Sorghum Dried Distillers Grains With Solubles Research Articles

Energy values of triticale or sorghum distillers’ dried grains with solubles and rye fed to broiler chickens

The current experiments were conducted to determine ileal digestible energy (IDE), metabolizable energy (ME), and nitrogen-corrected ME (MEn) of triticale distillers' dried grains with solubles (TDDGS), sorghum distillers' dried grains with solubles (SDDGS), or rye for broiler chickens using the regression method. Five diets including a corn-soybean meal reference diet and four assay diets, prepared by adding TDDGS or SDDGS at 10% or 20% of the diet to partly replace energy-yielding ingredients in the reference diet, were used. Each of the five diets was fed to eight replicate cages of six birds per replicate cage from day 14 to 21 post-hatching. Similarly in experiment 2, corn-soybean reference diet and two assay diets in which rye at 20% or 40% replaced energy-yielding sources in the reference diet and each of the three diets was fed to eight replicate cages of eight birds per replicate cage from day 18 to 23 post-hatching. Excreta samples were collected twice daily from day 18 to 20 in experiment 1 or day 20 to 22 in experiment 2, and ileal digesta were collected on day 21 (experiment 1) or day 23 (experiment 2). The IDE, ME, and MEn (kcal/kg DM) of TDDGS or SDDGS were derived from the regressions of TDDGS-, SDDGS-, or rye-associated, IDE, apparent ME, and apparent MEn intake in kilocalories against the intake of TDDGS, SDDGS, or rye (X, kg DM), respectively. For diets with TDDGS substitution, regression equations were IDE = 12.3 + 3,288X, ME = -3.0 + 2,800X, and MEn = -0.4 + 2,647X. The equations for the SDDGS diets were IDE = -4.8 + 3,247X, ME = -7.6 + 3,210X, and MEn = -7.0 + 3,072X; and those for the rye diets were IDE = 9.5 + 3,002X, ME = 6.3 + 3,053X, and MEn = 4.8 + 2,928X. The IDE contents did not differ between TDDGS and SDDGS whereas the ME and MEn contents were greater (P < 0.05) in the SDDGS than in the TDDGS. In conclusion, the current study provided energy values of the DDGS sources and rye using the regression method. The regression-derived IDE for TDDGS, SDDGS, or rye were 3,288, 3,247, or 3,002 kcal/kg DM, respectively; corresponding ME were 2,800, 3,210, or 3,053 kcal/kg DM. The respective regression-derived MEn for TDDGS, SDDGS, or rye were 2,647, 3,072, or 2,928 kcal/kg DM for broiler chickens.

The effects of feeding sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in grain sorghum– or corn-based diets on pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality. A total of 288 finishing pigs (BW 58.8 ± 4.43 kg; Line TR 4 × 1050, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used in a 73-d study. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 6 pens of 8 pigs per treatment. Treatments included grain sorghum–based diets with 0%, 15%, 30%, or 45% sorghum DDGS (29.0% CP, 7.2% ether extract); a grain sorghum–based diet with 30% corn DDGS (25.7% CP, 8.7% ether extract); and a corn-based diet with 30% corn DDGS. The diets were formulated to 0.95%, 0.83%, and 0.71% standardized ileal digestible Lys in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and were not balanced for energy. On d 73, a subsample of 72 pigs (1 barrow and 1 gilt/pen) was harvested at Kansas State University’s Meats Laboratory. Carcass traits were calculated, as well as 10th-rib LM color, marbling and firmness, and fat color score. Fat samples from the 10th rib were collected and analyzed for fatty acid profile, which was used to calculate iodine value (IV). The remaining pigs were transported to a commercial packing plant (Triumph Foods, St. Joseph, MO) for carcass measurement and jowl IV determinations. Overall, increasing the dietary sorghum DDGS reduced (linear, P < 0.01) ADG and increased (linear, P < 0.01) back fat IV. Pigs fed increasing sorghum DDGS had decreased 10th-rib fat a* (less red) and b* (less yellow; P < 0.01 and 0.06, respectively). No differences were observed in growth performance or back fat IV among pigs fed corn- or grain sorghum–based diets with 30% corn DDGS. Pigs fed the grain sorghum–based diet with 30% corn DDGS had fat color that was more yellow (b*; P < 0.03) than that of pigs fed the grain sorghum–based diet with 30% sorghum DDGS. Pigs fed the grain sorghum–based diet with 30% sorghum DDGS also had decreased back fat IV (P < 0.01) and fat that was whiter (L*; P < 0.02) than that of those fed the grain sorghum–based diet with corn DDGS. Pigs fed grain sorghum with 30% sorghum DDGS had lower (P < 0.01) back fat IV than pigs fed corn with 30% corn DDGS. Feeding a grain sorghum–based diet with increasing sorghum DDGS reduces ADG when diets are not balanced for energy but, when fed at 30% of the diet, produces firmer pork fat than feeding a corn-based diet with 30% corn DDGS, which may be preferred for pork export markets.

