Ibuprofen Sorption Research Articles

Removal of ibuprofen and paracetamol from water using a blend activated carbon from paper waste and avocado seeds

The presence of pharmaceuticals in water is a major problem worldwide. To alleviate this, this study produced carbon blends from avocado seeds and paper waste and activated them with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric acid (HNO3) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4). The effectiveness of the adsorbents was tested in removing ibuprofen (IBU) and paracetamol (PRC) from water. Characterization of the adsorbents by SEM, BET, FTIR and TGA revealed that the morphology was porous, with a large surface area and several functional groups bound to the surface. The concentration effect experiments showed that the uptake of IBU and PRC increased with an increasing initial concentration and that these data were consistent with the Freundlich model. The contact time effect showed that the uptake of PRC was rapid in the initial phase for all the adsorbents. However, the rate gradually slowed down and equilibrium was reached after 40 min for BCMN, 60 min for BCMH and BCMP and 120 min for BCM. IBU, on the other hand, showed that equilibrium was reached after 30 min for BCMN, BCMH and BCMP and after 120 min for BCM. These data complemented the PSOM. The model is based on chemisorption, where electrons are transferred and shared, and hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions. The △Ho value confirms that the sorption of IBU and PRC was endothermic. The △So was positive, indicating greater freedom at the solution interface during uptake.

Sorption of Ibuprofen by chemically treated maize cob

Potable water availability has been drastically reduced because of the indiscriminate discharge of pharmaceuticals into rivers and surrounding areas. Polluted water disrupts aquatic life and affects human health. This study investigated the potential of using NaOH-activated maize cobs for removing Ibuprofen (IBP) from a synthetic solution. The sorption capacity of the base-treated maize cob (BMC) and untreated maize cob (UMC) was compared. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using several parameters, including a range of pH values (2–10), contact time (1–100 min), initial concentration (15–60 mg/L) and temperatures (25–65 °C). Ibuprofen's highest sorption capacity (44.92 mg/g) was obtained with BMC at pH 8.0, whilst the adsorption by UMC was 41.81 mg/g at pH 7.99. The sorption trend by both BMC and UMC indicated that the uptake of Ibuprofen increased at initial concentrations of 34.77 and 28.66 mg/g, respectively. The non-linear form of the Freundlich isotherm model best fits with the experimental results, describing the favorability of chemical interactions between IBP and both adsorbents. The removal time was fast, and the adsorption kinetics was based mainly on the pseudo-first-order model with capacities of 45.96 mg/g for BMC and 42.30 mg/g for UMC. The negative ∆Go and ∆H° values proved that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, with maximum capacities of 44.07 and 40.33 mg/g obtained at 25 ℃ by BMC and UMC, respectively. The chemically treated BMC showed better sorption than the UMC. Batch studies showed that the overall maximum sorption capacities were 91.07% and 90.67% for BMC and UMC respectively. This research showed that maize cobs can be used as an adsorbent for removing Ibuprofen from solutions.

Sorption Behaviour of Ibuprofen Using Activated Carbon Derived from Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) Leaves

This research assessed the adsorption of a pharmaceutical compound, ibuprofen, using rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) leaves to prepare low-cost activated carbon through orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) activation. The activated carbon from rose geranium leaves (AC-RGL) was characterized by TGA, SEM and FTIR. The results were compared with those from natural rose geranium leaves (Raw-RGL). The influence of chemical parameters for the uptake of ibuprofen on both adsorbents was evaluated through adsorption experiments. The results were subjected to adsorption models, kinetics models and thermodynamic studies to determine the distribution of ibuprofen in the solid and liquid phases. The results for both Raw-RGL and AC-RGL best fitted the Freundlich model, and the kinetic studies were shown to be pseudo-first order. The thermodynamic evaluation suggested exothermic and spontaneous process sorption for ibuprofen on both adsorbents. The maximum sorption capacities for AC-RGL and Raw-RGL were 113.76 and 74.12 mg/g, respectively. This work confirms that low-cost rose geranium leaves can be used as a potential adsorbent for the sorption of ibuprofen in solution.

