Sorption Of Components Research Articles

Immuno-RCA for highly sensitive detection of the antigen-antibody complex in the blood group antigen model

The problem of detecting tiny quantities of analytes by immunochemical methods has been tried for a long time. One approach is to use nucleic acid amplification methods to amplify the signal from a single antigen-antibody interaction. An amplification method suitable for microarrays is the rolling circle amplification reaction. The principle of the method is usage of a conjugate of a detecting antibody with a primer and subsequent isothermal amplification. The generation of a huge single-stranded reaction product starts after adding the necessary components for amplification reaction: circular oligonucleotides, which serves as a template for amplification and phage phi29 polymerase with the other components. This reaction product consists of a lot of repeats of a nucleotide sequence, that is complementary to the circular template. The fluorescent DNA probe can hybridize to each repeat on the product molecule, resulting in a significantly higher level of fluorescence than with fluorescently labeled antibody or streptavidin development systems. In addition, the reaction product remains immobilized on the surface, allowing usage of this approach for the detection of antigen-antibody interactions in other solid-phase analysis systems, such as microarrays. A common problem with such approaches is the nonspecific sorption of components of the immunochemical reaction or amplification reaction, leading to a high background. It is obvious that no matter how highly sensitive the analysis is in theory, a high background will reduce the entire potential of the method to nothing. Herein, we have developed a method that makes it possible to detect small amounts of antibodies to glycans in blood serum and in swabs from tumor cells in a microarray format using a model of blood group antigens. It was possible to obtain a 30 to 70-fold increase of fluorescence level from a specific interaction compared to the use of fluorescently labeled streptavidin. The method we are developing is promising, as it allows us to significantly increase the signal from the specific antigen/antibody interaction in the glycochip format, which will make it possible to detect antibodies to glycans in samples with a very low concentrations of antibodies, for example, in washes from tumor cells.

Versatile injector for inline renewable solid-phase extraction: Application to cyclodextrin-based bioaccessibility assessment in environmental solids

BackgroundSolid phase extraction (SPE) is a standard sample preparation technique in HPLC workflows. Inline cartridges are high-performance alternatives to manual or robotic systems but at long term, they suffer from irreversible sorption of matrix components and sorbent compaction. Bead injection (BI) is a niche fluidic technique that allows renewing a sorbent bed through the manipulation of its suspension. However, there is a need for a versatile and reliable tool in HPLC that can exchange the inline sorbent automatically, resorting to inexpensive and assorted bulk sorbents. ResultsWe present a new flow path for a liquid chromatographic injector to perform inline micro-solid phase extraction. The sample is processed at real time, trapping the analytes and discarding the matrix. Cleaning the matrix and injecting 10 μL of sample takes 70 s, comparable with the injection in commercial HPLC systems. If the aim is to preconcentrate the analytes, average enrichment factors of 250 have been obtained after processing sample volumes of 3200 μL in 16 min (interleavable with the chromatographic step), keeping the peak position and width independent of the injected volume (compared to large volume direct injection).The desired bed mass is automatically and pressure-driven manipulated in the valve, retained by an inline frit, and optionally, after the analysis, removed by forward flow.The chromatographic performance of the new design is compared to the standard 6-port, 2-position HPLC injector. As a case study, we have monitored the extraction kinetics of a cyclodextrin-based bioaccessibility extraction test of persistent organic contaminants in soil, by extracting several fractions in valve, process them with inline SPE with a balanced hydrophilic-hydrophobic reversed-phase sorbent, and inject the bioaccessible compounds into HPLC. Aiming at avoiding carryover, the sorbent bed (ca. 3 mg) is exchanged before every run. It should be noted that this contribution focuses on HPLC, but other non-separative techniques, such as Flow Injection Analysis, can equally benefit from this injection platform. SignificanceThis contribution reports the first use of inline BI-solid phase extraction in HPLC workflows, without heart-cut eluate injection, in which the sorbent can be exchanged automatically by forward flow. This performance is enabled by prototyping a valve that can autonomously swap sorbents in real-time for diverse samples, as a cartridge exchanger, but using cost-effective and environmentally friendlier bulk sorbents (bed masses from sub-mg to 5 mg) without requiring additional hardware.

