Sorption Of Heavy Metals Research Articles

Multifunctional MnO2 nanorods-modified wood sponge for water remediation: applications for heavy metal sorption and oil/water separation

Multifunctional MnO2 nanorods-modified wood sponge for water remediation: applications for heavy metal sorption and oil/water separation

Preparation of electrospun cellulose acetate/chitosan membranes for efficient sorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions

Guided by efficient utilization of natural abundant cellulose and chitosan as separation materials, it is desired to tailor the composition of electrospun cellulose acetate/chitosan (CL/CS) membranes to achieve their optimal application in the management of aquatic heavy metal pollution. In this work, CL/CS membranes with enhanced surface area of 11.3–38.6 m2/g were successfully fabricated via electrospinning technique by dissolving cellulose acetate and chitosan into the environmental-friendly electrospinning solvent of LiOH/thiourea/H2O. Electrospun CL/CS membranes allowed the efficient sorption of Cr(VI), Pb(II) and Cu(II) with favorable kinetics (8.0 h), and excellent capacities (127.6 mg/g for Cr(VI), 66.2 mg/g for Pb(II), 46.7 mg/g for Cu(II) at pH 5.0, T 298 K). Meanwhile, they presented favorable efficiencies in the removal of these multiple heavy metals from acid simulated wastewaters. The spectroscopic analysis results indicated that the sorption mechanism should be dominant by the surface complexation of heavy metals with hydroxyl O-/amino N-species, the electrostatic attraction (protonated NH3+ with negatively charged HCrO4-, deprotonated O- with positively charged Pb(II) and Cu(II)), as well as the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by surface reductive N-species. This work demonstrated the feasibility of electrospun CL/CS membranes as a promising choice for the remediation of aquatic heavy metals.

Concentration of heavy metal ions from aqueous media under dynamic conditions using a composite sorbent based on chitosan and silica

Objectives. The study set out to investigate the sorption, toxicological, and regeneration properties of a composite sorbent based on chitosan hydrogel and unsuspended silicon dioxide (chitosan–colloidal silica), which manifest themselves under dynamic conditions of purification of aqueous solutions, as a means of removing heavy metal ions.Methods. The total dynamic exchange capacity of a chitosan–colloidal silica composite sorbent was evaluated under dynamic sorption conditions by passing solutions containing Zn(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III) ions having a concentration of 240–251 mg/L through a fixed sorption bed. The method for determining acute toxicity using daphnia (Daphnia magna Straus) is based on the direct calculation of the mortality of daphnia exposed to toxic substances contained in the test aqueous extract in comparison with a reference culture in samples that do not contain toxic substances. The regeneration ability of the sorbent was assessed by counting the number of sorption–desorption cycles using 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M NaHCO3 eluents, as well as aqueous solutions of H2O2 (1 and 3%).Results. The effectiveness of the chitosan–colloidal silica composite sorbent in the process of dynamic purification of aqueous media to remove Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cr(III) ions was established. After determining the times of ion breakthrough and saturation of the developed sorbent, its dynamic exchange capacity was calculated by processing the kinetic curves of sorption of heavy metal ions under dynamic conditions. The results of regeneration of the sorbent were presented in the context of the possibility of its reuse. It is shown that the sorbent can withstand up to five sorption–desorption cycles while maintaining a level copper cation extraction above 90%.Conclusions. Analysis of the kinetic curves demonstrated that the driving force behind the removal of heavy metals from aqueous media by means of the obtained sorbent is the external diffusion mass transfer of ions from the mobile phase of the solution. Biotesting of samples showed that the developed chitosan-based sorbent does not have acute toxicity.