Porous nanocomposites for sorptive elimination of ibuprofen from synthetic wastewater and its molecular docking studies

Pharmaceuticals are a new developing pollutant that is threatening aquatic ecosystems and impacting numerous species in the ecosystem. The aim of this study is the green synthesis of TiO2–Fe2O3-Chitosan nanocomposites in conjunction with Moringa olifera leaves extract and its applicability for ibuprofen removal. Various characterization studies were performed for the synthesized nanocomposites. Box-Behnken design (BBD) is employed to optimize pH, agitation speed, and composite dosage. Equilibrium results show that adsorption process matches with Langmuir isotherm, demonstrating adsorption on the nanocomposite's homogenous surface and follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Using the BBD, pH, adsorbent dose, and agitation speed were examined as adsorption parameters. Ibuprofen elimination was demonstrated to be most successful at a pH of 7.3, using 0.05 g of nanocomposites at a rotational speed of 200 rpm. Thermodynamic parameters for ibuprofen sorption were carried out and the ΔH and ΔS was found to be 76.23 & 0.233. Molecular Docking was performed to find the interaction between the pollutant and the nanocomposite. UV–vis spectra confirm the 243 nm absorption band corresponding to the nanocomposite's surface plasmon resonances. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra relate this band to a group of nanocomposites. The findings of this work emphasize the importance of TiO2–Fe2O3-Chitosan nanocomposites for removing ibuprofen from wastewater.

Paracetamol and Ibuprofen Removal from Aqueous Phase Using a Ceramic-Derived Activated Carbon.

Emerging pollutants, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products, have been detected in surface and groundwaters. The adsorption of paracetamol and ibuprofen, two widespread drugs, has been studied in aqueous medium, using a ceramic-derived carbon (CeDC) and a commercial activated carbon (CoAC). CeDC yielded a BET surface area of 895 m2 g−1, a bimodal pore size distribution (13.2 and 35 nm) and a total pore volume of 1.99 cm3 g−1. CoAC had an approximate surface area of 1000 m2 g−1, a homogeneous pore size distribution and a total pore volume of 0.42 cm3 g−1. Kinetic and equilibrium tests were carried out in batch systems to study the materials’ sorption performances. The intraparticle diffusion model best fitted the experimental kinetic data. The maximum ibuprofen sorption capacities were 120 mg g−1 and 133 mg g−1 for CoAC and CeDC, respectively, whereas no major differences on the maximum paracetamol sorption capacities (qm) were observed among the sorbents (150–159 mg g−1). Therefore, CeDC, synthesized easily from a ceramic composite, improved time and sorption capacity of paracetamol and ibuprofen compared to the commercial activated carbon, indicating the potential of the developed carbon as an emerging pollutant sorbent material.

Aqueous ibuprofen sorption by using activated walnut shell biochar: process optimization and cost estimation

Ibuprofen, a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, anti-pyritic and analgesic, occurs in the aquatic systems of 47 countries. It was removed (∼70 mg g−1 Langmuir and ∼30 mg g−1 at 7.5 mg L−1 by column uptake) at <40% of activated carbon’s cost.

Vermiculite modified with alkylammonium salts: characterization and sorption of ibuprofen and paracetamol

