Sorting Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Graphene‐Based Nanomaterials are a Potent and Innovative Technology for the Treatment of Cancer: A Review

AbstractCancer is prevailing around the world and so does its mortality rates. Conventionally used therapies have some adverse effects as they are not entirely accurate, leading researchers and investigators to explore new ways and materials. They are constantly looking into ways that can effectively cure this malicious disease and in this effort, they came across new smart materials labeled as nanoparticles (NPs). In between various sorts of nanoparticles, only graphene‐based nanomaterials (GBNMs) shine because of their particular chemical structure and properties. They have high drug loading capacity, can easily target specific tissues, and can be easily functionalized according to the stage and other factors for a patient. Several researches and trials have been executed on animal models to check the potency of these nanoparticles proving them revolutionary in the medical domain, especially for combating cancer. Through this review, we evaluate the experiments conducted by scientists in an effort to devise a platform based on graphene nanoparticles for curing cancer efficiently by using single or multiple therapeutic approaches.

The applications of GNPs and SNPs in medical implant

Nanomaterials have been widely utilized in medical implant. This review demonstrates a number of applications of GNPs (gold nanoparticles) and SNPs (silver nanoparticles) in medical implants, including three main aspects, which are dentistry, orthopaedics and soft tissue. Nanomaterials are also known as ultrafine particle materials. Nanomaterials are composed of particles with a size range of 1 ~ 100nm. They are usually in the transition region of the interface between atomic clusters and macroscopic objects. Subsequently, the differences and identities between the applications of two sorts of nanoparticles are compared, along with advantages and limits accordingly and respectively. GNPs are more utilized according to their stability, biocompatibility, coordination functions and promotion mechanism in the human body, while SNPs are more used according to, most significantly antibacterial properties, biocompatibility and coordination functions. And this may path pave the way for those who need to generally decide which nanoparticle is more suitable when it comes to a certain field of medical implant.

Nanotechnology's Applications and Potential in Various Fields.

Since ancient times, several sorts of nanoparticles have been employed in the quickly expanding field of nanotechnology. These features include size, shape, and chemical as well as physical properties.Because of their small size and huge surface area, carbon-based nanoparticles, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, and carbon-based quantum dots, have attracted a lot of attention in a variety of sectors, including biomedical applications. Lipid bilayers form the spherical vesicles known as liposomes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents are iron oxide nanoparticles. These materials are perfect for drug and delivery of genes, bioimaging, and bone repair because of their remarkable mechanical, electrical, visual, and chemical properties. However, concerns about potential asbestos-related diseases have arisen due to their length-to-width aspect ratio. Ceramic nanoparticles, on the other hand, are a common material in daily life and play a crucial role in bone repair, multiscale hybridisation, and aerospace structures. These nanoparticles can enhance osseointegration and bone development by mimicking the nanocomposition and nanoscale characteristics of bone tissue and enhance osteoconductive and osteoinductive capacities. Ceramic nanoparticles, however, have the potential to generate oxidative stress, which can result in irritation of the reticuloendothelial system, cytotoxicity to the heart, liver, and lungs, as well as toxicity to the cells that are attached. Additionally, oxidative stress, cell damage, and genotoxicity might result from the generation of free radicals by ceramic nanoparticles. Metal nanoparticles exhibit linear optical properties similar to molecular systems but arise from a different physical process. Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) are made from various compounds, such as silicon and germanium. Polyandry nanoparticles are particles approximately 10 and 10000 nanometers (nm) in size that can contain active substances. They have applications in vaccine delivery, gene therapy, and polymer nanoparticles (nanomedicine) for therapeutic applications.

