: The breeder’s ability to identify and exploit genetic diversity at the genotypic level is essential for the success of any breeding effort. It requires evaluating various treatments for a variety of traits in order to choose parents with the greatest genetic diversity. The purpose of this research is to characterize the genetic variation among 48 groundnut accessions with 6 checks. Methods: Experiment was conducted to study groundnut genotypes for 15 varied traits such as phenological, yield attributing and biochemical ones. Data analysis for principal component analysis (PCA) is done using R software. Result: Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to investigate the principal components of variance usingtraits of study. Total variance among characters are classified into 15 principal components. Out of which first five components have eigen value greater than 1 contributing to 65.9% total variance. PC 1 alone accounted for highest variance of 16.3%, followed by PC 2 with 12.6%. PC1 explained a large amount of variation in important traits as number of mature kernels per plant, total number of kernels per plant, pod yield per plant and kernel yield per plant. PC 2 have positive influence on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of branches per plant, biological yield per plant, number of mature kernels per plant, total number of kernels per plant, sound mature kernel percentage, oil content and harvest index.

Prohexadione calcium applications increase peanut peg strength

AbstractProhexadione calcium is a growth regulator, which manages excessive vine growth in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by reducing shoot internode length. To test the effect of prohexadione calcium on peanut, a field experiment was conducted at the West Florida Research and Education Center in Jay, FL, during 2021 and 2022. The objective was to determine peanut response at different rates (untreated control, 70, 105, 140, and 175 g a.i. ha−1 of prohexadione calcium). Data were collected on yield, peg strength, above‐ and belowground biomass, plant height, and total sound mature kernels. Additionally, return on investment for prohexadione calcium application was also calculated. Prohexadione calcium application resulted in significant reduction of peanut plant height. The application rate of 105 g a.i. ha−1 resulted in significantly greater normalized difference vegetation index as compared to untreated control. Belowground, aboveground, and total biomass did not significantly differ between the 140 g a.i. ha−1 rate and untreated control. However, peanut peg strength increased significantly at the 140 g a.i. ha−1 treatment compared to the untreated control. Peanut yield ranged from 6.65 to 7.15 Mg ha−1 among different treatments; however, the differences among treatments were not significant. Similarly, the total sound mature kernels and return on investment did not differ significantly under different prohexadione calcium treatments. Considering that peanut response to prohexadione calcium is difficult to observe in small plots, it is important to test the effect of prohexadione calcium on peanut production under on‐farm large plot conditions.

Multi-phenotyping and genotyping of Spanish groundnuts from diverse crosses to identify sources of fresh seed dormancy and selection of high yielding stable genotypes

Groundnut breeding is focused on developing high-yielding Spanish–type varieties with fresh seed dormancy (to avoid sprouting). Fourteen advanced breeding lines were multi-phenotyped and genotyped for fresh seed dormancy under different germination tests. Further, the genotypes were evaluated for their performance and adaptability using GGE biplots. Thus, widely adapted genotypes were PBS 11077 and PBS 15014 for pod yield per plant (PYLP); PBS 14064 for sound mature kernels (SMKs); PBS 16023 for hundred pod weight (HPW); and PBS 11077 for hundred kernel weight (HKW). PBS 14064 and PBS 15056 (for PYLP), PBS 15056 and PBS 15022 (for SMKs), PBS 16022, PBS 16044 and PBS 14060 (for HPW) and PBS 14064, PBS 14060 and PBS 14068 (for HKW) were appropriate for a specific environment. So, the fresh dormant genotypes PBS 11077, PBS 16023, PBS 14064 and PBS 15014 performed well across all test locations and were designated as ideal in terms of fresh seed dormancy, yield, stability, and emerged as the top fresh dormant genotypes