Effects of expanded graphite’s structural and elemental characteristics on its oil and heavy metal sorption properties

Expanded graphite has promising potential environmental applications due to its porous structure and oleophilic nature, which allow it to absorb large quantities of oil. The material is produced by intercalating graphite and applying heat to convert the intercalant into gas to cause expansion between the layers in the graphite. Using different intercalants and temperature conditions results in varying properties of expanded graphite. This work has proven that the sorption properties of commercial expanded graphite differ significantly due to the material’s structural and elemental characteristics, which can be attributed to the intercalation method. This resulted in various degrees of exfoliation of the graphite and possible functionalisation of the graphene sheets within the structure. This affected the material's sorption capacity and its affinity for heavy metal sorption by incorporating selectivity towards the sorption of certain metals. It was found that sample EG3, which underwent a less harsh expansion, exhibited lower porosity than EG1, and thus, the sample absorbed less oil at 37.29 g/g compared to the more expanded samples EG1 and EG2 with 55.16 g/g and 48.82 g/g, respectively. However, it was able to entrap a wider variety of metal particles compared to EG1 and EG2, possibly due to its smaller cavities allowing for a capillary effect between the graphene sheets and greater Van der Waals forces. A second possibility is that ionic or coordination complexes could form with certain metals due to the possible functionalisation of the expanded graphite during the intercalation process. This would be in addition to coordination between the metals and expanded graphite carbon atoms. The findings suggest that there is evidence of functionalisation as determined by XRD and elemental analyses. However, further investigation is necessary to confirm this hypothesis. The findings in this work suggest that the first mechanism of sorption was more likely to be related to the degree of expansion of the expanded graphite. Various metals are present in used oil, and their removal can be challenging. Some metals in oil are not considered heavy since they have a relatively low density but can be associated with heavy metals in terms of toxicity.

Facile and economic preparation of graphene hydrothermal nanocomposite from sunflower waste: Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics for Cd(II) and Pb(II) removal from water

Keeping the need for good water quality and the demand of climatic issues, the sunflower waste was converted into graphene hydrothermal nanocomposite absorbents for the removal of toxic Cd(II) and Pb(II) metal ions from water. The graphene composite materials were studied by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), XRD analysis, TG and DSC, Raman and IR spectroscopy. According to SEM and TEM analysis, the decarbonized materials had a disordered structure with amorphous carbon with a small pore content. During the carbonization process, the pores space was opened due to the removal of amorphous organic matter and the formation of defects; providing a significant number of meso- and micropores. The prepared graphene composite showed 133.33 and 222.22 mg/g Langmuir adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) at pH 6.0, dose 0.33 g/30 mL, initial concentration 300 mg/L, time 30 min and at 45 °C temperature using hydrothermal nanocomposite HTC/graphene oxide absorbent. The obtained results followed the sorption of heavy metal ions in a mixed-diffusion mode with the contribution of a second-order reaction between the active center of the sorbent and the metal ions. The Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich model’s parameters and thermodynamic results confirmed endothermic physical interactions among adsorbent and metal ions. This paper is highly useful for managing sunflower waste and purifying water; leading to the present demand for clean water and climatic issues. The production of the effective low-cost nanocomposite using green synthesis technologies (hydrothermal carbonization of raw materials) is highly useful for the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) toxic metal ions from water.

Heavy metal sorption on struvite recovered from livestock wastewaters and release properties of granular forms.

Phosphorus recovery from wastewater is receiving more attention due to its non-renewable property. As copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) usually occur in livestock wastewater, this study focused on metal sorption in struvite from swine wastewater and the release properties of granular struvite in solution with varying pH conditions (2, 4, 7). The results demonstrated pH values presented a slightly decreasing trend with increasing Cu/Zn ratio, and Zn exhibited higher sorption performance on struvite crystals than that of Cu. Under the high content of metals in the wastewater, Cu/Zn ratios in the wastewater contributed to varying metal binding forms and mechanisms, resulting in the difference in the leaching properties of nutrients and metal. For the granular struvite manufactured with the adhesion of alginate, the P release percentage achieved 30.3-40.5% after 96h in the wastewater of pH 2, whereas they were only 5.63-8.92% and 1.05-1.50% in the wastewater of pH 4 and 7, respectively. Acid wastewater contributed to the release of two metals, and the release amount of Zn was higher than that of Cu, which is associated with their sorption capacity in crystals. During the latter soil leaching test of adding granular struvite, the NH4+-N and PO43--P concentration in the effluent ranged from 0.34 to 1.26 and 0.62 to 2.56mg/L after 96h, respectively. However, the Cu and Zn could not be measured due to lower than the detection limit under varying treatments. Struvite might be accompanied by quicker metal leaching and slower nutrient leaching when surface sorption dominates in wastewater with lower metal concentrations.