Gradient-induced long-range optical pulling force based on photonic band gap

Optical pulling provides a new degree of freedom in optical manipulation. It is generally believed that long-range optical pulling forces cannot be generated by the gradient of the incident field. Here, we theoretically propose and numerically demonstrate the realization of a long-range optical pulling force stemming from a self-induced gradient field in the manipulated object. In analogy to potential barriers in quantum tunnelling, we use a photonic band gap design in order to obtain the intensity gradients inside a manipulated object placed in a photonic crystal waveguide, thereby achieving a pulling force. Unlike the usual scattering-type optical pulling forces, the proposed gradient-field approach does not require precise elimination of the reflection from the manipulated objects. In particular, the Einstein-Laub formalism is applied to design this unconventional gradient force. The magnitude of the force can be enhanced by a factor of up to 50 at the optical resonance of the manipulated object in the waveguide, making it insensitive to absorption. The developed approach helps to break the limitation of scattering forces to obtain long-range optical pulling for manipulation and sorting of nanoparticles and other nano-objects. The developed principle of using the band gap to obtain a pulling force may also be applied to other types of waves, such as acoustic or water waves, which are important for numerous applications.

On chip all-optical distinguishing of independently placed distinct types of single Rayleigh particle

In order to determine whether a particle is plasmonic, dielectric, or chiral, different complex processes and chemicals are applied in lab setups and pharmaceutical industries. Sorting or categorizing a particle based on distinct optical forces can be a novel technique. When a beam of light interacts with a particle, it usually pushes the particle in the direction of the light's propagation. Counterintuitively, it can also pull the particle toward the light beam or move it toward a lateral direction. As far as we know, to date, no comprehensive report exists regarding a single optical arrangement capable of inducing entirely distinct behaviors of force for three disparate types of independently placed single Rayleigh particle. This study introduces an all-optical technique aimed at effectively sorting nanoscale Rayleigh-sized objects employing a plasmonic substrate, when each distinct type of single particle is placed over the substrate independently. Unfortunately, this proposed technique does not work for the cluster or mixture of distinct particles. In our proposed configuration, a simple linearly polarized plane wave is incident onto the plasmonic substrate, thereby engendering completely different responses from three different types of nanoparticles: Gold (plasmonic), SiO2 (dielectric), and Chiral particles. We conducted individual tests for our setup using linearly polarized plane waves at angles of 30-degree, 45-degree, and 60-degree individually. Consistent results were obtained across all angles. In each of the three distinct setups involving the aforementioned particle, a dielectric Rayleigh particle experiences an optical pulling force, a plasmonic Rayleigh particle experiences an optical pushing force, and a chiral Rayleigh particle encounters an optical lateral force. These distinctive force behaviors manifest as a result of the intricate interplay between the material properties of the nanoparticles and the characteristics of the plane-polarized beam, encompassing aspects such as plasmonic response, chirality, and refractive index. Moreover, this technique presents an environmentally sustainable and economically viable alternative to the utilization of expensive and potentially hazardous chemicals in nanoparticle sorting processes within industrial domains.

High-throughput sorting of nanoparticles with light-patterned dielectrophoresis force

We present a size-based sorting method for nanoparticles in microfluidics with the aid of light-patterned dielectrophoresis (DEP) force. In a microfluidic channel, we have succeeded in manipulating a random distribution of particles into a single stream with the DEP force as well as the hydrodynamic force, and more strikingly, the trajectory of particles is found to be size-dependent, implicating that we can precisely separate nanoparticles based on their sizes even if they are identical in mass. We have numerically predicted the behavior of sorting nanoparticles, emphasizing on the size, velocity and electrical permittivity, so as to know their influences on the effective sorting, particularly in terms of high throughput. Our work confirms that what we believe to be the novel manipulation of nanoparticles features its flexibility as well as high throughput.

Precise size sorting of nanoparticles by bound states in the continuum in a dual finite grating.

We consider two parallel dielectric gratings (dual grating) which support accidental bound states in the continuum (BICs) mostly localized between gratings. As distinctive to true periodical BICs in an infinite dual grating, the enveloping intensity of quasi-BICs in a finite dual grating behaves as a standing wave. That behavior is a key property to trap nanoparticles into selected cells of the dual grating sorted by sizes of nanoparticles dragged by liquid flowing between gratings. For excitation of quasi-BIC with high quality factor by an electromagnetic plane wave with normal incidence and power 1 mW/µm2 we show high efficiency of sorting of nanoparticles by sizes.