Registration of FloRun ‘T61’ peanut

AbstractFloRun ‘T61’ (Reg. no. CV‐159, PI 700039) is a high‐oleic, runner market‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar developed by the University of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, North Florida Research and Education Center, near Marianna, FL. It resulted from a cross between ‘Georiga‐06G’ and a University of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station experimental line ‘UF12302’ and was tested under the experimental designation UF11 × 41‐HO1‐4‐1‐1 and was approved for release in 2021. FloRun ‘T61’ has a semi‐prostrate growth habit, with moderate vine size and a prominent center stem. The seed is smaller than seed of Georgia‐06G but larger than FloRun ‘331’ (67.3 g vs. 64.6 g; P < 0.0001). It yielded similarly to FloRun ‘331’ over the 4‐year period of 2017–2020 in three Florida locations (7862 kg ha−1 vs. 8068 kg ha−1), and its pod yield was slightly greater than Georgia‐06G during the 5‐year period of 2016–2020 (7680 kg ha−1 vs. 7273 kg ha−1; P = 0.0137). The total sound mature kernel grade of FloRun ‘T61’ was slightly greater than that of FloRun ‘331’ (78.6% vs. 77.7%, P < 0.025) but was similar to the total sound mature kernel grade of Georgia‐06G. FloRun ‘T61’ has high oleic oil chemistry composed of 77.1% oleic fatty acid versus 58.7% for Georgia‐06G in 2020 (P < 0.001) and 79.2% in 2021 compared with 65.7% for Georgia‐06G (P < 0.001). Over 5 years, the spotted wilt ratings of FloRun ‘T61’ (2.5) were less than for FloRun ‘331’ (4.8; P < 0.01). In summary, FloRun ‘T61’ combines excellent yield, grade, disease, and oil chemistry traits and should be beneficial to farmers and manufacturers of peanut foods.

Identification of Mutants in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) induced through Sodium Azide

The present investigation was carried out to determine the mutagenic effect of Sodium Azide on morphological traits of Kadiri-6, Gujarat Gold, Haritha Andhra and Kadiri Amaravati (Arachis hypogaea L.) in M2 generation. Pre-soaked seeds were treated with different concentrations w/v (0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.40) of sodium azide for 17 hrs at room temperature. The experiment was carried out with four doses of mutagen (sodium azide) for four different varieties along with their respective controls in the Randomized block design with three replications. The observation of growth parameters of both M1 & M2 mutants of Kadiri-6, Gujarat gold, Haritha Andhra and Kadiri Amaravati showed a significant variation in different traits such as germination percentage, survival percentage, seedling height, days to maturity, days to flowering, number of sterile plants, plant height at maturity, number of pods per plant, sound mature kernels and kernel yield per plant. Most of the traits decreased with an increase in the concentration dosage of sodium azide. The result of the study shows that sodium azide majorly affected the above-mentioned traits, it has significant influence on all the traits under study.

Stability analysis for yield and yield contributing characters in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Twenty two genotypes including two checks were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications for yield and yield components under different environments. Estimates of stability parameters revealed that none of the genotypes were stable for all characters; however the genotype ICGV-07296 possesses average stability for days to maturity and pod yield per plant, where as the genotype ICGV-98170 recorded early flowering, where as the genotype ICGV-07273 for number of mature pod per plant, ICGV-07235 and ICGV-00187 for kernel yield per plant, ICGV-07273 for oil content exhibited average stability so they were adapted to all the environments. ICGV-07296 for days to maturity, ICGV-07273 for shelling percentage, ICGV-06151 for sound mature kernel, ICGV-06150 and ICGV-07217 for pod yield per plant and ICGV-0076 for pod yield per plot showed below average stability so they were better adapted to favorable environment. Whereas the genotypes ICGV-0211, ICGV-07270 and JL-24 were found especially adapted to better environment, while the genotypes ICGV-07106 and ICGV-06138 were adapted to unfavorable or poor environment.

