Sonodynamic Therapy Research Articles

Synergistic SDT/cuproptosis therapy for liver hepatocellular carcinoma: enhanced antitumor efficacy and specific mechanisms

The efficacy of sonodynamic therapy (SDT), an emerging approach for tumor treatment, is hindered by the high levels of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, we constructed nanobubbles loaded with the sonosensitizer HMME and the tumor-targeting peptide RGD (HMME-RGD@C3F8 NBs) for synergistic SDT/cuproptosis therapy of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) in combination with Elesclomol-Cu as cuproptosis inducers. Endogenous GSH is consumed by Cu2+ to modulate the complex TME, thereby amplifying oxidative stress and further improving SDT performance. Additionally, intracellular Cu2+ overload can induce cuproptosis, which is further amplified by SDT, to initiate irreversible protein toxicity. The specific mechanism of synergistic SDT/cuproptosis therapy in LIHC was investigated by RNA sequencing analysis. The synergistic SDT/cuproptosis therapy reprogrammed the TME to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy. Furthermore, a risk-scoring model was created and displayed significant promise in the prognosis of LIHC.Graphical

Platinum–Iron Nanoparticles for Oxygen-Enhanced Sonodynamic Tumor Cell Suppression

A type of nanoparticle has been developed to simultaneously alleviate tumor hypoxia and enhance the effectiveness of sonodynamic therapy aimed at improving cancer treatment outcomes. Small-sized iron–platinum nanoparticles were prepared using a thermal reduction method, and their particle size and crystal structure were characterized. The ability of these nanoparticles to decompose hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen and generate singlet oxygen under ultrasound irradiation was further tested. The effect of iron–platinum nanoparticles on inhibition of the proliferation of MCF-7 tumor cells under hypoxic conditions was also evaluated. The prepared iron–platinum nanoparticles effectively decomposed hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen, reversing the hypoxic environment of tumors. Additionally, they generated singlet oxygen under ultrasound irradiation, which killed tumor cells and inhibited their proliferation. This study successfully developed small-sized iron–platinum nanoparticles that can alleviate tumor hypoxia by decomposing excess hydrogen peroxide in tumor cells to produce oxygen. Under ultrasound irradiation, these nanoparticles generate singlet oxygen, inhibiting tumor growth. The nanoparticles demonstrated good safety and are potentially valuable in enhancing oxygen-enhanced sonodynamic cancer therapy.

Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction Enhances the Inhibitory Effect of Sonodynamic Therapy against Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction Enhances the Inhibitory Effect of Sonodynamic Therapy against Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Cascade-Activatable Nanoprodrug System Augments Sonochemotherapy of Bladder Cancer.

Sonochemotherapy (SCT) has emerged as a powerful modality for cancer treatment by triggering excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and controlled release of chemotherapeutic agents under ultrasound. However, achieving spatiotemporally controlled release of chemotherapeutic agents during ROS generation is still an enormous challenge. In this work, we developed a cascade-activated nanoprodrug (CAN) system that utilizes a reversible covalent Schiff base mixed with a hypoxia-activatable camptothecin (CPT) prodrug. Briefly, the designed fluorinated CAN system is self-assembled into nanoparticles under aqueous conditions, which could penetrate deep tumors to offer sufficient oxygen for ultrasound-triggered ROS production. Consequently, the nanoparticles substantially exacerbated the hypoxia of the tumor microenvironment (TME) by elevating oxygen consumption. The aggravated hypoxia in turn served as a positive amplifier to boost the tumor-specific CPT release of Azo-CPT prodrug, which made up for the insufficient treatment efficacy of sonodynamic therapy (SDT). On this basis, we observed a substantial reduction, approximately 3.5-fold, in the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the CAN system compared to that of free CPT in bladder cancer cell lines (T24). Furthermore, the CAN system demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy with reduced side effects, resulting in regression and eradication of T24 tumors in various mouse models. In summary, the CAN system can be easily extended by incorporating different chemotherapeutic agents, showing great potential to revolutionize the clinical management paradigm of bladder cancer.