Size-selective optical trapping of nanoparticles with bound states in the continuum

We consider a waveguide with a symmetrically integrated silicon cylinder. This design supports a symmetry protected bound state in the continuum (BIC) with Q-factor controlled by slight displacement of the cylinder. When excited by a TE10 electromagnetic wave, the BIC leads to giant optical forces near the cylinder. These forces have a strong impact on nanoparticles being dragged by liquid flow over the waveguide as they approach the cylinder. At the same time, the nanoparticles perturb the resonant frequency of the BIC with a value proportional to their volume and proximity to the cylinder. Therefore, the interplay between the resonant width of the BIC and the nanoparticle frequency perturbation determines the positions of the nanoparticles trapped around the cylinder. This paradigm demonstrates resonant self-trapping and sorting of nanoparticles by size through BIC excitation. We highlight the extreme sensitivity of these effects to the frequency of the injected TE wave. Additionally, we show that these results remain valid when considering the finite conductivity of metal waveguides.

Investigation of improved heat transport featuring in dissipative ternary nanofluid over a stretched wavy cylinder under thermal slip

Purposeand Methodology: The heat transport investigation in non-Newtonian fluids suspended by distinct sort of nanoparticles is a rich motive in the present time. Therefore, inspired by the physical characteristics of base fluid and ternary nanoparticles (Al2O3-CuO-Cu), a comprehensive analysis conducted over a cylinder with wavy radius with special emphasis in Saddle and Nodal points. The key effects of dissipation, the first order thermal slip, surface convection and stretching/shrinking added in the model. The acquired model is then examined via RK-scheme and portrayed the results against the physical ranges of the parameters. Key findingsA comprehensive discussion of the results provided that the nanofluid velocity increased for higher Casson number (α=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0) and is examined optimum for stretched cylinder surface. The higher viscous dissipation which results the effects of Eckert number (Ec=0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04), surface convection due to Biot number (B1=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4) and the first order thermal slip (α1=0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7) are the key physical factors to acquire the favorable heat transfer amount for the practical interest. Further, the particles concentration in the range of 1%–6% is observed good to increase the heat transmission in ternary nanoliquid and the values of effective characteristics (dynamics viscosity and thermal conductivity) upsurges against the concentration factor up to 6%.

Graphene-based optofluidic tweezers for refractive-index and size-based nanoparticle sorting, manipulation, and detection

This work proposes a novel design composed of graphene nanoribbons-based optofluidic tweezers to manipulate and sort bio-particles with radii below 2.5 nm. The suggested structure has been numerically investigated by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method employing Maxwell's stress tensor analysis (MST). The finite element method (FEM) has been used to obtain the electrostatic response of the proposed structure. The tweezer main path is a primary channel in the center of the structure, where the microfluidic flow translates the nanoparticle toward this channel. Concerning the microfluid's drag force, the nanoparticles tend to move along the length of the main channel. The graphene nanoribbons are fixed near the main channel at different distances to exert optical forces on the moving nanoparticles in the perpendicular direction. In this regard, sub-channels embedding in the hBN layer on the Si substrate deviate bio-particles from the main path for particular nanoparticle sizes and indices. Intense hotspots with electric field enhancements up to 900 times larger than the incident light are realized inside and around the graphene ribbons. Adjusting the gap distance between the graphene nanoribbon and the main channel allows us to separate the individual particle with a specific size from others, thus guiding that in the desired sub-channel. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in a structure with a large gap between channels, particles experience weak field intensity, leading to a low optical force that is insufficient to detect, trap, and manipulate nanoparticles. By varying the chemical potential of graphene associated with the electric field intensity variations in the graphene ribbons, we realized tunability in sorting nanoparticles while structural parameters remained constant. In fact, by adjusting the graphene Fermi level via the applied gate voltage, nanoparticles with any desired radius will be quickly sorted. Moreover, we exhibited that the proposed structure could sort nanoparticles based on their refractive indices. Therefore, the given optofluidic tweezer can easily detect bio-particles, such as cancer cells and viruses of tiny size.