Activation of Zeolite in a Magnetic Fluidized Bed

The influence of the phase composition of zeolite rocks and their modification under the influence of an electromagnetic field in an environment of ferromagnetic particles on the physical properties and sorption of heavy metals has been studied. The results of water purification from heavy metals using activated zeolite in a magnetic fluidized bed are presented.

Heavy metal sorption with lignin-containing sludge from the pulp and paper industry

Heavy metal sorption with lignin-containing sludge from the pulp and paper industry

Statement of Retraction: Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Polycalix[4]amides Containing Mesogenic Triazole Units and Investigations of Their Thermo Physical Properties and Heavy Metal Sorption Behavior

Statement of Retraction: Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Polycalix[4]amides Containing Mesogenic Triazole Units and Investigations of Their Thermo Physical Properties and Heavy Metal Sorption Behavior

Kinetics and Thermodynamics Equilibrium of Nickel Metal Ions Sorption onto Carbon Nanofibers Irradiated by Ultrasonic Energy

In this work, we investigated the effects of the heavy metal initial concentration and the pH on the sorption of heavy metal ions onto carbon nanofibers using the liquid phase adsorption technique under ultrasonic energy irradiation. These data were then used to study thermodynamic aspects such as sorption capacity and energy and kinetic parameters such as kinetic model, reaction order, and rate constant of heavy metal sorption on carbon nanofibers. We found that the increase of the heavy metal (nickel) initial concentration was proportional to the amount of heavy metal adsorbed onto carbon nanofibers. The highest uptake of the heavy metal ions' amount onto carbon nanofibers in equilibrium (qe) was 244.00 mg.g-1, achieved at the pH of 8. Langmuir and Freundlich's isotherms were used to find the best-fitted isotherms model. The Langmuir isotherm best fits the sorption equilibrium of the heavy metal ions on Carbon nanofibers. Bothipseudo-first and pseudo-second orders studied the sorption and kinetic parameters of heavy metals on carbon nanofibers. The sorption kinetics model was fitted to the pseudo second-order. Based on the value of Gibbs free energy, the metal ions' sorption onto carbon nanofibers occurs spontaneously.

Assessing the Impact of Soil Humic Substances, Textural Fractions on the Sorption of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb)

This study examined the sorption of heavy metals in selected soils (e.g., Andosol, Cambisol, Planosol) in Slovakia, focusing on the kind and quantity of humic materials as well as the soil’s characteristics. Heavy metals were detected using GT AAS, while UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to determine humic substances’ colour quotients. The impact of the total organic carbon on the total cadmium, bioavailable lead, and cadmium was highlighted. The results reveal positive correlations among humic substances and bioavailable forms of Cd (r = 0.692) and Pb (r = 0.709). A relationship was discovered between FAs and the bioavailable forms of Pb (r = 0.743) and Cd (r = 0.700) and between the level of HSs and the bioavailable content of Cd (r = 0.499). Bioavailable heavy metals showed a positive correlation with clay fraction and a negative correlation with heavy metal content. Correlations were found between the bioavailable heavy metal forms and the colour quotients of humic substances and humic acids. Heavy metals in bioavailable forms decreased with the levels of the condensation and dispersion of humic substances. From clay to silt, the amounts of Cd and Pb increased. This study’ results provide insights into the relationships between soil properties, humic substances, and the sorption of the studied elements.

Сорбция ионов Cu(II) и Fe(II) хлопковой целлюлозой, модифицированной диэтилентриамином