The effects of corn- or sorghum-based diets with or without sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on lactating-sow and litter performance

ABSTRACT A total of 140 sows and their litters were used to determine the effects of corn- or sorghum-based diets without or with 20% sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on lactating-sow and litter performance. Sows were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments on d 110 of gestation. Weaning age was 21 d. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of grain source and sorghum DDGS. Litters were equalized to 13 pigs per treatment. Overall (d 0 to 21), a tendency (P

Energy value of distillers dried grains with solubles and oilseed meals for pigs1

The energy values of 3 distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) derived from corn, triticale, and sorghum and 3 oil seed meals including canola meal (CM), cottonseed meal (CSM), and sunflower meal (SFM) were determined in 2 experiments. For both of experiments, 24 crossbred barrows (initial BW: 28.0 ± 1.60 and 28.0 ± 2.0 kg for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) were grouped by weight into 6 blocks and placed in a metabolism crate with 1 pig per crate. There were 4 diets in each experiment consisting of a corn-soybean meal reference diet and 3 test diets. The test diet consisted of each of 3 DDGS (Exp. 1) or 3 oil seed meals (Exp. 2) that partly replaced the energy yielding sources in the reference diet at 300 (Exp. 1) or 200 g/kg (Exp. 2) such that same ratios were maintained for all energy ingredients across all experimental diets. The DE, apparent ME (AME), and N-corrected AME (AMEn) of the test ingredients were determined by the difference method in 2 experiments each consisting of a 5-d adjustment and 5 d of total but separate collection of feces and urine. The respective DM or GE of corn DDGS, triticale DDGS, sorghum DDGS, CM, CSM, and SFM were 918, 927, 904, 912, 907, and 898 g/kg or 5,429, 5,298, 5,295, 5,063, 5,327, and 4,589 kcal/kg of DM. Addition of DDGS to reference diet in Exp. 1 decreased (P < 0.01) dietary DE, AME, and AMEn of the test diet. However, in Exp. 2, the respective energy values of the test diet were not affected by the addition of oil seed meals to reference diet except for SFM, which decreased (P < 0.01) the energy values. The respective DE, AME, and AMEn were 3,751, 3,559, and 3,361 kcal/kg of DM for corn DDGS, 3,720, 3,537, and 3,315 kcal/kg of DM for triticale DDGS, and 3,520, 3,355, and 3,228 kcal/kg of DM for sorghum DDGS. There was no difference in any of energy values among 3 DDGS evaluated in the current study. Furthermore, the respective DE, AME, and AMEn were 3,577, 3,428, and 3,087 kcal/kg of DM for CM and 3,281, 3,139, and 2,892 kcal/kg of DM for CSM, which were greater (P < 0.01) than those for SFM at 2,449, 2,253, and 2,071 kcal/kg of DM. In conclusion, the DE, AME, AMEn evaluated by difference method in the current experiment was not different among 3 DDGS derived from corn, triticale, and sorghum whereas the respective energy concentration was less in SFM than those in CM and CSM.