Activatable Sulfur Dioxide Nanosonosensitizer Enables Precisely Controllable Sono-Gaseous Checkpoint Trimodal Therapy for Orthotopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is combined with sonodynamic therapy (SDT) to increase response rates and enhance anticancer efficacy. However, the "always on" property of most sonosensitizers in reducing tumor microenvironment (TME) compromises the therapeutic outcome of sonoimmunotherapy and exacerbates adverse side effects. Precisely controllable strategies combining sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas therapy with cancer immunotherapy can address these issues but remain lacking. Herein an "activatable SO2 nanosonosensitizer" for precise sono-gaseous checkpoint trimodal therapy of orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is reported, whose full activity is initiated by ultrasound (US) irradiation in the reducing TME. This "activatable SO2 nanosonosensitizer," Aza-DNBS nanoparticles (NPs), are established by self-assembling Aza-boron-dipyrromethene based sonosensitizer molecules and 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate (DNBS)-caged SO2 prodrug. The activity of Aza-DNBS NPs is initially silenced, and the sonodynamic, gaseous, and immunosuppressive TME reprogramming activities are precisely awakened under US irradiation. Due to the glutathione-responsiveness of Aza-DNBS NPs, Aza-DNBS NPs can generate large amounts of SO2 for gas therapy-enhanced SDT, which triggers robust immunogenic cell death activation and reprogramming of the immunosuppressive TME, thereby significantly suppressing orthotopic tumor growth and delaying lung metastasis. Thus, this study represents a strategy for designing a generic nanoplatform for precisely combined immunotherapy of orthotopic HCC.

In Situ Transformable Nanoparticle Effectively Suppresses Bladder Cancer by Damaging Mitochondria and Blocking Mitochondrial Autophagy Flux.

Tumor therapeutic strategies based on mitochondrial damage have become an emerging trend. However, the low drug delivery efficiency caused by lysosomal sequestration and the activation of protective mitochondrial autophagy severely restricts the therapeutic efficacy. Herein, an in situ transformable nanoparticle named KCKT is developed to promote lysosomal escape and directly damage mitochondria while blocking mitochondrial autophagy. KCKT exhibits acid responsiveness for precise self-assembly into nanofibers within the lysosomes of cancer cells. The massive accumulation of nanofibers and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under sonodynamic therapy synergistically induce lysosomal damage. This facilitates the escape of nanofibers from lysosomal sequestration, thereby enhancing drug delivery. Subsequently, the escaped nanofibers specifically aggregate around the mitochondria for long-term retention and generate ROS under ultrasound irradiation to induce mitochondrial damage. Notably, due to lysosomal dysfunction, damaged mitochondria cannot be cleared by autophagy, further aggravating oxidative damage. These results reveal that KCKT effectively improves drug delivery and mitochondria-targeted therapy efficiency by blocking protective autophagy. These findings hold significant potential for advancing the field of mitochondria-targeted therapy.

Spatial confinement growth of high-performance persistent luminescence nanoparticles for image-guided sonodynamic therapy.