In this work, the clay mineral vermiculite (VT) was treated using the bromide form of quaternary alkylammonium salts—ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium (EHDDMAB), hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMAB), tetradecyltrimethylammonium (TDTMAB) and tetrabutylammonium (TBAB), in order to obtain the organo-vermiculites (OVT) named as VT-EHDDMA, VT-HDTMA, VT-TDTMA and VT-TBA, respectively. These sorbents and the precursor VT were characterized using several techniques which allowed to infer the intercalation of the alkylammonium salts in the interlayer space of VT, except VT-TBA, and these materials were evaluated as sorbents for ibuprofen and paracetamol. VT and OVT presented no significant interactions with paracetamol and sorbed less than 10% of the initial concentration. On the other hand, two OVT sorbents demonstrated high efficiency in the sorption of ibuprofen, and the maximum percent removal was higher than 92% for VT-EHDDMA and VT-HDTMA, with a maximum sorption capacity of 52 ± 2 mg g−1 (VT-EHDDMA) and 54 ± 2 mg g−1 (VT-HDTMA), whereas 16 ± 2 mg g−1 was observed for VT. These results suggest that the low-cost OVT could be considered as appropriate sorbent for ibuprofen removal from aqueous medium, and probably as a promising sorbent for drugs of a wide polarity range, with neutral, acid and basic characteristics.

A renewable, sustainable and low-cost adsorbent for ibuprofen removal.

Adsorption efficiency of acid-modified kola nut husk (KNHA) as a non-conventional adsorbent for the sorption of Ibuprofen from aqueous media was investigated in this study. The raw and modified samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy pH, and Boehm titration techniques respectively. Adsorption parameters such as pH effect, adsorbate concentration, contact time, and solution temperature were studied. The amount of Ibuprofen uptake was observed to increase with a corresponding increase in adsorption operational parameters. The kinetic data was found to best fit the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Isotherm adsorption models of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich were utilized to analyze the adsorption data. The Langmuir isotherm model showed the best fit for experimental data with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 39.22 mg/g. The values of Gibbs free energy change were negative (-164.48 to -64.045.4 kJ/mol) suggesting that the process of ibuprofen adsorption onto KNHA was spontaneous. The positive value of standard enthalpy change (+34.203 kJ/mol) suggests that the process of ibuprofen adsorption was endothermic. KNHA adsorbent was found to be efficient and viable for the uptake of ibuprofen from aqueous medium. Hence, adsorbent prepared from kola nut husk waste has proved to be effective for the adsorptive uptake of Ibuprofen from aqueous media.

Surface modified natural zeolites (SMNZs) as nanocomposite versatile materials for health and environment

The present research deals with the evaluation of a clinoptilolite-rich rock, occurring in the Nižný Hrabovec deposit (Slovakia), for high-value technological applications based on sorption and in vitro release of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e., ibuprofen sodium salt). This georesource was surface modified (SMNZ) using four cationic surfactants. Results demonstrate that ibuprofen sorption is very fast and SMZNs can sorb up to ˜26 mg/g of drug as a function of the type of counterion and morphology of surfactant, as well as the hydrophobicity and molecular structure of the drug. Maximum sorption capacities observed for all SMNZs are fully comparable to other adsorbent carriers usually used for removal of contaminants in wastewaters. Sorption of ibuprofen is controlled by a dual mechanism: external anionic exchange and partition into the hydrophobic portion of the patchy bilayer. A prompt drug release in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) was also observed, making this natural material also suitable to provide rapid soothing effects in potential pharmacological applications.Comparing the results of this study with other recent investigations, a good technological performance of clinoptilolite-rich rock can be inferred despite the relatively low zeolite content (˜56 wt.%).

The role of novel lignosulfonate-based sorbent in a sorption mechanism of active pharmaceutical ingredient: batch adsorption tests and interaction study