Nutrient database for sorghum distillers dried grains with solubles from ethanol plants in the western plains region and their effects on nursery pig performance1,2

Samples of sorghum distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were collected and analyzed to establish a nutrient database and evaluate the quality and consistency between and within 5 ethanol plants in Kansas and Texas. Each sample (n = 21) was analyzed for AA, DM, CP, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, NDF, ADF, trace minerals, and starch. Mean values (DM basis) were 0.88% Lys, 10.49% crude fat, 34.21% CP, and 4,722 kcal/kg GE. The standard deviations among sorghum DDGS plants were similar to those within plants for most nutrients. Results of these analyses were used to formulate diets for 2 nursery trials. The 2 experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding sorghum DDGS (29.0% CP and 7.2% crude fat) to corn- or sorghum-based diets on nursery pig growth performance. In Exp. 1, 360 nursery barrows (6.8 kg and 26 d of age) were used in a 34-d study. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 9 pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial with main effects of grain source (corn vs. sorghum) and sorghum DDGS (0, 15, 30, or 45%). Diets were formulated to 1.30 and 1.25% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys in phases 1 and 2, respectively, but were not balanced for energy. Overall, there were no differences among pigs fed sorghum- or corn-based diets for ADG and ADFI; however, as sorghum DDGS increased from 0 to 45% of the diet, ADG decreased (linear, P < 0.01). There was a DDGS × grain source interaction (linear, P < 0.04) observed for G:F. In corn-based diets, pigs fed increasing sorghum DDGS had relatively similar G:F. However, in pigs fed sorghum-based diets, G:F was best for those fed 0% DDGS but was decreased in pigs fed 15, 30, or 45% sorghum DDGS. In Exp. 2, 180 nursery pigs (10.7 kg and 38 d of age) were used in a 21-d study with 6 pigs per pen and 5 pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of grain source (corn vs. sorghum) and DDGS (0 vs. 30% corn or sorghum DDGS). Diets were formulated to 1.27% SID Lys and were not balanced for energy. Overall, there were no differences in ADG among pigs fed sorghum- or corn-based diets as well as no differences among pigs fed sorghum or corn DDGS. Pigs fed diets with 30% DDGS gained less (P < 0.03) than pigs fed basal diets. These results indicate sorghum can be a suitable replacement for corn in nursery pig diets, but increasing sorghum DDGS decreased ADG.

The effects of corn- or sorghum-based diets with or without sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on lactating sow and litter performance (2012)

A total of 140 sows (PIC 1050) and their litters were used to determine the effects of corn- or sorghum-based diets with or without 20% sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on lactating sow and litter performance. On d 110 of gestation, sows were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of grain source (corn vs. sorghum) and sorghum DDGS (0 vs. 20%; 32.1% CP and 9.2% crude fat as-fed). All diets were formulated to 0.97% standardized ileal digestible lysine but were not balanced for energy. Litters were equalized to at least 12 pigs per sow after farrowing. Two sows and one sow were removed from the study for the sorghum and sorghum-DDGS treatments, respectively, because of initial feed refusal.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 2012

Adhesive Performance of Sorghum Protein Extracted from Sorghum DDGS and Flour

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is the main co-product from grain-based ethanol production. The objective of this research was to compare the adhesive performance of three types of sorghum proteins: acetic acid-extracted sorghum protein from DDGS (PI), aqueous ethanol-extracted sorghum protein from DDGS (PII) and acetic acid-extracted sorghum protein from sorghum flour (PF). Physicochemical properties including amino acid composition, and rheological, thermal and morphological properties also were characterized. Results showed that PI had the best adhesion performance in terms of dry, wet and soak adhesion strength, followed by PF and PII. The wet strength of PI at a concentration of 12% protein assembled at 150 C was 3.15 MPa, compared to 2.17 MPa and 2.59 MPa for PII and PF, respectively. DSC thermograms indicated that the PF protein isolates contained higher levels of carbohydrates than PI and PII; such non-protein contaminants in the PF isolate could be the reason for its lower adhesion strength than PI. In addition, PI might have more hydrophobic amino acids aligned at the protein-wood interface than PII, which could explain the better water resistance of PI. The optimum sorghum protein concen- tration and pressing temperature for maximum adhesion strength was 12% and 150 C. PI had a significantly higher wet strength (3.15 MPa) than unmodified soy protein (1.63 MPa for soy protein). The high percentage of hydrophobic amino acids in PI (57%) was likely a key factor in the increased water resistance of PI compared with soy protein (36% hydrophobic amino acids). These results indicated that sorghum protein has huge potential as an alternative to petroleum-based adhesives.