In Ukrainian

The contact wetting is one of the effective methods of studying the adsorption capacity of sorbents. The purpose of the work was to compare the experimentally obtained data on the adsorption capacity of shungite, obtained by the sessile drop method, and the results of modeling the behavior of liquid droplets on heterogeneous surfaces using the Boltzmann lattice method, and to show the suitability of the simplified version of the LBM method that we applied within the framework of a two-dimensional model for modeling complex cases of contact interaction between liquids and sorbent, when it cannot be carried out by the method of contact wetting. The adsorption properties of shungite with regard to the extraction of various impurities from water-alcohol solutions and the capability of the sorbent to recover were investigated by the method of contact wetting and analyzed by involving the data obtained by the methods of nitrogen adsorption, thermogravimetry and IR spectroscopy. It is shown that the adsorption properties of shungite are due to the presence on its surface of hydroxyl functional groups attached to carbon atoms in phenol or enol form, which give the surface hydrophilic characteristics. These groups play a key role in the adsorption of components from the liquid (aqueous) phase due to the formation of a hydrogen bond during the sorption of components from the liquid phase, and are restored after heating in the temperature range of 80–180 °C with the formation of carbon-containing gases and water. It has been found that silanol groups present in shungite do not participate in sorption. Compared to the original shungite sample, the sample after five cycles of adsorption is characterized by a noticeable effect of mass loss (1.8 %) in the temperature range of 80–180 °С. At the same time, the loss of mass is not significant at temperatures below 100 °С. This suggests that the sorbed substances are in the pores and not on the surface of shungite, and they begin to be removed only after heating above 100 °C. The LBM method was used to study fast-moving processes at the meso-level. A comparative analysis of the experimental data obtained by the method of contact wetting with the results of simulation by the Boltzmann lattice method within the framework of the two-dimensional model was carried out. 2D modeling by the LBM method turned out to be an effective means of studying capillary condensation in mesopores, anticipatory wetting of the solid phase, liquid penetration into a porous medium with different topologies, and the formation of anisotropic droplets and anisotropic bridges. The role of mesopores in the sorption process was analyzed by modeling the behavior of liquid droplets on heterogeneous surfaces and using data on the course of adsorption and capillary processes on the surface of a solid phase with different levels of porosity, roughness, and functional composition.

Influence of Process Parameters on the Efficiency of Pervaporation Pilot ECO-001 Plant for Raw Ethanol Dehydration.

Pervaporation is a membrane-based process used for the separation of liquid mixtures. As this membrane process is governed by the differences in the sorption and diffusivities of separated components, close boiling mixtures and azeotropic mixtures can effectively be separated. The dehydration of ethanol is the most common application of hydrophilic pervaporation. The pilot scale properties of hydrophilic composite poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA membrane (PERVAPTM 2200) in contact with wet raw bioethanol are presented. The wet raw bioethanol was composed of ethanol (82.4-89.6 wt%), water (5.9-8.5 wt%), methanol (2.3-6.9 wt%), cyclohexane (0.2-2.4 wt%), higher alcohols (0.2-1.3 wt%), and acetaldehyde (0.004-0.030 wt%). All experiments were performed using a SULZER ECO-001 plant equipped with a 1.5 m2 membrane module. The efficiency of the dehydration process (i.e., membrane selectivity, permeate flux, degree of dehydration) was discussed as a function of the following parameters: the feed temperature, the feed composition, and the feed flow rate through the module. It was found that the low feed flow rate influenced the dehydration efficiency as the enthalpy of evaporation caused a high temperature drop in the module (around 25 °C at a feed flow rate equal to 5 kg h-1). The separation coefficient during pervaporation was in the range of 600-1200, depending on the feed composition. The increase in temperature augmented the permeation flux and shortened the time needed to reach the assumed level of dehydration. It was revealed that dehydration by pervaporation using ECO-001 pilot plant is an efficient process, allowing also to investigate the influence of various parameters on the process efficiency.