Stability Analysis in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) for Kernel Yield and its contributing traits

A field experiment was carried out with twenty six lines across seasons namely, summer 2020, kharif 2020 and rabi 2020-21 to study G × E interaction. The ANOVA of Eberhart and Russell model revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits which indicates the presence of substantial variation in the per se performance of all the 26 peanut genotypes. Significant differences due to environments were observed for all traits except for shelling percentage and palmitic acid content indicating that the environments in which the genotypes evaluated were quite variable. The environments + (genotypes × environments) interaction was also observed to be significant for all traits studied except for 100 seed weight and palmitic acid content indicating considerable interactions of genotypes with environments (seasons). Significant genotype × environment interactions were recorded for all traits except for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and 100 seed weight which inferred that differential performance of peanut genotypes under diverse environments. Plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of mature pods per plant, pod yield per plant, kernel yield per plant, sound mature kernel per cent and 100 seed weight were recorded higher positive values of environmental index in kharif season indicating that kharif season was congenial for most of the yield contributing traits than summer and rabi seasons. Genotypes viz., ICGV 171334, ICGV 98432 and ICGV 99105 were observed to be stable across the seasons for high pod and kernel yield in conjunction with confectionary traits like 100 seed weight, protein content and oleic linoleic acid ratio.

Estimates of Genetic Parameters For Morphological, Yield And Yield Attributes And Disease Reaction In Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.)

The cultivated Groundnut or peanut is an annual self pollinated legume crop. It is the major oilseed crop in India and in Andhra Pradesh. The genotypes viz., TCGS-1865 showed higher performance for pod yield per plant and number of mature pods per plant. TCGS-1868 performed better for shelling per cent, kernel yield per plant and 100 kernel weight. The genotype, TCGS-1858 had short stature plant type. Greeshma came to flowering early and also matured in early. TCGS-1875 had recorded more number of primary branches per plant. The genotype, TCGS-1873 had shown low incidence of 2.0% followed by TCGS-1862 (2.1%) for stem rot. Hence these genotypes were found as promising donors and these genotypes could be exploited for improvement of yield and its contributing characters in the breeding programme as donors. High heritability was recorded by days to 50% flowering, days maturity, sound mature kernel per cent and rust incidence. Higher genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for number of secondary branches per plant, number of mature pods per plant, 100 pod weight, 100-kernel weight, late leaf spot disease, rust disease, stem rot, kernel yield per plan and pod yield per plant indicating that the effect of environment is least in expression of these characters.

Confectionery Groundnut Genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.): A Study on Genetic Variability Parameters with Special Reference to Confectionery Traits Improvement

Diverse groundnut parents were used to generate 36 advanced breeding lines to develop into a confectionery genotype for yield, quality, and main biotic stress. Groundnut use is increasing in both food and confectionary due to the steady change in groundnut consumption patterns. Advanced breeding lines evaluated in randomized complete block design including parents and checks during kharif and summer, 2021 respectively. High genetic variability (%) and heritability (%) observed for hundred seed weight (21.08 & 86.34), pod yield per plant (25.37 & 87.66), pod yield (31.63 & 83.71), late leaf spot (32.71 & 79.16), rust disease (39.86 & 87.06), oil content (2.55 & 79.60), Blanchability (18.76 & 97.00), oleic acid (8.52 & 72.90), linoleic acid (16.32 & 73.40) and O/L ratio (24.64 & 73.60) respectively. The correlation between hundred seed weight, sound mature kernels, shelling percentage and pod yield per plant with kernel yield showed positive association. Rust and LLS disease revealed a high positive connection indicating that an increase in late leaf spot disease incidence enhances the incidence of rust disease and vice versa in groundnut. Substantial negative association was found between two crucial quality parameters such as oil content and protein content, as these two characteristics determine the quality of groundnut for confectionary purposes. Path analysis indicates kernel yield had the greatest direct positive effect on pod yield, followed by seed weight, oil content and sound mature kernel and direct selection for these characteristics would be effective. The path analysis of quality attributes revealed that at the genotypic level, oil content, protein content, and O/L ratio have the most direct effect on hundred seed weight.