The effects of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality (2011)

A total of 288 finishing pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 129.6 lb) were used in a 73-d study to determine the effects of increasing sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in sorghum- or corn-based diets on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design based on initial pen weight. The dietary treatments included sorghum-based diets with sorghum DDGS included at 0, 15, 30, or 45%; a sorghum-based diet with 30% corn DDGS; and a corn-based diet with 30% corn DDGS. Overall (d 0 to 73), increasing sorghum DDGS from 0 to 45% reduced (linear, P < 0.04) ADG and ADFI. Increasing sorghum DDGS increased (linear, P < 0.01) backfat iodine value (IV), and fat color became less red (a*; linear, P < 0.01) and tended to be less yellow (b*; linear, P < 0.06). No differences were observed in growth performance among pigs fed corn- or sorghum-based diets with 30% corn DDGS along with similar carcass characteristics, backfat, loin depth, fat-free lean index (FFLI), HCW, carcass yield, and backfat IV. Pigs fed sorghum-based diets with either 30% sorghum or corn DDGS had similar ADG, ADFI, and F/G, as well as similar carcass characteristics; however, pigs fed 30% sorghum DDGS had decreased (P < 0.01) backfat IV and fat color that was more white (L*) and less yellow (b*) in color than pigs fed 30% corn DDGS. We observed similar ADG, ADFI, and F/G, as well as carcass characteristics, for pigs fed corn- or sorghum-based diets with 30% DDGS. Backfat IV was greater in pigs fed increasing DDGS, with a notable increase in pigs fed corn DDGS compared with those fed sorghum DDGS. Feeding sorghum DDGS produces pork fat that is lighter in color and less yellow than those fed corn DDGS, which may have an important role in pork export markets.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 2011

Effect of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on composition, retail stability, and sensory attributes of ground pork from barrows and gilts (2011)

A total of 288 finishing pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 129.6 lb) were utilized as part of a 73-d feeding study to determine the effects of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (S-DDGS) in sorghum- or corn-based diets on ground pork quality. The dietary treatments included sorghum-based diets with 0, 15, 30, or 45% S-DDGS, a sorghum-based diet with 30% corn DDGS (C-DDGS), and a corn-based diet with 30% C-DDGS. Shoulders from 24 barrow and 24 gilt carcasses were ground, packaged, and evaluated for proximate and fatty acid composition, iodine value (IV), objective color and oxidation shelf-life, and sensory attributes. Finishing diet and gender did not interact to affect composition, fatty acid profile, color, or oxidative rancidity (P > 0.05). Pork from gilts contained less fat and more moisture (P < 0.001), was less saturated with a greater IV and total percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.01), and was also darker (P < 0.001) and more red (P = 0.004) than pork from barrows. Gender did not affect (P > 0.05) total color change from 0 to 120 h, oxidative rancidity, or sensory attributes of ground pork. Finishing diet had no effect on total fat, moisture, or protein composition. Increasing S-DDGS resulted in a linear (P < 0.001) decrease in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and an increase (P < 0.01) in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and pork IV. Pork from pigs fed 30% S-DDGS had a greater percentage of MUFA, a lower percentage of PUFA, and reduced IV compared with pork from pigs fed 30% C-DDGS. Diet did not affect oxidative rancidity (P = 0.37) or objective color CIE L* (brightness), a* (redness), or b* (yellowness) values (P ≥ 0.09), but was shown to influence total color change (P = 0.01), with pork from pigs fed sorghum grain and 30% S-DDGS showing less total change than all other dietary treatments. All pork products were characterized with similar sensory descriptors. Overall, increasing S-DDGS during finishing resulted in ground pork with a more unsaturated fatty acid profile. Utilization of S-DDGS compared with an equal level of C-DDGS resulted in pork with a more saturated fatty acid profile and reduced IV; however, product differences were not carried through to alter oxidative rancidity or sensory attributes.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 2011