High-pressure fluid-phase equilibria: Experimental methods, developments and systems investigated (2013–2016)

With this article we extend our review series on high-pressure (above 1 MPa) phase equilibrium data to articles published between 2013 and 2016, including a compilation of systems investigated, recent developments, and trends. We considered phase equilibria of vapor, liquid, and solid phases, hydrates, critical points, solubility of high-boiling substances in supercritical fluids, solubility of gases in liquids, and solubility (sorption) of volatile components in ionic liquids and in polymers. In total, we found 1400 relevant articles in the four-year period 2013–2016 which means a 40 % increase as compared to the previous review period 2009–2012. This can be explained by a more elaborated search strategy, new publication strategies of the authors, and by the ongoing scientific interest in high-pressure phase equilibria. We summarize scientific areas that drive the measurement of high-pressure phase equilibria, and we give examples of review articles, which focus on a specific topic related to experimental high-pressure phase equilibrium data.Apart from 14 systematically searched journals, we observed a tremendous increase in the number of articles found in other journals, rising from 59 articles (2009–2012) to 473 articles (2013–2016). Until the late 1990s, the average number of authors per article was approximately 3. From then on, it has been increasing almost linearly and has reached a value of 4.7 in 2016. More than one third of the articles contain data on only one system. While the average number of systems per article is close to 3, the median value is 2.For more than 4000 systems, the reference, the temperature and pressure range of the data, and the experimental method used for the measurements is given in 41 tables. Information on hydrate systems and systems containing ionic liquids are given in 6 additional tables. 47.1 % of all systems of the review period 2013–2016 contain CO2 as one of the components. Other frequently measured components are water (32 %), methane (12.3 %), nitrogen (5.1 %), propane (3.7 %), ethane (3 %), hydrogen (2.7 %), and ethanol (2.2 %). In the period 2013–2016, 18 % of the data sets involve hydrate equilibria, 15.4 % of the systems include an ionic liquid, and 7.7 % contain a refrigerant. In the period from 1988 to 2016, we observed a clear shift in the investigated systems from chlorofluorocarbon to hydrofluorocarbon and then to hydrofluoroolefin refrigerants.The number of investigations at very high temperatures and pressures has increased, since a higher number of data sets from the Earth and planetary sciences have been found and included in the period of this review. The average internal volume of all cells used for measurements in the review period is 141 mL. Many different methods for the measurements of high-pressure phase equilibrium data exist. We discuss the main advantages and challenges of the methods and give examples of their use in the period 2013–2016. The percentage of the use of synthetic methods constantly rose from 29 % in the first period (1988–1993) to 62 % in the fourth period (2005–2008). Since then, it has stayed almost constant. Analytical–isobaric–isothermal (flow) methods have been used less and less, from 22 % (1988–1993) to 5 % (2013–2016). Synthetic-nonvisual methods are used more and more often, rising from 3 % (1988–1993) to 23 % (2013–2016).

THE USE OF SPENT SORPTION MATERIALS FOR THE TREATMENT OF FOOD INDUSTRY WASTEWATER

A significant number of sorbents used in the food industry are not reused due to the complexity of their regeneration and significant material costs. They are often stored on the territory of the enterprise or taken to landfills, usually without authorization. Today, it is important to study the regeneration and reuse of sorbents used in food production. It is promising to use sorbents previously used at the stage of water treatment or preparation of technological solutions and regenerated in wastewater treatment, in particular, in the same food production facilities and in other industries where wastewater contains organic substances. The article investigates the reuse of a spent sorbent mixture consisting of activated carbon and kieselguhr for the treatment of wastewater from dairy processing enterprises. The results of experimental studies of the dynamics of ion exchange adsorption of lactic acid and alanine by mixed sorbent and spent sorbent under periodic conditions are given. According to the results of the study, the difference in cleaning efficiency for the two options is insignificant and amounts to about 3%, which is within the experimental error. It is shown that the sorption of pollutant components of wastewater of milk processing enterprises by cheap sorbents, which include regenerated sorbents, is one of the most promising because of their high efficiency, low cost of treatment, and the possibility of further use of spent sorbents in agriculture.