The authors have developed new effective sorbent based on chemically modified cotton cellulose. The modification process consists of two stages, including sequential treatment of cellulose with epichlorohydrin and diethylene triamine. The authors present 
 the optimal modification conditions for the obtained sorbent. It allows ones’ to achieve the highest values of sorption capacity for the extraction of iron(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The authors investigated the kinetics and equilibrium of heavy metal ion sorption in the system "cellulose sorbent - aqueous solution of metal sulphate" for original and modified cotton cellulose. Processing of the kinetic experiment results indicates that the kinetics of metal ion sorption is described most correctly in the framework of the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Isotherms of heavy metal ions sorption clearly indicate the growth of sorption capacity for the modified sorbent in comparison with the original one. Processing of experimental isotherms within the Langmuir model made it possible to determine the values of the maximum sorption capacity (A∞) of original and modified with diethylenetriamine cotton cellulose with respect to Cu(II) and FE(II) ions. It was found that the A∞ of the modified sorbent was about 3 times higher than the ultimate sorption capacity of original cotton cellulose towards iron(II) and Cu(II) IONS. Comparison of IR spectra of the original cellulose samples and cellulose treated with diethylenetriamine indicates the changes that occurred during chemical modification. The paper presents SEM images showing the changes in the surface structure of the modified sorbent compared to the original one.

Cu(II) AND Fe(II) ION SORPTION BY COTTON CELLULOSE MODIFIED WITH DIETHYLENETRIAMINE

The authors have developed new effective sorbent based on chemically modified cotton cellulose. The modification process consists of two stages, including sequential treatment of cellulose with epichlorohydrin and diethylene triamine. The authors present 
 the optimal modification conditions for the obtained sorbent. It allows ones’ to achieve the highest values of sorption capacity for the extraction of iron(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The authors investigated the kinetics and equilibrium of heavy metal ion sorption in the system "cellulose sorbent - aqueous solution of metal sulphate" for original and modified cotton cellulose. Processing of the kinetic experiment results indicates that the kinetics of metal ion sorption is described most correctly in the framework of the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Isotherms of heavy metal ions sorption clearly indicate the growth of sorption capacity for the modified sorbent in comparison with the original one. Processing of experimental isotherms within the Langmuir model made it possible to determine the values of the maximum sorption capacity (A∞) of original and modified with diethylenetriamine cotton cellulose with respect to Cu(II) and FE(II) ions. It was found that the A∞ of the modified sorbent was about 3 times higher than the ultimate sorption capacity of original cotton cellulose towards iron(II) and Cu(II) IONS. Comparison of IR spectra of the original cellulose samples and cellulose treated with diethylenetriamine indicates the changes that occurred during chemical modification. The paper presents SEM images showing the changes in the surface structure of the modified sorbent compared to the original one.

Assessment of the effect of peat soil on the content of mobile forms of heavy metals and allelotoxicity in urbanized soils under moisture-loving plants at the Ecological Station of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy

The article presents the results of studies on the sorption of pollutants by moisture-loving plants when using peat soil under different anthropogenic loads. The comparative cultivation of moisture-loving plants on sod-podzolic soil, typical for this area, and on peat soil revealed their specificity in the sorption of heavy metals: there was a decrease in the content of lead and copper in peat soil under moisture-loving plants. In typical sod-podzolic soil under moisture-loving plants the opposite dynamics was observed. As for the zinc content, it was found that it increased in peat soil under moisture-loving plants, with the exception of reed. The experiment was conducted on the territory of the Ecological Station of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in Moscow in 2019‑2022. Thus, moisture-loving plants grown on peat soil as a substrate can be used to reduce the content of mobile forms of heavy metals (lead and copper) in urbanized soils.

Removing Heavy Metals: Cutting-Edge Strategies and Advancements in Biosorption Technology.

This article explores recent advancements and innovative strategies in biosorption technology, with a particular focus on the removal of heavy metals, such as Cu(II), Pb(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Zn(II), and Ni(II), and a metalloid, As(V), from various sources. Detailed information on biosorbents, including their composition, structure, and performance metrics in heavy metal sorption, is presented. Specific attention is given to the numerical values of the adsorption capacities for each metal, showcasing the efficacy of biosorbents in removing Cu (up to 96.4%), Pb (up to 95%), Cr (up to 99.9%), Zn (up to 99%), Ni (up to 93.8%), and As (up to 92.9%) from wastewater and industrial effluents. In addition, the issue of biosorbent deactivation and failure over time is highlighted as it is crucial for the successful implementation of adsorption in practical applications. Such phenomena as blockage by other cations or chemical decomposition are reported, and chemical, thermal, and microwave treatments are indicated as effective regeneration techniques. Ongoing research should focus on the development of more resilient biosorbent materials, optimizing regeneration techniques, and exploring innovative approaches to improve the long-term performance and sustainability of biosorption technologies. The analysis showed that biosorption emerges as a promising strategy for alleviating pollutants in wastewater and industrial effluents, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to addressing water pollution challenges.