Near-infrared (NIR) persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) have significant potential in diagnostic and therapeutic applications owing to their unique persistent luminescence (PersL). However, obtaining high-performance NIR PLNPs remains challenging because of the limitations of current synthesis methods. Herein, we introduce a spatial confinement growth strategy for synthesizing high-performance NIR PLNPs using hollow mesoporous silica (hmSiO2). By calcining precursor ions in the hollow cavity, the yolk size of NIR PLNPs was regulated, yielding well-dispersed Zn1.3Ga1.4Sn0.3O4: Cr0.005, Y0.003@hmSiO2 (ZS) with a yolk-shell structure. Compared to the conventional template method, ZS synthesized via the spatial confinement growth strategy exhibited a 7.7-fold increase in PersL intensity and a threefold increase in specific surface area. As a proof of concept, ZS@PpIX@CaP-AMD (ZPSC-AMD) nanoparticles, with potential for sonodynamic therapy (SDT), were synthesized by loading the sonosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) into ZS, coating it with a calcium phosphate (CaP) shell, and modifying it with a tumor-targeting molecule plerixafor (AMD-3100). The tumor enrichment behavior of ZPSC-AMD was monitored by sensitive NIR PersL to guide SDT. Simultaneously, ZPSC-AMD enabled the precise monitoring of tumor accumulation, thereby guiding effective SDT. In addition, Ca2+ released from CaP degradation increased the level of reactive oxygen species during SDT, promoting tumor cell apoptosis. This study outlines a reliable design and synthesis approach for high-performance NIR PLNPs and promotes their development in biomedical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The potential of near infrared (NIR) persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) in bio applications is hindered by limitations in the synthesis method. In this article, we proposed a spatial confinement growth strategy of high-performance NIR PLNPs. The obtained PLNPs with yolk-shell structure showed a 7.7-fold increase in PersL intensity and a 3-fold increase in specific surface area, compared with the commonly used template method. Due to the advantages, sonodynamic therapeutic nanoparticles were constructed based on the above PLNPs, where persistent luminescence was used for ultrasensitive imaging to determine the optimal timing in sonodynamic therapy. In addition, the multifunctional calcium phosphate shell elevated the intracellular reactive oxygen species level to promote tumor cell apoptosis.

Thermoelectric Nanoheterojunction-Mediated Multiple Energy Conversion for Enhanced Cancer Therapy.

Electron-hole recombination and exogenous local hypoxia both impede the effectiveness of thermoelectric tumor catalytic therapy. Here, a thermoelectric heterojunction (Pt-TiO2-x/Ti3C2Tx-PEG) was developed to enhance charge carrier separation and alleviate tumor hypoxia. By incorporating titanium oxide with oxygen vacancies and platinum single atoms onto Ti3C2Tx MXene, we not only improve the charge separation efficiency but also prevent the recombination of positive and negative charges generated by the thermoelectric effect, leading to an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, the Pt SAs exhibited excellent catalase-mimicking (CAT-mimicking) activity, catalyzing hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen and alleviating the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Titanium oxide with oxygen vacancies also serves as a sonosensitizer for sonodynamic therapy (SDT), enhancing ROS generation in collaboration with thermoelectric catalytic therapy. Moreover, the photothermal conversion efficiency of Pt-TiO2-x/Ti3C2Tx-PEG is augmented by Pt SAs with a surface plasmon resonance effect, further boosting CAT-mimicking activity and thermoelectric catalytic therapy efficacy. This tumor-specific thermoelectric heterojunction integrates thermoelectric therapy, SDT, and photothermal therapy, demonstrating excellent tumor suppression efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, this study offers highly valuable and promising insights into utilizing photothermoelectric/ultrasound-mediated methods for cancer treatment.

RNA-Seq Reveals the Mechanism of Pyroptosis Induced by Oxygen-Enriched IR780 Nanobubbles-Mediated Sono-Photodynamic Therapy.