Технология извлечения полезных компонентов из горючих сланцев месторождения Актау

This paper describes technologies for processing of oil shales and determines parameters of thermal decomposition without oxygen access (pyrolysis) and hydrometallurgical methods for extracting useful components. The following methods are presented: leaching to extract valuable components into a sulfuric acid solution, and selective extraction to ion-exchange resins by sorption of valuable components of vanadium and molybdenum. The presented methods are not implemented on an industrial scale, since there is no oil shale processing in the Republic. Perspective technological schemes of oil shale ash processing are analyzed. The process involves the addition of sodium chloride to the process of thermal decomposition without access to oxygen (pyrolysis). The resulting ash is leached in vats with sulfuric acid 160 g/l, at room temperature, T : W = 1 : 5, duration 60 minutes. The resulting metal-bearing sulfuric acid solution is filtered and sent to sorption and precipitation. Extraction of vanadium and molybdenum into solution is more than 60–70 %. It should be noted that with an increase in the consumption of sulfuric acid over 160 g/l, the concentration of metals in the productive solution does not increase. The ion-exchange resins of the English company PUROLITE were used to extract metals from the productive solutions of leaching of oil shale ash from the Aktau deposit: for the extraction of molybdenum — A-100 Mo grade, and vanadium — A-109 grade.

Disposal of short-lived low- and intermediate-level waste: analysis of foreign experience

The article summarizes and analyzes the main approaches and practical experience of foreign countries regarding the disposal of short-lived low- and medium-level waste. Their place in the category of low-level waste according to the recommended classification of the IAEA, for which disposal in near-surface storage facilities is provided, is shown. Currently, in countries that operate nuclear facilities and develop nuclear technologies, there is no one approach to the disposal of such waste. The type of repository and its structural and technological solutions are determined by the specifics of the waste itself, the nature of the site, the state strategy in the nuclear industry, as well as social and economic factors. To date, several types of storage facilities have been developed for the disposal of short-lived low- and medium-level waste: relatively simple trench-type near-surface storage facilities; modular-type near-surface storage facilities with a complicated system of engineering barriers and criteria for selecting containing rocks (natural barriers) compared to the trench type; geological storages, which are mainly built in mining operations with a complex system of tunnels and barrier protection. Bentonite clays are widely used as components of engineering barriers. In the simplest case of near-surface repositories, the bentonite layer serves as the base material of the repositories and helps to reduce filtration and increase the sorption of radionuclides and other components. In the organization of geological repositories, the bentonite layer contributes to the reduction of water filtration into the repositories, increases the sorption of radionuclides, prevents the destruction of concrete structures during a shift by containing rocks, and, in the event of the destruction of cement-concrete structures of engineering barriers, leads to a decrease in the removal of radionuclides from the repositories into the environment. The work gives examples of different types of storage facilities in countries around the world.

Static and dynamic sorption of DOM on Bond Elute PPL and Bondesil PPL sorbents: physical-chemical characteristics

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to study sorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM) onto Bondesil PPL and Bond Elut PPL sorbents with particular attention to impact of sorption loading on molecular composition of the DOM isolated with a use of solid phase extraction (SPE). It was shown that the batch sorption isotherms were best fitted with the Langmuir model, the sorption constants were 8.6·103 L·kgOC −1 and 10.7·103 L·kgOC −1 for Bond Elut PPL and Bondesil PPL, respectively. Breakthrough curves were satisfactorily fitted by a logistic equation; the maximum sorbent loading was 13% (wt. dissolved organic carbon) for both sorbents. The relationship between loading values and optical descriptors of the DOM at the column exit showed preferential sorption of low molecular weight aromatic DOM components in the range of low loading values (up to 4%), the similar trends were observed for size exclusion chromatography (SEC) measurements. Much lesser impact of loading onto molecular composition was observed within the range from 4 to 8% dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Given high recovery values (70–85%) in this loading range, it can be recommended as preferential for conducting DOM isolation from natural waters using SPE PPL-modified sorbents.