Physico – chemical study of the adsorption properties of natural minerals for sorption treatment of wastewater from Pb+2, Ni+2, Zn+2 ions

One of the urgent challenges is to clean up industrial wastewater from toxic and heavy metal ions in a more efficient and environmentally friendly way. Bentonite montmorillonite, bentonite red, zeolite and diatomite of the Almaty region were selected as the materials of the study. In this study was investigated the adsorption properties of natural minerals by physico-chemical methods for the sorption treatment of wastewater from Pb+2, Ni+2, Zn+2 ions. X – ray phase analysis determines the chemical composition of the materials studied. The main component of diatomite is SiO2, in zeolite – Laumontite composition Ca4Al8Si16O48·14H2O (51.3 %). The base of bentonites is bedellite – montmorillonite, which has an amorphous structure. The method of atomic absorption spectrometry was used to investigate the sorption of heavy metal ions (Pb+2, Ni+2, Zn+2) by the natural adsorbents under investigation. Bentonites, Mukra and Medium Tentec have the best sorption properties. Here, the content of lead, nickel and zinc ions is reduced by an average of 82–85 %. In the case of diatomite, the ion content of the same metals is reduced by approximately 74–76 %, and for zeolite by 64 %. Generally speaking, the adsorption properties of these minerals are expected to be achieved by the high porosity in the case of diatomite and zeolite or the penetration of ions into the interpackage space between the bentonite layers. Mixing adsorbents, increasing their mass percentages and increasing the mass of the mixture leads to increased efficiency of the degree of cleaning from these ions. In conclusion of the study, natural minerals of the Almaty region have sorption properties that can be used for practical purposes, in particular for wastewater treatment

Effect of Ionic Strength and pH on the Sorption of Heavy Metals onto Polyaniline Copolymers in Aqueous Solutions.

Polyaniline (PANI) and two copolymers, poly(aniline-co-o-toluidine) (PoTOL-50) and poly(aniline-co-o-anisidine) (PoANI-50) were synthesized with equal input ratios (1:1) to enhance PANI as sensing material for the sensing of various heavy metal analytes in aqueous solutions. The polymers were evaluated for both their sensitivity and selectivity toward four heavy metals (Ba2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+) and two common matrix interferents (Ca2+ and Mg2+) at 10 and 40 ppm. The effect of pH and ionic strength of the aqueous solutions on the sensitivity and selectivity was also evaluated. All three polymers showed high sensitivity and selectivity to Ba2+. Varying the pH and ionic strength of solutions did not show significant differences in either the selectivity or the sensitivity of the polymers.

Characteristics and Mechanism of Cd Release and Transport in Soil Contaminated with PE-Cd