The aim of presented research concerned synthesis of a novel lignosulfonate-based sorbent and its application in batch adsorption tests related to removal of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (ibuprofen). Obtained hybrid material was thoroughly characterized with respect to morphology, porosity (BET method and BJH algorithm), electrokinetic stability, and characteristic functional groups. As a result of the proposed synthesis route, an active MgO–SiO2/lignosulfonate hybrid was obtained as confirmed by significant amount of functional groups present in its structure and relative good parameters of the porous structure (ABET = 71 m2/g, Vp = 0.2 mL/g and Sp = 11.8 nm). Next stage concerned typical batch adsorption tests with respect to active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)—ibuprofen. It was proved that efficiency of removal of ibuprofen was mostly determined by its structure as well as variable process parameters. Affinity of sorption material towards model organic impurity was established based on equilibrium and kinetics study of adsorption process performed. A key element of the investigations was an interaction and mechanism study resulted from interpretation how the parameters of the adsorption affect the nature of the adsorbent/adsorbate interactions. Experimental data collected, supplemented with regeneration tests, proved significant affinity of ibuprofen to the hybrid sorbent and enabled determination of nature of the adsorbent/adsorbate interactions. Moreover, suggested mechanism of ibuprofen sorption was proposed.

Ibuprofen Sorption to Coastal Plain Soils

Ibuprofen is commonly detected in onsite wastewater systems. Such onsite systems are abundant in coastal plain areas, globally. Coastal plain soils have unique mineralogy. Rapid subsurface transport may occur in coastal plain soils due to their characteristic permeable soils and seasonally high water tables. Laboratory batch sorption studies were conducted on Norfolk, Goldsboro, and Lynchburg, three archetypical coastal plain soils, with varying physicochemical properties, to evaluate ibuprofen sorption. Sorption distribution coefficients (KD values) across all three soils ranged from 0.63 to 1.26 L kg−1. Sorption of ibuprofen to Norfolk and Goldsboro soils was able to be modeled using a Freundlich isotherm; however, the Lynchburg soil, was not, likely due to soil heterogeneity. In general, sorption of ibuprofen was influenced by soil organic carbon content.

Elucidation of ibuprofen uptake capability of raw and steam activated biochar of Aegle marmelos shell: Isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics and cost estimation

Abstract The present study investigates the sorption capabilities of raw and steam activated biochar derived from Aegle marmelos (wood apple) shell in the removal of ibuprofen (IBP) from aqueous solution. The influence of various parameters viz. initial ibuprofen concentration (1–45 mg L−1), contact time (0.5–24 h), temperature (15–45 °C), adsorbent dosage (0.033–3.33 g L−1), pH (2–6) and agitation speed (100–180 rpm) were considered for ibuprofen sorption by wood apple biochar (WAB) and wood apple steam activated biochar (WASAB). WAB and WASAB achieved maximum removal of 90% and 95% respectively from aqueous solution at 15 °C and 20 °C respectively. Optimum IBP removal was found at pH 2 for WASAB and 3 for WAB, dose 0.33 g L−1 for WAB and 1 g L−1 for WASAB, agitation speed 150 for WAB and 120 for WASAB, initial concentration of 15 mg L−1 and 30 mg L−1 for WAB and WASAB respectively and temperature of 15 °C for WAB and 20 °C for WASAB. Morphological analyses of the adsorbents suggested increase in active adhesion site after activation of the biochar.The elemental analysis showed an increase in carbon and oxygen percentage in the adsorbents, which confirm the existence of ibuprofen after adsorption. Ibuprofen sorption by WAB and WASAB followed Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms respectively and the process obeyed pseudo second order kinetic model in both the cases. The thermodynamic study suggested the process to be exothermic, spontaneous and feasible in nature. The cost estimation study indicated the cost-effectiveness of the indigenously developed adsorbents for their utilization in the removal of ibuprofen from contaminated water. Therefore, the biochar derived from the shell of Aegle marmelos exhibited potential role towards adsorptive removal of pharmaceutical compounds from aqueous solution.