Sono-photodynamic therapy (SPDT), the combination of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), is a promising tumor treatment method. However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment greatly compromises the efficacy of SPDT. Pyroptosis, a new type of programmed cell death, is mainly induced by some chemotherapeutic drugs in the current research, and rarely by SPDT. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a high-throughput sequencing technique that comprehensively profiles the transcriptome, revealing the full spectrum of RNA molecules in a cell. Here, we constructed IR780@O2 nanobubbles (NBs) with photoacoustic dual response and hypoxia improvement properties to fight triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and demonstrated that SPDT could kill TNBC cells through pyroptosis pathway. RNA-seq further revealed potential mechanisms and related differentially expressed genes. Thin-film hydration and mechanical vibration method were utilized to synthesize IR780@O2 NBs. Subsequently, we characterized IR780@O2 NBs and examined the cytotoxicity as well as ROS production ability. A series of experiments were conducted to verify that SPDT killed TNBC cells through pyroptosis. IR780@O2 NBs were successfully prepared and had certain stability. Compared with SDT alone, SPDT increased therapeutic effect by 1.67 times by generating more ROS, and the introduction of NBs and O2 NBs (2.23 times and 2.93 times compared with SDT alone) could further promote this process. Other experiments proved that TNBC cells died by pyroptosis pathway. Moreover, the in-depth mechanism revealed that colony stimulating factor (CSF) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) could be potential targets for the occurrence of pyroptosis in TNBC cells. The IR780@O2 NBs prepared in this study increased the degree of TNBC cell pyroptosis through SPDT effect and alleviation of hypoxia, and cellular senescence might be a biological process closely related to pyroptosis in TNBC.

Trends of mapping knowledge structure and themes of cancer sonodynamic therapy: a text-mining study.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a non-invasive cancer treatment technique stemming from photodynamic therapy (PDT) and has garnered escalated interest among researchers in recent years. Numerous aspects of cancer SDT remain contentious, and the global research trajectory within this domain remains insufficiently explored. This study seeks to delineate the comprehensive knowledge framework, developmental trends, and pivotal research focal points concerning cancer SDT. The study retrieved documents on cancer SDT from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database spanning from 1 January 2000 to 7 December 2023. Bibliometric visualization was carried out through the utilization of CiteSpace 6.2 R6, VOSviewer 1.6.20, and an online analytical platform. Several bibliometric techniques including co-authorship, co-citation, co-occurrence, cluster, as well as burst analysis were used. A total of 672 publications including 603 articles and 69 reviews were included. The annual publication count exhibited a steady increase over time, notably experiencing a surge, particularly in recent years. In terms of contributors, China has maintained its prominent position with the highest outputs and the most financial support. Chinese Academy of Sciences contributed the most articles. Materials Science was the most investigated research areas. Breast cancer emerged as the most extensively studied tumor, succeeded by sarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, glioma. According to co-cited references, "harnessing nanomaterial", "sonodynamic precision tumor therapy" and "metal-organic framework" denote the current and emerging research focuses within the field. In tandem with the results from keywords co-occurrence and burst, we identified the following research topics including mechanism of induced cell death (ferroptosis, immunogenic cell death), nano-related research (nanoplatform, nanozymes, nanomaterials, nanosheets, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), nanocomposites, nanoparticles, nanosonosensitizers, liposomes, nanocarriers), combination therapies (chemodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, photothermal therapy), and tumor microenvironment (hypoxia, singlet oxygen, oxidative stress), that may remain the research hotspots and receive sustained attention in the near future. For the first time, this bibliometric analysis not only presents a comprehensive portrayal of the knowledge framework, but also delineates shifts in research focal points related to cancer SDT within the last two decades. This systematic summarization offers a comprehensive and lucid comprehension of cancer SDT, providing valuable insights for further investigations in this domain.

Overcoming Breast Cancer Treatment Resistance with Optimizing Sonodynamic Therapy and Radiation Sensitizers on lncRNA PVT1 and miR-1204 Expression.