Photonic Hook with Modulated Bending Angle Formed by Using Triangular Mesoscale Janus Prisms

In this study, we propose a novel design of triangular mesoscale Janus prisms for the generation of the long photonic hook. Numerical simulations based on the finite-difference time-domain method are used to examine the formation mechanism of the photonic hook. The electric intensity distributions near the micro-prisms are calculated for operation at different refractive indices and spaces of the two triangular micro-prisms. The asymmetric vortices of intensity distributions result in a long photonic hook with a large bending angle. The length and the bending angle of the photonic hook are efficiently modulated by changing the space between the two triangular micro-prisms. Moreover, the narrow width of the photonic hook is achieved beyond the diffraction limit. The triangular Janus micro-prisms have high potential for practical applications in optical tweezers, nanoparticle sorting and manipulation and photonic circuits.

Self-induced backaction in optical waveguides.

In this paper, we study the backaction effect on the force exerted upon Rayleigh particles in guided structures. We show that the backaction becomes stronger as the group velocity of the guided modes is decreased, which is not unexpected since the fall of group velocity increases the interaction time between the particle and the electromagnetic field. Interestingly, the sign of the group velocity affects the pushing and pulling nature of the exerted electromagnetic force. We specifically investigate the case of a single mode optical waveguide both in the propagating and evanescent regimes, and show that the backaction enables us to enhance the ratio of the potential depth to the trapping intensity, and thereby can be a beneficial tool for nondestructive trapping of small nanoparticles. We further show that backaction can induce some resonances in the optical force in the evanescent regime. These resonances can be employed for sorting of nanoparticles.

Self-trapping of nanoparticles by bound states in the continuum

In the first tutorial part of the paper, we show that equilibrium positions of small dielectric particles inside the Fabry-Perot resonator (FPR) are sensitive to a frequency of incident electromagnetic wave and size of particle. That elucidates basic principles of resonant trapping of nanoparticles by excitation of high-$Q$ resonances of FPR. In the second part, we consider a long dielectric cylinder with submicron radius (primary cylinder) integrated into a metallic waveguide which supports symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum (BICs). We consider the case of a slightly shifted cylinder relative to the axis of symmetry of a waveguide that controls the $Q$ factor of quasi-BIC. Then, the extra nanoparticle perturbs quasi-BIC as dependent on the size of the nanoparticle and position relative to the primary cylinder. An interplay between the resonant width of quasi-BIC and a degree of frequency perturbation defines whether a dragging nanoparticle is terminated at a surface of the primary cylinder for an ultrasmall size of nanoparticles or at the definite distances from the cylinder for the larger size of nanoparticles. Thereby, we demonstrate a paradigm of resonant self-trapping and sorting of nanoparticles by use of quasi-BICs. We also show extremal sensitivity of self-trapping to the frequency of an electromagnetic (EM) wave propagating over waveguide.

Time to Conquer Fungal Infectious Diseases: Employing Nanoparticles as Powerful and Versatile Antifungal Nanosystems against a Wide Variety of Fungal Species

The development of novel antifungal agents and, in particular, the widespread use of these medications over the course of the past two decades, has had a significant impact on the treatment of fungal infectious diseases. This has resulted in a complete transformation of the treatment of fungal infectious diseases. However, the widespread development of antibiotic resistance has masked the significance of such breakthroughs. Antifungal infection treatment with nanoparticles has been shown to be effective. As a result of their unique characteristics, these substances, in contrast to antibiotics in their purest form, are able to exhibit an increased anti-proliferative capacity while requiring a lower concentration than traditional drugs do in order to achieve the same effect. Decreased drug effectiveness, minimal tissue penetration throughout tissue, restricted tissue penetration, decreased bioavailability, poor drug pharmacokinetics, and low water solubility are some of the major factors contributing to the employment of antifungal medicines in delivery systems. Because of this, one of the primary goals of incorporating antifungal medications into varying sorts of nanoparticles is to reduce the negative effects of the drugs’ inherent qualities. This article provides an overview of the many types of nanoparticles, such as metal, metal oxide, and non-metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanofibers, antifungal peptides, composites, and ZnO quantum dots, that can be used as antifungal drug delivery systems, as well as the benefits that these nanomaterials have over purified medications.