Study of anaerobic biodegradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products: application of batch tests

This study evaluated three types of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (methylparaben, ibuprofen and triclosan) at concentration levels of 300, 500, 1000 and 2000 µg/L by implementing batch tests using anaerobic processes and granular biomass. The study aimed to identify the mechanisms of biodegradation and sorption in the degradation of these compounds. The inoculum was granular sludge from a laboratory-scale anaerobic reactor. The characterization results of the inoculum showed an anaerobic biomass with high activity, good sedimentation and a high percentage of organic matter. The results of the removal of the pollutants showed high degradation percentages for methylparaben (close to 99%), with negligible sorption in the sludge. The results also showed insignificant ibuprofen sorption but removal close to 0%. Triclosan showed high biomass sorption and low biodegradation. In addition, at the concentrations tested, none of the compounds had a negative or inhibitory effect on the microbial populations of the system.

Effect of temperature and soil pH on the sorption of ibuprofen in agricultural soil

Besides many natural factors, soil pH and temperature can have significant effects on the sorption of pharmaceuticals in soils. This is the first study, which aimed to evaluate the effect of soil pH and temperature on the sorption of ibuprofen in soil. Sorption–desorption experiments at 20°C indicated weak retention of ibuprofen in the soil. Sorption of ibuprofen in the soil was affected by both temperature and pH with the latter showing much greater effect. The extent of ibuprofen sorption increased with decreasing pH mainly due to the change of ibuprofen speciation from negatively charged ions at high pH to the neutral form at low pH. At pH 4, the distribution coefficient K<sub>d</sub> was 1.30 l/kg, whereas at pH 8, it was only 0.42 l/kg. When temperature increased, the sorption of ibuprofen decreased, showing that its sorption was exothermic.

Effects of pH, dissolved organic matter, and salinity on ibuprofen sorption on sediment.

Ibuprofen is well known as one of the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in rivers. However, sorption of ibuprofen onto sediment has not been considered in spite of its high K ow (3.5). In this study, the effects of various environmental conditions such as pH (4, 5.3, and 7), the concentrations of dissolved organic matters (0 to 1.0 mM citrate and urea), salinity (0, 10, 20, and 30 part per thousand), and presence of other PPCP (salicylic acid) on ibuprofen sorption were investigated. Linear model mainly fitted the experimental data for analysis. The distribution coefficient (K d) in the linear model decreased from 6.76 at pH 4 to near zero at pH 7, indicating that neutral form of ibuprofen at pH below pKa (5.2) was easily sorbed onto the sediment whereas the sorption of anionic form at pH over pKa was not favorable. To investigate the effect of dissolved organic matters (DOMs) on ibuprofen sorption, citrate and urea were used as DOMs. As citrate concentration increased, the K d value decreased but urea did not interrupt the ibuprofen sorption. Citrate has three carboxyl functional groups which can attach easily ibuprofen and hinder its sorption onto sediment. Salinity also affected ibuprofen sorption due to decrease of the solubility of ibuprofen as salinity increased. In competitive sorption experiment, the addition of salicylic acid also led to enhance ibuprofen sorption. Conclusively, ibuprofen can be more easily sorbed onto the acidified sediments of river downstream, especially estuaries or near-shore environment with low DOM concentration.

Application of positively-charged ethylenediamine-functionalized graphene for the sorption of anionic organic contaminants from water

Graphene materials represent a new carbonaceous sorbent for the removal of organic micropollutants from water, and most applications of graphene utilize an oxidized, negatively-charged surface to improve dispersibility. However, classes of anionic micropollutants may undergo less sorption than cationic or neutral compounds on graphene oxide due to electrostatic repulsion forces. This work seeks to improve the sorptive capability of graphene for anionic micropollutants through amending surfaces with positive charges. Graphene oxide was functionalized with ethylenediamine (ED-G) through an acyl chlorination and amidation process that allows a net positive surface charge at pH<8.1. ED-G held greater sorption capacity for anionic ibuprofen compared to cationic atenolol and neutral carbamazepine for nearly all water conditions within batch reactors. Ibuprofen sorption greatly increased, and atenolol sorption decreased, at more acidic solution pH. Competitive sorption experiments showed that ibuprofen is consistently preferred on ED-G over atenolol over a wide range of concentrations, and the presence of other anionic compounds can suppress the sorption of ibuprofen. These trends in sorption extent, sorbate charge, and sorbent charge indicate electrostatic interactions largely govern the binding of sorbate molecules. Consequently, a positively-charged graphene material could enhance the removal of anionic micropollutants within water treatment systems compared to graphene oxide.