Профессиональный риск для горнорабочих при многофакторном воздействии производственной среды

Preserving the health of the employees, reducing morbidity and maintaining the quality of life of people employed at the mining enterprises are related to the priority tasks of the state social policy in the field of professional activity. And the extraction of raw materials and the production of light metals are important tasks in the industrialized country. One of the risk groups, which is under the constant negative impact of a complex of the unfavorable production factors, includes miners engaged in the extraction of carnallite for the production of metallic magnesium. Specific working conditions lead to the development of a number of diseases among the personnel of the mining enterprises and can reduce life expectancy. When assessing the working conditions of miners, it is advisable to consider the factors of the natural and industrial environment at the mining sites, even if they belong to the category of low intensity. The peculiarity of the natural environment of carnallite sites is due to high air humidity and the formation of hydroaerosols, which contribute to the active sorption of dust components in the course of work. An important element in assessing the impact of industrial environment factors on the human body is the analysis of its physiological reactions during a work shift, especially the process of fatigue formation, since it is this state of a person that can cause incidents. Health risk assessment of the miners has now acquired particular relevance. The most acceptable approach involves taking into account the production environment and determining the class of the working conditions. And the subsequent risk calculation should only confirm these primary data and focus on ensuring occupational safety.

Use of Natural Sorbents in the Processes of Removing Biogenic Compounds from the Aquatic Environment

This paper presents the results of the evaluation of the possibility of using a selected sorbent of natural origin, mineral (opoka rock), for the removal of biogenic compounds from aqueous solutions. The analyzed opoka rock contains approximately 70% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and from 26 to 27% silicon dioxide (SiO2) and has been classified as heavy opoka rock. The experiment focused on the sorption of organic components, including phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). It was carried out for two treatment systems, column tests and batch tests, for three samples of water—water from a water supply system, water from a fish pond and water from a garden pond—located in the region of Silesia (Poland). The results showed that the P removal efficiency was equal to 96.6% for the fine-grained sorbent (grain size <2 mm) and 90.8% for the coarse-grained sorbent (2–4 mm) in the batch tests, while lower effectiveness was observed for the column tests, reaching 67.8% and 54%, respectively. The efficiency of N (NH4+) removal was equal to 84% for both types of sorbents in the batch tests, while it was 47.7% for the fine-grained sorbent and 26.3% for the coarse-grained sorbent in the column tests. The efficiency of the removal of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−) was higher for the fine-grained sorbent in all analyzed water samples. The use of materials of natural origin in industrial applications is a recommended direction, part of the green transition. The analyzed samples of opoka rock come from deposits, and opoka rock has so far not been analyzed in terms of its possible use in water and sewage treatment technology. Therefore, further research is recommended for this low-cost sorbent, which may be a competitive material for commercial products.

The Influence of Oily Vehicle Composition and Vehicle-Membrane Interactions on the Diffusion of Model Permeants across Barrier Membranes.