Significance of SWCNTs and MWCNTs on the dynamics of hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching surface

In this article, the hybrid nanofluid flow across the hot substrate of a heated sink coated with an open-cell metallic foam is explored to increase the rate of heat transfer. Two sorts of nanoparticles are considered to be specific MWCNT and SWCNT taking water as the base liquid. Tiny particles are examined because of their remarkable properties, such as exceptional thermal conductance, which is important in modern nano-technology, cooling systems, material sciences, and electronic parts. The primary goal of this extensive study is to improve heat transportation. The mathematical equations for the considered flow are the Navier–Stokes equations in the form of the Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheirmer model. Using similarity variables, a system of PDEs is converted into a system of dimensionless ODEs. The subsequent ODEs are settled by utilizing the numerical technique bvp4c in MATLAB. The significant results are presented with the guide of figures and tables. From this analysis, it is observed that the Xue model has a larger heat transport rate than the Yamada–Ota and Tiwari–Das models. Furthermore, the Xue model achieves a higher skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number values than the Yamada–Ota and Tiwari–Das models.

Optical pulling and pushing forces via Bloch surface waves

For flexible tailoring of optical forces, as well as for extraordinary optomechanical effects, additional degrees of freedom should be introduced into a system. Here, we demonstrate that photonic crystals are a versatile platform for optical manipulation due to both Bloch surface waves (BSWs) and the complex character of the reflection coefficient paving a way for controlled optomechanical interactions. We demonstrate enhanced pulling and pushing transversal optical forces acting on a single dipolar bead above a one-dimensional photonic crystal due to directional excitation of BSWs. Our results demonstrate angle- or wavelength-assisted switching between BSW-induced optical pulling and pushing forces. Easy to fabricate for any desired spectral range, photonic crystals are shown to be prospective for precise optical sorting of nanoparticles, which are difficult to sort with conventional optomechanical methods. Our approach opens opportunities for novel, to the best of our knowledge, optical manipulation schemes and platforms, and enhanced light-matter interaction in optical trapping setups.

Nanogap Electrode-Enabled Versatile Electrokinetic Manipulation of Nanometric Species in Fluids.

Noninvasive manipulation of nanoscopic species in liquids has attracted considerable attention due to its potential applications in diverse fields. Many sophisticated methodologies have been developed to control and study nanoscopic entities, but the low-power, cost-effective, and versatile manipulation of nanometer-sized objects in liquids remains challenging. Here, we present a dielectrophoretic (DEP) manipulation technique based on nanogap electrodes, with which the on-demand capturing, enriching, and sorting of nano-objects in microfluidic systems can be achieved. The dielectrophoretic control unit consists of a pair of swelling-induced nanogap electrodes crossing a microchannel, generating a steep electric field gradient and thus strong DEP force for the effective manipulation of nano-objects microfluidics. The trapping, enriching, and sorting of nanoparticles and DNAs were performed with this device to demonstrate its potential applications in micro/nanofluidics, which opens an alternative avenue for the non-invasive manipulation and characterization of nanoparticles such as DNA, proteins, and viruses.

Quantum Control of Nanoparticles at Low Temperature

In this work, quantum control of nanoparticles at low temperature s considered. It would be quite interesting for scientists and researchers to take the well known nanoparticles at the scale of 10􀀀9m(=1nm) as they are at proper low temperature. It is desired to create Bose-Einstein-Condensates (BEC) with the nanoparticles. In our former study (cf. [Wang, 2016]) of controlling nanoparticle, the density function theory (DFT) described by time-dependent Schr¨odinger equation had been utilized to apply control theory to nanoparticles at matter surface. In the framework of Thomas-Fermi (TF) model, nanoparticles governed quantum system had been considered in the complex Hilbert spaces. In this investigation, the factor of temperature is taken account into time dependent Schr¨odinger equation. First, physically, a lot of questions will be arising in here for the control purpose of BEC phenomena of low temperature. Such as, whether BEC can be created using nanoparticles? what can the nanoparticles do at low temperature? which differences have for the nanoparticles BEC than other size particles? how control would be proceeded for nanoparticles at magnetic-electric field? Second, theoretically, how to apply of quantum control theory to nanoparticles BEC in the framework of variational theory? Then, how to get the first hand theoretic results to do nanoparticles control at low temperature. Review current contributed work and literatures, the survey of control Bose-Einstein-Condenstates had been occurred at amount of areas and had obtained significant milestone results as atomic particles (e.g. 87Rb, 7Li, 23Na,52Cr, 39K) cooling to temperature below of BEC thresholds. Indeed, the behavior of nanoparticles at the room temperature had also been considered, and had already been created to Carbon (C) nanotube, nanowire, nanomotor, nanorod as advanced materials. Particularly, the focus point is nanoparticles at low temperature, what is happened? the exciting and attractive conclusion will be hoped in this paper. As a kind of prediction, this theoretical research for control of nanoparticles would be fairly interesting, the control theory could be applied to these sort of nanoparticles perfectly. Without lost of generality, the nanoparticles composed BEC will be much more useful and can be quickly utilized to real society in the world. It is good to connect these researches to chemical and physical laboratory, and to do further interdisciplinary work concerning the control of quantum system.