Acoustic cavitation is a foundational mechanism in ultrasound therapy, primarily through inertial cavitation resulting from microbubble collapse. Sonodynamic therapy, with inertial acoustic cavitation threshold and low-dose radiation in the presence of sensitizers, may provide significant effects for cancer treatment, potentially overcoming resistance encountered with single therapies. MCF7 breast cancer cells were subjected to sonodynamic therapy either alone or combined with ionizing radiation, gold nanoparticles coated with apigenin, and methylene blue. Several parameters were evaluated, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and colonization. Additionally, the investigation included assessing the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) PTV1 with miRNA1204 and related genes using Real-Time PCR. Sonodynamic therapy at a mechanical index of 0.31 as acoustic cavitation threshold increased intracellular ROS. Combining sonodynamic therapy and 2Gy X-ray radiation with methylene blue and gold nanoparticles coated with apigenin significantly decreased plating efficiency (4.44±1.69), and survival fraction (2.75±1.98) compared with control (Ctrl.) (98.77±4.49) and (97.59± 2.94), respectively. This was associated with a marked increase in ROS with a mean fluorescence intensity of 20576.2 ± 4.6 (>4.5 times). The combined treatment also increased p53 expression and decreased the expression of PVT1, miR-1204, and related genes. Sonodynamic therapy in inertial acoustic cavitation threshold, combined with ionizing radiation in the presence of biocompatible nanoparticles, could enhance the therapeutic effects on the miR-1204, derived from lncRNA PVT1, that functions as an oncogenic microRNA in breast cancer. This approach has the potential to overcome treatment resistance encountered with single therapies.

Self-delivered sonodynamic nanomedicine for enhanced tumor immunotherapy by simultaneously reversing the immunosuppression and immune resistance

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) shows potential for noninvasive eradication of local solid tumors. However, its efficacy in suppressing metastatic tumors is limited by factors such as insufficient tumor accumulation, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and acquired immune tolerance. To address these challenges, we developed self-delivering sonodynamic nanomedicine incorporating Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists R848 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors JQ1 for combined SDT and immunotherapy. These nanomedicines enhanced tumor accumulation of sonosensitizers, enabling potent SDT and induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). Additionally, the co-encapsulated R848 and JQ1 alleviated tumor immunosuppression and immune tolerance, synergizing effectively with SDT to elicit a robust antitumor immune response. By integrating enhanced SDT with activated antitumor immunity, significant inhibition of primary, distant, and lung metastatic tumors was achieved. This study introduces a novel approach for combining SDT with immunotherapy using self-assembled active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Dual-targeting of tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages by hyaluronic acid-modified MnO2 for enhanced sonodynamic therapy

In addition to tumor cells, M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) also promote tumor progression. Accordingly, the strategy of targeted depletion or repolarization of M2-like TAMs becomes attractive. Here, we report a dual-targeting nanoagent SAMMH to tumor cells and M2-like TAMs for combinatorial tumor treatment. After co-loading the sonosensitizer spafloxacin (SPX) and oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor atavaquone (ATO) into hollow MnO2, the addition of Fe3+ and tannic acid-immobilized hyaluronic acid (HA) caused the formation of SAMMH through generating metal-polyphenol networks (MPNs) coatings outside. In vitro endocytosis assays demonstrated the efficient internalization of SAMMH by both tumor cells and M2-like TAMs through the specific CD44-HA interactions. The GSH-sensitive degradation of SAMMH results in the continuous release of SPX and ATO. Meanwhile, SAMMH could catalyze the endogenous H2O2 to extra O2, thus improving the therapeutic effect via the combination of Mn2+-induced CDT and O2-generation/O2-economy dual-enhanced sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Interestingly, SAMMH had a good targeted M2-like TAMs depleting capacity and could promote M2-to-M1 TAMs transformation by CDT-enhanced SDT, leading to a combinational anti-tumor effect. This dual-targeting nanoagent is a promising candidate to achieve CDT-enhanced SDT against both tumor cells and M2-like TAMs, thus providing new insights for the development of highly effective antitumor therapeutics.