In many instances, one or more components of a pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulation is an oil. The aims of this study were two-fold. First, to examine the potential of preferential uptake of one oily vehicle component over another into a model barrier membrane (silicone) from blended vehicles (comprising two from the common excipients isohexadecane (IHD), hexadecane (HD), isopropyl myristate (IPM), oleic acid (OA) and liquid paraffin). Second, to study the effect of membrane-vehicle interactions on the diffusion of model permeants (caffeine (CF), methyl paraben (MP) and butyl paraben (BP)) from blended vehicles. Selective sorption and partition of some oils (especially IHD and IPM) at the expense of other oils (such as OA) was demonstrated to take place. For example, the membrane composition of IHD was enriched compared to a donor solution of IHD-OA: 41%, 63% and 82% IHD, compared to donor solution composition of 25%, 50% and 75% IHD, respectively. Pre-soaking the membrane in IHD, HD or LP, rather than phosphate buffer, enhanced the flux of MP through the membrane by 2.6, 1.7 and 1.3 times, respectively. The preferential sorption of individual oil components from mixtures altered the barrier properties of silicone membrane, and enhanced the permeation of CF, MP and BP, which are typically co-formulated in topical products.

Sorption of dissolved organic matter by freshwater bacterioplankton

Here we describe the study of the sorption of high-molecular components of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of natural waters - humic acids - by eight bacterial strains isolated from freshwater. Isotherms of DOM sorption by cells are described by the Langmuir equation. Gram-positive bacteria adsorb more DOM than gram-negative bacteria, with high molecular weight DOM fractions binding in a relatively selective manner. A high positive correlation (r = 0.91) was found between the decrease in the molecular weight of DOM during the sorption of these compounds by cells and the maximum sorption value. The formation of a polysaccharide capsule increases the binding of DOM by the cells of Pseudomonas sp. to the level of gram-positive bacteria.

Study of sorption properties of HF 512O and NaX synthetic zeolites in the process of sorption of air mixture components

The sorption properties of synthetic zeolites HF 512O and NaX were studied. In the course of the study, the volume method obtained the sorption capacities of zeolites for nitrogen and oxygen. The experimental setup for determining the sorption capacity by volumetric method consisted of two tanks. The first tank has a known volume, and the second tank is filled with the studied sorbent. Helium was used to determine the free volume of the second tank. The gas sorption capacity of which must be determined is fed to the first tank, the second tank is pumped out using a vacuum pump, after which the tanks are connected and the separation in the tanks is leveled. Thus, the sorption capacity of the sorbent can be calculated based on the pressure drop in the system. The selectivity of sorbents for the nitrogen – oxygen pair for pure gases was calculated.

STUDY OF THE IN VITRO LIPOPROTEIN PLASMASORPTION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC SORBENTS WITH SUBSTITUTED AMINO GROUPS

Currently, the plasmasorption method is widely used in clinical practice to remove excessive amounts of metabolites that cause various pathologies. However, the plasmasorbents applied often can give a number of side effects for the patient, such as the blood clotting, the release of dust particles, and the sorption of useful components from the plasma. Besides that, they can be quite expensive. The aim of the work was to create available plasmasorbents with a good hemocompatibility for the lipoprotein adsorption from the plasma. A number of anion exchangers with groups of trimethylamine, monoethanolamine, and triethanolamine were synthesized. For the sorbents obtained, adsorption and physico-chemical properties were investigated. Bulk density, specific volume at swelling, the swelling coefficient in various solvents (water, ethanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol, acetone) were determined and the theoretical calculations of total exchange capacity and crosslinking mass and molar fractions were made. It was found that the best swelling is achieved in propylene glycol. For the sorbents LP27 and LP29, the capacities on triglyceride and lipoprotein fractions and the coefficient of distribution of lipid profile components between the solid and liquid phases were determined. It is shown that both sorbents have good sorption properties, the sample LP29 being quite promising for the lipid profile components extraction. The developed sorbents are assumed to be cheaper than currently used ones as they are synthesized on the basis of commercially available matrix. The results obtained are expected to be useful for further investigations aimed at the modern plasmasorption technology quality improvement.