On-chip trapping and sorting of nanoparticles using a single slotted photonic crystal nanobeam cavity

In this work, we propose a slotted photonic crystal nanobeam cavity (PCNC) to trap and sort the 120 nm and 30 nm nanoparticles. The simulation shows that the maximum optical trapping force of the 120 nm particle is 38.7 pN/mW, and that of the 30 nm particle is 10.8pN/mW. It is calculated that the trapping threshold power of the 120 nm particle is 35.3µW, and that of the 30 nm particle is 41.6 µW. Because the width of the slot is 100 nm, when the input power is between 35.3 µW and 41.6 µW, only the 120 nm particle can be trapped in the upper cladding of the slotted-PCNC. When the input power is greater than 41.6 µW, the 120nm particle is still trapped in the upper cladding of the slotted-PCNC, while the 30 nm particle is trapped inside the slot of the slotted-PCNC. By properly controlling the input power and the direction of flow in the microfluidic channel, the sorting of particles can be achieved. In addition, trapping of the particles causes different redshifts of peak wavelengths. Thus, the proposed slotted-PCNC can detect particle trapping and sorting by monitoring the resonant wavelength shifts. What is the most important, compared with previous reported single particle trapping work, is that the proposed work can realize both trapping and sorting. Therefore, provided with the ultra-compact footprint and excellent performance, the proposed slotted-PCNC shows great potential for a multifunctional lab-on-a-chip system.

A Parametric Analysis of the Effect of Hybrid Nanoparticles on the Flow Field and Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Reaction between Squeezing Plates

Different strategies have been utilized by investigators with the intention of upgrading the thermal characteristics of ordinary liquids like water and kerosene oil. The focus is currently on hybrid nanomaterials since they are more efficient than nanofluids, so as to increase the thermal conductivity of fluids and mixtures. In a similar manner, this investigation is performed with the aim of breaking down the consistent mixed convection flow close to a two-dimensional unstable flow between two squeezing plates with homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction in the presence of hybrid nanoparticles of the porous medium. A sustainable suspension in the ethylene glycol with water is set by dissolving inorganic substances, iron oxide Fe 3 O 4 and cobalt (Co), to form Fe 3 O 4 − Co / C 2 H 6 O 2 − H 2 O hybrid nanofluid. The numerical and analytical model portraying the fluid flow has been planned, and similitude conditions have been determined with the assistance of the same transformations. The shooting technique has been used to solve nonlinear numerical solution. To check the validity of the results obtained from the shooting mode, the Matlab built-in function BVP4c and Mathematica built-in function homotopy analysis method (HAM) are used. The influence of rising parameters on velocity, temperature, skin friction factor, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number is evaluated with the help of graphs and tables. It has been found in this work that to acquire a productive thermal framework, the hybrid nanoparticles should be considered instead of a single sort of nanoparticles. In addition, the velocities of both the hybrid nanofluids and simple nanofluids are upgraded by the mixed convection boundary, whereas they are decreased by the porosity. An augmentation in volumetric fraction of nanoparticles correlates to an increment in the heat transmission rate. It is also found that heat transfer rate for Fe 3 O 4 − Co / C 2 H 6 O 2 − H 2 O hybrid nanofluids (HNF) is better than that of the Fe 3 O 4 − C 2 H 6 O 2 − H 2 O of single nanofluids (SNF). This research shows that hybrid nanofluids play a significant part in the transfer of heat and in the distribution of nanofluids at higher temperatures.