The effects of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on nursery pig performance (2011)

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on nursery pig growth performance. In both experiments, sorghum DDGS were added to corn- or sorghum-based diets to determine their impact on ADG, ADFI, and F/G. In Exp. 1, a total of 360 nursery barrows (PIC 1050, initially 15.1 lb and 26 d of age) were used with 5 pigs per pen and 9 pens per treatment. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial with main effects of grain source (corn vs. sorghum) and sorghum DDGS (0, 15, 30, or 45%). Overall (d 0 to 34), pigs fed the corn and sorghum diets had similar ADG and ADFI; however, F/G was poorer (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the sorghum-based diets compared with the corn-based diets. Also, increasing DDGS reduced ADG (linear, P < 0.01) but increased ADFI (linear, P < 0.07), resulting in poorer F/G (linear, P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, a total of 180 nursery pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 23.8 lb and 38 d of age) were used in a 21-d study with 6 pigs per pen and 5 pens per treatment. The dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of grain source (corn vs. sorghum) and DDGS (none, 30% corn DDGS, or 30% sorghum DDGS). Overall (d 0 to 21), no differences were found in ADG, ADFI, and F/G among pigs fed the corn- or sorghum-based diets. DDGS source (corn vs. sorghum) also did not influence growth performance; however, adding 30% DDGS to either the corn- or sorghum-based diets tended to reduce ADG (P < 0.10). Pigs fed diets with DDGS had similar ADFI and F/G when compared with pigs fed the basal diets (0% DDGS). In conclusion, sorghum can be used as a suitable replacement for corn in nursery diets. In Exp. 1, feed efficiency was approximately 5% poorer in pigs fed sorghum-based diets vs. pigs fed corn-based diets, which is similar to the energy content differences between the two grains. However, increasing sorghum DDGS to 45% of the diet reduced pig growth performance, so its inclusion needs to be evaluated on an income over feed costs basis.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 2011

Digestibility of dietary fiber in distillers coproducts fed to growing pigs1

The objective of this work was to measure the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dietary fiber in different sources of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and to calculate hindgut fermentation of dietary fiber in DDGS fed to growing pigs. Diets, ileal digesta, and fecal samples from pigs fed corn or diets containing 1 of 28 sources of distillers coproducts were analyzed for fiber. Of the 28 sources of coproducts, 24 sources were corn DDGS (C-DDGS), 1 source was sorghum DDGS (S-DDGS), 1 source was DDGS from a blend of sorghum and corn (SC-DDGS), 1 source was C-DDGS from beverage production (DDGS(beverage)), and a source of corn distillers dried grain (DDG) was also included in the experiment. Total dietary fiber (TDF) and DM were analyzed in all DDGS sources, ileal digesta, and fecal samples. Hindgut fermentation was calculated by subtracting values for AID from values for ATTD. In 10 sources of DDGS and in ileal and fecal samples from pigs fed those sources, crude fiber, ADF, NDF, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) were also determined. Concentrations of CP, ether extract, and ash were also analyzed in these samples, and concentrations of organic residue (OR) were calculated by subtracting the concentration of CP, ether extract, and water from OM. The AID and the ATTD of TDF differed (P < 0.01) among sources of C-DDGS. The average AID of TDF in 10 sources of C-DDGS (21.5%) was not different (P > 0.05) from the AID of TDF in corn (16.5%), but the ATTD and the hindgut fermentation of TDF in the 10 sources of C-DDGS (44.5 and 23.0%, respectively) were greater (P < 0.05) than in corn (23.1 and 6.6%, respectively). The AID of crude fiber, NDF, IDF, SDF, and TDF were not different between C-DDGS and S-DDGS, but the AID of ADF was greater (P < 0.01) in S-DDGS (57.4%) than in C-DDGS (36.8%). The ATTD of OR in S-DDGS (72.5%) and SC-DDGS (68.4%) were less (P < 0.05) than in C-DDGS (77.1%), but the ATTD of ADF, NDF, IDF, SDF, and TDF were not different among the 3 sources of DDGS. The AID, ATTD, and hindgut fermentation of TDF were not different between DDGS from an ethanol plant and DDGS from a beverage plant. The average AID, ATTD, and hindgut fermentation of TDF in the 24 sources of C-DDGS were 23.0, 47.3, and 24.4%, respectively. It is concluded that the AID and ATTD of fiber differ among sources of DDGS and those differences may contribute to differences in the digestibility of energy in DDGS.