The effect of sorption of air and hydrogen components on the structural characteristics of superconducting FeTe0.65Se0.35 single crystals

X-ray studies of iron chalcogenide FeTe0.65Se0.35 single crystals were performed after they were exposed in air and hydrogen atmospheres at room and high temperatures, for long periods of time. It is found that impurity components have a significant effect on the structural characteristics of the diffraction pattern for this layered tetragonal superconducting material. It is shown that molecular impurities do not change the matrix symmetry of the tetragonal substitution solutions. However, when hydrogen molecules dissociate close to 200 °C under the thermocatalytic effect of Fe atoms, the tetragonal lattice of the matrix becomes unstable. Symmetry is reduced against the background of an increased concentration of atomic hydrogen and strengthening of the chemical bonds in the crystals. The crystal density sharply increases, and a FeTe0.65Se0.35 + H interstitial solution based on an orthorhombic lattice is formed. It is shown that the structural tetra-ortho phase transition in such solutions occurs near 200 °C.

Effect of sorption of epoxy binding components on aramide fiber properties

The influence of an epoxy binder of complex composition and its individual components on the sorption and physicomechanical characteristics of domestic aramid fibers is considered. The data on diffusion mass transfer of epoxy binder and its individual components into aramid fiber of various grades are obtained. It has been established that the components of the binder, after penetrating into aramid fibers, can change their macrostructure, however, this practically does not lead to a decrease in their strength.

Spherical Mesoporous Carbon Adsorbents for Sorption, Concentration, and Extraction of Nicotine and Other Components of Cigarette Smoke

Spherical carbon adsorbents have been synthesized with introduction of mesoporous MCM-48; their adsorption activity towards toxic components of cigarette smoke including nicotine has been studied with the purpose of application as fillers for filters in smoking rooms. The structure-sorption properties of the surface, as well as the composition of the surface layer of the carbon material, have been examined by means of low-temperature adsorption/desorption of nitrogen, X-ray photoelectron and IR-spectroscopy, and pH- and conductometric titration. It has been demonstrated that upon carbonization and activation the surface layer of the synthesized carbon adsorbents contained protolytically active carboxyl (0.1; 0.35 mmol/g) and hydroxyl groups, as well as a wide range of other oxygen-containing groups. The synthesized material has demonstrated a narrow pore size distribution (5–9 nm), while micropores were virtually absent. It has been established that the spherical mesoporous activated carbon synthesized in the present study with having a developed specific surface area of 1680 m2/g and the sorption capacity towards nicotine of 9.2 mmol/g has demonstrated superior properties exceeding those of the commercially produced material. Total chemical regeneration of the adsorbents (up to five to seven cycles) has been achieved through extraction by organic solvents (chloroform or methanol) without subsequent thermal treatment. Interaction of gaseous products of cigarettes burning with the spherical carbon samples occurred throughout the whole volume and not only on the external surface. It has been demonstrated that the investigated adsorbents can be applied in both stationary smoking rooms and cabins equipped with autonomous ventilation.

Isolation of Plutonium in the Course of REE/TPE Separation by Displacement Complexing Chromatography

Isolation of Pu from a TPE/REE mixture by displacement complexing chromatography on KU-2 cation-exchange resin was studied. To stabilize Pu in the trivalent state, the sorption of the mixture components from the initial solutions was performed in the presence of hydrazine nitrate. To convert Pu to the tetravalent state, H2O2 was added to the DTPA solution used as an eluent. The influence of temperature and H2O2 concentration on the chromatographic isolation of Pu was studied. Optimum conditions were found for separating Pu from TPE and REE.

High-pressure fluid-phase equilibria: Trends, recent developments, and systems investigated (2009–2012)

Results of the continuation of a review series covering the period 2009 to 2012 on high-pressure phase equilibria are given, including a compilation of systems investigated, recent developments, and trends. As in the previous review articles, the systems, the reference, the temperature and pressure range of the data, and the experimental method used for the measurements is given in 57 tables. Phase equilibria including vapor, liquid, and solid phases, hydrate equilibria, critical points, the solubility of high-boiling substances in supercritical fluids, the solubility of gases in liquids, and the solubility (sorption) of volatile components in polymers and ionic liquids are included.