Ultrasound-induced rapid electron movement on ZnO/MoS2 heterojunction for high performance tumor therapy

Conventional methods for treating tumors not only have limited therapeutic efficacy but also cause harm to patients, so there is an urgent need to develop a new therapeutic approach. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), with its strong tissue penetration and few side effects, is considered to be an effective means of treating tumors. However, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by a single piezoelectric material is often limited and does not achieve a complete tumor cure. In this paper, a ZnO/MoS2 heterojunction is synthesized by hydrothermal immobilization of MoS2 on ZnO to enhance the effect of SDT. Meanwhile, due to the electron exchange between ZnO and MoS2, a layer of ZnS is formed between ZnO and MoS2. Under ultrasound (US) irradiation, the ZnO/MoS2 heterojunction can effectively eliminate breast cancer cells within 10 min. This is mainly due to the better piezoelectric catalytic ability of ZnO/MoS2 than pure ZnO. Electrochemical and Uv–vis tests show that the formation of heterojunction accelerates the separation of electrons and holes and inhibits carrier complexation, so that more oxygen substrates will react with electron-hole pairs to generate ROS. This work provides a novel idea to take the treatment of tumors by enhancing piezoelectric catalysis through the construction of heterojunction interfaces.

In vitro and in vivo investigation of the inhibitory effects of Sinoporphyrin sodium-mediated Sonodynamic therapy on human oral squamous cell carcinoma

ObjectiveSonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an innovative, non-invasive approach to cancer treatment, by using low-intensity ultrasound to trigger the activation of sonosensitizers localized within cancerous cells. This current study aimed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of a new sonosensitizer, Sinoporphyrin Sodium (DVDMS), under ultrasound irradiation, against oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)-derived SCC-154 cells, both in vitro and in vivo. MethodsFluorescence spectra, cytotoxicity assessments, uptake mechanisms, and subcellular distributions of DVDMS within the SCC-154 cell line were detected. Additionally, the study comprehensively assessed the antitumor effect, oxidative stress responses, apoptosis, apoptosis-related proteins, autophagic processes, and ultrastructural changes in SCC-154 cells, both in vitro and in vivo, subsequent to treatment with low-intensity ultrasound (at 1.0 MHz, 1 W/cm2 in vitro and 3 W/cm2 in vivo) in conjunction with DVDMS also being examined. ResultsThe findings indicate that SCC-154 cells exhibit heightened sensitivity to DVDMS compared to SAS and HSC-3 cell lines. Within SCC-154 cells, DVDMS primarily localizes within the mitochondria and lysosomes. DVDMS-based SDT significantly increased the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced morphological changes such as mitochondrial swelling and formation of autolysosomes, and exhibited a notable dose-dependent reduction in cell viability in vitro. Also, DVDMS-SDT demonstrated significant inhibition of xenograft growth without discernible adverse effects. Mechanistically, DVDMS-SDT upregulated Bax expression while downregulating Bcl-2 expression, which led to the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and induced autophagy. ConclusionDVDMS-SDT triggers mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in SCC-154 cells, unlike 5-ALA and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Also, the combination of DVDMS with ultrasound stimulation induces autophagy, with the onset of autophagic processes preceding apoptosis.

Photochemical and Sono-Photochemical Studies of Zn (II) Porphyrin-conjugated Chitosan Hydrogels for Enhanced Singlet Oxygen Generation

This study explores the synthesis, characterization, photochemical, and sono-photochemical properties of covalently conjugated porphyrin-chitosan hydrogels for potential application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sono-photodynamic therapy (SPDT). The efficient production of singlet oxygen, a crucial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these therapies, was investigated. Zinc(II) porphyrins 1 and 2 were synthesized by metal insertion to free based porphyrins and covalently linked to chitosan via Schiff-base reaction to produce chitosan hydrogel CS-1 and CS-2 (conjugation via phenylacetylene spacer). The synthesized compounds were characterized using standard spectroscopic techniques, confirming successful conjugation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrating the homogeneous distribution of porphyrins within the hydrogel matrix. Photophysical and photochemical properties, including ground state absorption and singlet oxygen generation, were evaluated for both porphyrin complexes and chitosan-conjugated hydrogels in DMSO. The porphyrin-hydrogel structures showed superior singlet oxygen generation efficiency. Sono-photochemical studies showed further enhanced singlet oxygen generation, with the highest quantum yield (ΦΔ= 0.81) observed for the chitosan hydrogel CS-2. The results demonstrated enhanced singlet oxygen generation in the hydrogel structures, particularly under simultaneous ultrasound and light irradiation, indicating their potential efficacy in PDT and SPDT applications. Additionally, photo degradation studies revealed the stability of the synthesized compounds under light irradiation. These findings highlight the potential of porphyrin-conjugated chitosan hydrogels as effective photosensitizers for PDT and SPDT applications.