Efficacy of commercial enzymes in diets containing various concentrations and sources of dried distillers grains with solubles for nursery pigs1,2

In 2 experiments, 530 pigs were used to evaluate the effects of adding commercial enzymes to diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on pig growth performance. In the first experiment, 180 pigs (9.0 kg initial BW) were fed a corn-soybean meal-based control diet, a diet containing 30% corn DDGS, or the 30% DDGS diet with 0.05% of enzyme A, B, or C. There were 6 pigs per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Overall (d 0 to 27), neither DDGS nor enzyme addition increased ADG and G:F. Pigs fed enzyme B had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG as a result of a tendency (P <or= 0.10) for decreased ADFI compared with control pigs or pigs fed DDGS without added enzyme. In Exp. 2, 350 pigs (11.0 kg initial BW) were fed 1 of 10 dietary treatments. Pigs were fed a control corn-soybean meal-based diet or the control diet containing 15 or 30% DDGS from 3 sources (corn, sorghum 1, or sorghum 2). Diets containing 30% DDGS were fed with or without the same enzyme (enzyme A) as Exp. 1. There were 5 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment. Overall (d 7 to 28), there were no (P > 0.10) enzyme x DDGS source interactions observed. Corn DDGS did not influence (P > 0.10) ADG, ADFI, or G:F. Sorghum DDGS reduced (P = 0.003) G:F, with no difference (P > 0.10) between sorghum DDGS sources. Adding the commercial enzyme to the 30% DDGS diets did not improve performance. In summary, feeding diets with sorghum DDGS resulted in poorer G:F with no change in ADG compared with feeding the control diet or diets containing corn DDGS. Adding the enzymes used in this study to corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 30% DDGS did not improve growth performance.

Nutrient analysis of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles from ethanol plants located in the western plains region (2010)

Samples of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) were collected and analyzed to establish a nutrient database and evaluate the quality and consistency between and within samples taken from 5 ethanol plants in the Western Plains region. Four plants were located in Kansas and 1 in Texas. A total of 21 samples were collected, with 4 plants contributing 4 samples each and 1 plant contributing 5 samples from different manufacturing lots of DDGS. Each sample was analyzed for amino acids, DM, CP, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, NDF, ADF, Ca, P, trace minerals, GE, and starch. In addition, DE, ME, and NE were calculated from the nutrient analysis. Of the 5 plants, 3 produced pure sorghum DDGS samples while 2 produced mixed sorghum and corn DDGS samples, with sorghum representing 60 or 70% of the DDGS. For the pure sorghum DDGS, the overall sample average means for each nutrient on a DM basis were: DM (89.5%), CP (34.2%), crude fat (10.5%), ash (4.4%), NFE (40.3%), crude fiber (10.6%), ADF (26.4%), NDF (35.1%), starch (4.3%), calculated DE (1,560 kcal/lb), calculated ME (1,454 kcal/lb), calculated NE (919 kcal/lb), Ile (1.37%), Leu (3.84%), Lys (0.88%), Met (0.55%), Thr (1.04%), Trp (0.26%), Val (1.67%), Ca (0.01%), and P (0.72%). The mixed DDGS samples' means were generally similar to the pure sorghum DDGS nutrient analysis values. Results of these analyses can be used by nutritionists to better utilize sorghum DDGS in swine diets.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 18, 2010