Validation of yield associated molecular markers in a groundnut minicore collection

Groundnut is one of the world's most significant commercial oilseed crops. Previously, superior breeding lines and cultivars were primarily employed in most of the groundnut breeding programmes, resulting in a limited genetic base. A thorough evaluation of core collections makes it possible to access germplasm for crop development. A total of 184 mini core genotypes of groundnut were used for validating already reported 55 AhTE molecular markers (Arachis hypogaea transposable element) in the present study (6 AhTE markers for number of primary branches, 5 for plant height, 7 for pod yield per plant, 12 for number of pods per plant, 2 for shelling percentage, 12 for test weight, 9 for sound mature kernel weight percentage and 2 for oil content). Phenotyping was done during kharif 2018 (June to October) and twelve yield related parameters were recorded across 184 genotypes. Single marker analysis indicated a significant association of 40 markers (48 MTAs) at 5% probability level. Amongst these 48 MTAs, 39 MTAs exhibited utmost marker-trait associations with PVE estimate greater than 10%. Yield related AhTE markers validated in the present study might be used as viable tools for marker aided groundnut breeding for yield and yield-related parameters.

Assessment of genetic diversity for yield and yield contributing traits in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Thirty-three advanced breeding lines of peanut were evaluated during kharif, 2019 using Mahalanobis D2 statistics for 19 characters including physiological, yield and quality traits and were grouped into nine clusters, where cluster IV was the largest containing 11 genotypes followed by cluster III and II with 8 and 7 genotypes respectively. Highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster VII and IX (118.10) followed by cluster V and VI (113.29) and cluster V and IX (106.42), respectively. The maximum intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster IV (31.37) followed by cluster III (20.11) and II (13.17). Hundred kernel weight contributed maximum towards genetic divergence followed by sound mature kernel (%), specific leaf area at 45 DAS, oil content and plant height. The crosses viz., TCGS-2141 × TCGS-2117, Narayani × TCGS-1887, Narayani × TCGS-2117, Narayani × TCGS-2111 and TCGS-1887 × TCGS-2141 could be recommended to get desirable transgressive segregants for physiological, yield and quality traits.

Estimation of Genetic Variability Parameters and Parent-offspring Correlation, Regression in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Genetic variability is major component which helps in selecting better genotypes under different environmental conditions, with this aim an experiment was conducted to understand the genetic potential, heritability, genetic advance and traits association of yield contributing characters for F6 and F7 families derived from the cross GKVK-6 × KCG-2 at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore in an augmented block design along with three checks viz., TMV-2, KCG-6 and KCG-2 during summer and Kharif 2017. Results from analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that highly significant differences were observed for all the characters studied. High genetic variability was observed for major yield contributing characters like the number of pods per plant (g), pod yield (g), kernel yield per plant (g), SMK% (sound mature kernel per cent), SCMR (SPAD chlorophyll meter reading) and SLA (specific leaf area) (cm2/g). Narrow difference between GCV (genotypic coefficient of variation) and PCV (phenotypic coefficient of variation) was observed for pods per plant, pod yield, SCMR and SLA and high heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance per cent mean was recorded for pod yield, SCMR and SLA indicating the involvement of additive gene action in controlling these traits. Three superior families were noticed with more pods plant-1, high pod yield plant-1, high kernel yield-1, high shelling (%), high SMK (%), high SCMR value, and low SLA value. Further, these superior families also revealed the presence of high parent offspring regression and intergeneration correlation, implying increased efficiency of selection for most of the traits considered and these were identified to be the important characters that could be used in selection for yield Keywords: GCV, PCV, Heritability, GAM, water use efficiency, Groundnut.

Registration of ‘Georgia‐SP/RKN’ peanut

Abstract‘Georgia‐SP/RKN’ (Reg. no. CV‐151, PI 700991), is a high‐yielding, large‐seeded spanish market type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar with high total sound mature kernel percentage, high oleic to linoleic fatty acid ratio, high level of resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (Family Tospoviridae, genus Orthotospovirus), and full resistance to root‐knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal)]. Georgia‐SP/RKN was released in 2021 by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station and was developed and tested as GA 082549R‐2 at the University of Georgia's Coastal Plains Experiment Station at the Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA. Georgia‐SP/RKN exhibits pod yields similar to ‘Georgia‐04S’ and ‘Georgia‐17SP’, and pod yields are consistently higher than other commercially available spanish cultivars in the southeastern United States. High grade quality and the added benefit of root‐knot nematode resistance could make this high‐oleic spanish market‐type cultivar a good fit for the confectionary market.