Ibuprofen sorption and release by modified natural zeolites as prospective drug carriers

AbstractThe sorption of ibuprofen by modified natural zeolite composites at three concentration levels (10, 20 and 30 mmol/100 g) of cationic surfactants – benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride, in a buffer solution (pH 7.4), was studied. Characterization of the composites before and after ibuprofen sorption was performed by drug sorption and isotherm studies, zeta potential and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. The biopharmaceutical performance of cationic surfactant-modified zeolites as drug formulation excipients was evaluated by in vitro dissolution experiments from the composites with medium surfactant contents. The drug sorption was influenced by the surfactant type and amount used for the zeolite modification. Prolonged drug release over a period of 8 h (up to ~40%) was achieved with both groups of samples. The kinetic analysis showed that the drug release profiles were best fitted with the Higuchi and the Bhaskar models, indicating a combination of drug diffusion and ion exchange as the predominant release mechanisms.

Sorptive removal of ibuprofen from water using selected soil minerals and activated carbon

Pharmaceuticals have gained significant attention in recent years due to the environmental risks posed by their versatile application and occurrence in the natural aquatic environment. The transportation and distribution of pharmaceuticals in the environmental media mainly depends on their sorption behavior in soils, sediment–water systems and waste water treatment plants, which varies widely across pharmaceuticals. Sorption of ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, onto various soil minerals, viz., kaolinite, montmorillonite, goethite, and activated carbon, as a function of pH (3–11), ionic strength (NaCl concentration: 0.001–0.5 M), and the humic acid concentration (0–1,000 mg/L) was investigated through batch experiments. Experimental results showed that the sorption of ibuprofen onto all sorbents was highest at pH 3, with highest sorption capacity for activated carbon (28.5 mg/g). Among the minerals, montmorillonite sorbed more ibuprofen than kaolinite and goethite, with sorption capacity increasing in the order goethite (2.2 mg/g) < kaolinite (3.1 mg/g) < montmorillonite (6.1 mg/g). The sorption capacity of the selected minerals increased with increase in ionic strength of the solution in acidic pH condition indicating that the effect of pH was predominant compared to that of ionic strength. An increase in humic acid concentration from low to high values made the sorption phenomena very complex in the soil minerals. Based on the experimental observations, montmorillonite, among the selected soil minerals, could serve as a good candidate to remove high concentrations of ibuprofen from aqueous solution.

Effects of Solution Chemistry on the Adsorption of Ibuprofen and Triclosan onto Carbon Nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and oxidized MWCNTs (O-MWCNTs) were studied for the adsorption of ibuprofen (IBU) and triclosan (TCS) as representative types of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) under different chemical solution conditions. A good fitting of sorption isotherms was obtained using a Polanyi-Manes model (PMM). IBU and TCS sorption was stronger for SWCNTs than for MWCNTs due to higher specific surface area. The high oxygen content of O-MWCNT further depressed PPCP sorption. The sorption capacity of PPCPs was found to be pH-dependent, and more adsorption was observed at pHs below their pK(a) values. Ionic strength was also found to substantially affect TCS adsorption, with higher adsorption capacity observed for TCS at lower ionic strength. In the presence of a reference aquatic fulvic acid (FA), sorption of IBU and TCS was reduced due to the competitive sorption of FA on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Sorption isotherm results with SWCNTs, MWCNTs and O-MWCNTs confirmed that the surface chemistry of CNTs, the chemical properties of PPCPs, and aqueous solution chemistry (pH, ionic strength, fulvic acid) all play an important role in PPCP adsorption onto CNTs.