Sorghum distillers dried grain lipid extract increases cholesterol excretion and decreases plasma and liver cholesterol concentration in hamsters

Grain sorghum is a rich source of phytochemicals. In this study, male hamsters were fed AIN-93M diets supplemented with a hexane-extractable lipid fraction from sorghum distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Diets contained 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 5.0% (w/w) DDGS lipid extract. After 4 wk, the 5.0% DDGS lipids group had significantly lower plasma non-HDL cholesterol and liver esterified cholesterol concentration. Faecal neutral sterol (i.e., cholesterol) excretion was significantly higher in the 5.0% DDGS lipids group compared to the other treatments (66% higher compared to controls). Bile acid excretion was not affected by DDGS lipid intake. Faecal cholesterol excretion was negatively correlated with liver cholesterol concentration ( r = −0.97, P = 0.026), and liver cholesterol concentration was directly correlated with plasma total cholesterol concentration ( r = 0.96, P = 0.041). Thus, lipid extract of sorghum DDGS exhibited cholesterol-lowering properties due, at least in part, to increased cholesterol excretion from the body and could provide health benefits when incorporated into human diets.

Comparison of Methods for Extracting Kafirin Proteins from Sorghum Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles

Use of coproducts generated during fermentation is important to the overall economics of biofuel production. The main coproduct from grain-based ethanol production is distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). High in protein, DDGS is a potential source of protein for many bioindustrial applications such as adhesives and resins. The objective of this research was to characterize the composition as well as chemical and physical properties of kafirin proteins from sorghum DDGS with various extraction methods including use of acetic acid, HCl-ethanol and NaOH-ethanol under reducing conditions. Extraction conditions affected purity and thermal properties of the extracted kafirin proteins. Extraction yields of 44.2, 24.2, and 56.8% were achieved by using acetic acid, HCl-ethanol and NaOH-ethanol, respectively. Acetic acid and NaOH-ethanol produced protein with higher purity than kafirins extracted with the HCl-ethanol protocol. The acetic acid extraction protocol produced protein with the highest purity, 98.9%. Several techniques were used to evaluate structural, molecular and thermal properties of kairin extracts. FTIR showed alpha-helix dominated in all three samples, with only a small portion of beta-sheet present. Electrophoresis results showed alpha(1), alpha(2) band and beta kafirins were present in all three extracts. Glass transition peaks of the extracts were shown by DSC to be approximately 230 degrees C. Kafirin degraded at 270-290 degrees C. Size exclusion chromatography revealed that the acetic acid and HCl-ethanol based extraction methods tended to extract more high molecular weight protein than the NaOH-ethanol based method. Reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography showed that the gamma kafirins were found only in extracts from the NaOH-ethanol extraction method.

Comparison of supercritical CO2 and hexane extraction of lipids from sorghum distillers grains

AbstractTotal yields and compositions of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) lipids obtained by supercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2) extraction were compared with those obtained by recirculated solvent extraction (RSE) with hexane. The total yield of lipids obtained by SC‐CO2 extraction at 27.5 MPa and 70 °C was 150 g lipids/kg DDGS, while the yield obtained by RSE with hexane at 69 °C was only 85 g lipids/kg DDGS. The contents of four high‐value compounds, i.e., policosanols, phytosterols, free fatty acids (FFA) and tocols, in the lipids obtained by SC‐CO2 extraction were 31.2, 15.6, 155.3 and 0.50 mg/g at 27.5 MPa and 70 °C, compared to 26.6, 9.6, 57.3 and 0.03 mg/g for RSE with hexane at 69 °C. The profiles of phytosterols and FFA in the sorghum DDGS lipids were relatively independent of the extraction methods and operating conditions.