Registration of ‘Naronut 1R’ groundnut

Abstract‘Naronut 1R’ (Reg. no. CV‐150, PI 693985) is a high‐yielding, Spanish‐type groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. fastigiata var. vulgaris) cultivar with a red seed coat and two seeds per pod. The cultivar was selected from a cross between International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐arid Tropics advanced lines ‘ICGV‐SM 90704’ and ‘ICGV‐SM 86715’. Naronut 1R was developed for groundnut rosette disease resistance, late leafspot resistance, yield, red seed coat, and early maturity. Naronut 1R matures in 75–80 d after planting, compared with 90 d for the widely grown and popular landrace Erudu red (Spanish‐type groundnut). Naronut 1R has much higher yields (1,473 kg ha−1) than Erudu red (554 kg ha−1). The overall groundnut rosette disease rating was 44% lower in Naronut 1R (2.8 disease rating) compared with Erudu red (5.0 disease rating). Similarly, the overall late leafspot disease rating was 28% lower in Naronut 1R (3.6 disease rating) compared with Erudu red (5.0 disease rating). Similar to Erudu red, Naronut 1R seed testa is red, but the seed is larger. The sound mature kernel weight was 9.42% higher for Naronut 1R than for Erudu red. The shelling percentage for Naronut 1 was 49.3%, whereas Erudu red was 60%. Naronut 1R has lower protein (18.1 vs. 21.3%) and oil content (36.0 vs. 44.3%) than Erudu red. Naronut 1R will allow for broad adoption of a high yielding, early maturing, red seed coat cultivar that carries resistance to groundnut rosette disease and late leaf spot disease.

Registration of ‘Comrade’ peanut

Abstract‘Comrade’ (Reg. no. CV‐149, PI 698820) is a large‐seeded, high‐oleic, virginia‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) with enhanced pod size distribution and seed size compared with the virginia‐type cultivar ‘Contender’. Released jointly by the USDA‐ARS and North Carolina State University in 2021, Comrade (tested as N15022olEJ and NCEX17) is a high‐oleic virginia breeding line resulting from a selection made from the cross N06007E/3/X05248(BC1F1:F04), Bailey//X05027 (F01), Bailey/N02060ol. Comrade had an average pod yield of 5,260 kg ha–1, a total sound mature kernel (TSMK) of 69%, a sound mature kernel (SMK) weight of 97 g 100 seed–1, and 62% extra‐large kernels (ELKs), giving it the highest estimated value per hectare among the virginia‐type cultivars tested in Oklahoma for 2018–2020. When entered in the national Uniform Peanut Performance Test, Comrade performed well in all locations, averaging 5,235 kg ha–1, 84% fancy pods, 44% ELKs, an SMK weight of 103 g 100 seed–1, and a TSMK of 68%. Comrade's average super jumbo pod count per kilogram and average pod brightness score were reported at 317 kg–1 (9 per ounce) and 50, respectively, indicating large, bright pods, which are necessary components of any market‐worthy virginia‐type cultivar. Comrade consistently averaged 47–50% super jumbo pods across locations in Oklahoma and nationwide trials. This significant increase in the percentage of super‐jumbo pods compared with currently grown cultivars will increase growers’ profits and enable producers in the southwestern United States to increase participation in the foreign export market.