Microplastics （MPs） are a type of emerging contaminants that pose a potential threat to global terrestrial ecosystems. The accumulation of MPs in soil inevitably affects soil physical and chemical properties， both directly and indirectly. Additionally， owing to their small size and surface features， MPs have excellent sorption capacity for both organic and inorganic materials， thus affecting their fate in the environment. However， the influence of MPs on heavy metal sorption and transport in soil is still not fully understood. In this study， polyethylene （PE） and Cd were selected as research objects， and on the basis of clarifying the adsorption mechanism of Cd on PE MPs， the effects of PE concentration and particle size on Cd release and transport behavior in soil under different ionic strengths and types （Ca2+ and Na+） were studied using column leaching experiments. The results of the batch experiments showed that the adsorption capacity of PE MPs for Cd2+ decreased with the increase in particle size. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）， and Zeta potential were used to analyze the properties of PE MPs and adsorption behavior of Cd2+ onto MPs. The adsorption was mainly a physical process and was controlled by intra-particle diffusion. The adsorption kinetics could be described well by the quasi-second-order kinetics and Webber-Morris model. The adsorption isotherm conformed to the Langmuir model， indicating monolayer adsorption. The results of leaching experiments showed that the effect of PE MPs on Cd release and transport in soil was related to the CaCl2 concentration. At high ionic strength （0.05 mol·L-1 and 0.1 mol·L-1）， PE promoted the transport of Cd. The effluent concentration of Cd2+ increased from 6.48 mg·L-1 and 16.79 mg·L-1 to 7.12 mg·L-1 and 23.45 mg·L-1， whereas at low ionic strength （0.01 mol·L-1）， Cd transport was inhibited by PE MPs， and the effluent concentration of Cd2+ decreased from 0.66 mg·L-1 to 0.57 mg·L-1. The larger the amount of PE added， the more significant the promoting or inhibiting effect. Additionally， the release and transport of Cd in soil were also affected by the MPs particle size and concentration. When the addition amount was small （1%， 4%）， the large-sized MPs were more conducive to the transport of Cd in soil. When the addition amount was large （7%， 20%）， MPs with small particle sizes promoted Cd2+ transport more significantly. When the leaching solution used was NaCl， soil permeability decreased significantly. PE MPs had no significant effect on Cd release and transport but changed the stability of soil aggregates. In conclusion， PE MPs could change the release and transport behavior of Cd in soil， and the impact results were not only related to the particle size and content of MPs but were also influenced by the chemical properties of the soil solution.

Inverse vulcanization induced oxygen modified porous polysulfides for efficient sorption of heavy metals.

The applications of polysulfides derived from natural plant oil and sulfur via the inverse vulcanization in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions suffered from their low porosity and scarce surface functionality because of their hydrophobic surfaces and bulk characteristics. In this study, polysulfides from sulfur and palm oil (PSPs) with significantly enhanced porosity (13.7-24.1 m2/g) and surface oxygen-containing functional groups (6.9-8.6 wt.%) were synthesized with the optimization of process conditions including reaction time, temperature, and mass ratios of sulfur/palm oil/NaCl/sodium citrate. PSPs were applied as sorbents to remove heavy metals present in aqueous solutions. The integration of porosity and oxygen modification allowed a fast kinetic (4.0h) and enhanced maximum sorption capacities for Pb(II) (218.5mg/g), Cu(II) (74.8mg/g), and Cr(III) (68.4mg/g) at pH 5.0 and T 298K comparing with polysulfides made without NaCl/sodium citrate. The sorption behaviors of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III) on PSPs were highly dependent on the solution pH values and ionic strength. The sorption presented excellent anti-interference capability for the coexisting cations and anions. The sorption processes were endothermic and spontaneous. This work would guide the preparation of porous polysulfides with surface modification as efficient sorbents to remediate heavy metals from aqueous solutions.

Comparative Assessment of Two Global Sensitivity Approaches Considering Model and Parameter Uncertainty

AbstractGlobal Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) is key to assisting appraisal of the behavior of hydrological systems through model diagnosis considering multiple sources of uncertainty. Uncertainty sources typically comprise incomplete knowledge in (a) conceptual and mathematical formulation of models and (b) parameters embedded in the models. In this context, there is the need for detailed investigations aimed at a robust quantification of the importance of model and parameter uncertainties in a rigorous multi‐model context. This study aims at evaluating and comparing two modern multi‐model GSA methodologies. These are the first GSA approaches embedding both model and parameter uncertainty sources and encompass the variance‐based framework based on Sobol indices (as derived by Dai & Ye, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.034) and the moment‐based approach upon which the formulation of the multi‐model AMA indices (as derived by Dell'Oca et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr025754) is based. We provide an assessment of various aspects of sensitivity upon considering a joint analysis of these two approaches in a multi‐model context. Our work relies on well‐established scenarios that comprise (a) a synthetic setting related to reactive transport across a groundwater system and (b) an experimentally‐based study considering heavy metal sorption onto a soil. Our study documents that the joint use of these GSA approaches can provide different while complementary information to assess mutual consistency of approaches and to enrich the information content provided by GSA under model and parameter uncertainty. While being related to groundwater settings, our results can be considered as reference for future GSA studies coping with model and parameter uncertainty.