Acid-responsive liposomal nanodrug with promoted tumor penetration for photoacoustic imaging-guided sonodynamic therapy.

Herein, an acid-responsive liposomal nanodrug was developed for photoacoustic (PA) imaging-guided oxygen (O2)-independent sonodynamic therapy (SDT). This liposomal nanodrug offers several advantages: (i) it facilitates O2-independent alkyl radical generation upon ultrasound irradiation, (ii) it exhibits acid-responsive charge reversion that enhances tumor penetration, and (iii) it enables activated PA imaging for therapeutic feedback.

Macrophage biomimetic intelligent hollow MnO2 nanoparticle for synergistic sonodynamic-immunotherapy of glioblastoma by crossing blood brain barrier

Though emerging novel theranostics based intelligent nanomaterials for cancers are promising ways to solve the disadvantages of traditional therapeutic methods, poor targeting of these nanomaterials and the presence of blood–brain barrier (BBB) in glioblastoma (GBM) seriously reduces the efficacy of GBM treatment. Herein, an intelligent nanoparticle consisting of macrophage membrane coated hollow manganese dioxide loading ce6 (MM-HMnO2@Ce6) was prepared, which could be used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided sonodynamic therapy (SDT)-immunotherapy of in situ GBM. Comparing to early reports, MM-HMnO2@Ce6 could target intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) receptors on endothelial cells of GBM, and cross BBB, which enhanced the efficiency of GBM treatment. What’s more, the as-prepared nanoparticle also monitored the process of targeting and crossing BBB by MRI due to its tumour microenvironment (TME) responsive feature. What’s more, the detailed therapeutic mechanisms were also determined to be by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), activating immature DCs and activating the cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase)-STING (stimulator of interferon genes) pathway. Overall, this work showcases a remarkable synergistic anticancer effect of SDT-immunotherapy, and also proposes new avenues for research in utilizing MnO2 nanomaterials for GBM treatment.

State of Practice on Transcranial MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound: A Report from the ASNR Standards and Guidelines Committee and ACR Commission on Neuroradiology Workgroup.

Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) is a versatile, MR-guided, incisionless intervention with diagnostic and therapeutic applications for neurologic and psychiatric diseases. It is currently FDA-approved as a thermoablative treatment of essential tremor and Parkinson disease. However, other applications of FUS including BBB opening for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, sonodynamic therapy, histotripsy, and low-intensity focused ultrasound neuromodulation are all in clinical trials. While FUS targeting for essential tremor and Parkinson disease has classically relied on an indirect, landmark-based approach, development of novel, advanced MR imaging techniques such as DTI tractography and fast gray matter acquisition T1 inversion recovery has the potential to improve individualized targeting and thus potentially enhance treatment response, decrease treatment times, and avoid adverse effects. As the technology advances and the number of clinical applications increases, the role of the neuroradiologist on a multidisciplinary team will be essential in pairing advanced structural and functional imaging to further this image-guided procedure via a precision medicine approach. This multi-institutional report, written by an experienced team of neuroradiologists, neurosurgeons, and neurologists, summarizes current practices, the use of advanced imaging techniques for transcranial MR-guided high-intensity FUS, recommendations for clinical implementation, and emerging clinical indications.

Recent advances and future directions in sonodynamic therapy for cancer treatment

Recent advances and future directions in sonodynamic therapy for cancer treatment