Registration of ‘Georgia‐21GR’ peanut

Abstract‘Georgia‐21GR’ (Reg. no. CV‐148, PI 699897) is a high‐yielding, normal to mid‐oleic, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (Family Tospoviridae, Order Bunyavirales)‐resistant, medium‐large seeded, runner‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar that was released by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations in 2021. It was developed at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Georgia‐21GR originated from a cross made between a Georgia runner‐type cultivar, ‘Georgia‐10T’, and GA 062711, an advanced runner‐type Georgia breeding line. Pedigree selection was practiced within the early‐segregating generations. Performance testing began in the F4:6 generation with the advanced pure‐line selection GA 142513, which was the experimental designation of Georgia‐21GR. During 6 yr (2015–2020) averaged over 20 multilocation tests in Georgia, Georgia‐21GR had significantly higher total sound mature kernels grade and lower seed weight compared with ‘Georgia‐06G’. Georgia‐21GR is most similar to Georgia‐06G and should be considered another excellent cultivar for a normal to mid‐oleic option in the U.S. peanut production area.

Pod Yield Production Among Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars in South Carolina

The objective of this work was to compare peanut yield production potential for runner and Virginia market type cultivars in South Carolina. Cultivar selection decisions are integrally linked to pod yield production potential of a planted field and are often based on available historic and recent yield data. To aid farmers in this process, 24 and 27 field experiments were conducted in South Carolina between 2015 and 2020 for runner and Virginia type cultivars, respectively, to examine yield production potential. Top grouping runner type cultivars consisted of Georgia-16HO, FloRun 331, TUFRunner 297, and Georgia-12Y. Virginia type cultivars within the statistical grouping with the greatest yield included Walton and Bailey II. Total sound mature kernels among runner type cultivars was greatest for Georgia-16HO and Georgia-06G, followed by TUFRunner 297, Georgia-14N, TUFRunner 511, and Georgia-18RU. Virginia type cultivars did not significantly vary with regard to total sound mature kernels in this study. Results generated from this work may be useful as a reference to help inform cultivar selection decisions.

Response to Drought Stress in a Subset of the U.S. Peanut Mini-core Evaluated in Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia

In many parts of the world, limited water and climate change are significant challenges to the future of peanut production, and much work remains in developing heat- and drought-tolerant cultivars. To this end, we evaluated 21 accessions of the U.S. peanut mini-core under water-limited conditions in 2018 and 2019 in Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia. These accessions were identified as potentially exhibiting phenotypic extremes for ten drought stress traits, and therefore may be useful for identifying genetic markers associated with drought tolerance. Results indicated that plant wilting and paraheliotropism (leaf folding) were less affected by genotype by environment interactions than SCMR (SPAD chlorophyll meter readings), flower counts, yield, TSMK (total sound mature kernels), and seed weight. No differences among genotypes were observed with canopy temperature, canopy temperature depression, or NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index). Paraheliotropism was moderately correlated (|r| = 0.40 to 0.52, P < 0.01) with SCMR and flower counts in the Southwest; SCMR was also correlated with yield and TSMK (r = 0.48, P < 0.01). Despite environmental differences between subhumid Virginia and the semiarid Southwest, the locations shared genotypes at the extremes for most traits. This information may be useful for future studies by highlighting traits associated with drought tolerance that may be more stable in different production environments, as well as divergent genotypes for those traits.

General Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Field Resistance among Spanish and Valencia Market Type Peanut Cultivars.

During 2016 through 2020, field tests were conducted to determine general Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistance among seven spanish and seven valencia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars. These tests were planted early in April each year to enhance tomato spotted wilt (TSW) disease pressure at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. TSW disease incidence was first assessed at about midseason (60 DAP), and total disease (TD) incidence which was primarily TSW was again assessed prior to digging. The five-year average results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) among the spanish-type cultivars. The lowest TSW and TD incidence was found with the TSWV-resistant spanish cultivar, ‘Georgia-17SP’. This cultivar also produced the highest pod yield, total sound mature kernel (TSMK) grade, and gross dollar value returns per hectare. The five-year average results among the valencia-type cultivars also showed significant differences. The lowest TSW and TD incidence was found with the moderately TSWV-resistant valencia cultivar ‘Georgia-Val/HO’. This cultivar also produced the highest pod yield, TSMK grade, and dollar value return. These new Georgia cultivars are not the traditional spanish and valencia-types; however, pod and seed traits meet or exceed the criteria for each market type, respectively.