Sonic Source Research Articles

Soundscape characterization in the Central Arctic Ocean ecosystem (Svalbard) using acoustic indices

An increasingly warmer, less frozen Arctic is opening further to vessel traffic, transforming dominant ambient noise sources in the underwater soundscape. Chief sources may be shifting from wind to ship noise. Collecting data that help explain the changing composition of the soundscape may offer insights to guide regulation of noise in the ocean, furthering management and conservation efforts. Hydrophones connected to field recorders were used in this study to characterize the soundscape and to study marine mammal presence and ship noise. Hydrophones were deployed at 44 locations from a 13.8 m Ovni 445 sailing vessel between 9° E and 19° E and 69° N and 80° N in April 2023. Acoustic indices were utilized to assess soundscape composition. Vessel locations were confirmed using Automatic Identification System (AIS) marine traffic data. Wind, waves, and ice (geophony) dominated the soundscape’s acoustic signature in remote locations, while human-caused sounds (anthrophony) were significant near Arctic shipping routes, fishing areas, and in fjords. Marine mammal vocalizations were detected near the ice edge, at fjord mouths, and in fjords. This acoustic characterization study provides a glimpse into the sonic sources and balance of sounds in the soundscape at present, essential data as the region rapidly transforms.

The Cinematic Symphony of Sound: An Analysis of the Music and Sound Effects in "Tenet"

This article presents a thorough dissection of the sound design within the film "Tenet," investigating the crucial role of sound in narrative cinema, and how judiciously chosen sound elements can amplify the emotional resonance of a film. As technology has raced forward, film scores have embraced an eclectic mix of musical styles, including neosymphonic, minimalist, pop, and jazz influences, increasingly blurring the lines between electronic music and other sonic sources. Director Christopher Nolan is celebrated for his unique artistic framework and his penchant for non-linear narratives, while composer Ludwig Göransson has infused the score with avant-garde electronic music styles and techniques to articulate the film's complex temporal narrative. The analysis underscores the exactitude in sound selection, the consonance between musical themes and the cinematic story, the alignment of character idiosyncrasies with the temporal and spatial context of scenes, and the indistinct boundaries between sound effects and music. Moreover, by melding electronic music technologies with Wagnerian leitmotif methods, the film is endowed with a distinctive auditory style. The article's ultimate goal is to transpose these cutting-edge creative concepts into the realm of music composition for various media formats.

TmVO4/Fe2O3 nanocomposites: Sonochemical synthesis, characterization, and investigation of photocatalytic activity

Today, a unique method of treating environmental contaminants is drawing considerable attention. Organic dyes are significant wastes from myriad industries, including paper, food, and textiles, which have become a serious environmental concern and have the potential to be toxic to humans and living organisms. This study demonstrates the fabrication and characterization of thulium vanadate (TmVO4) nanostructures and TmVO4/Fe2O3 nanocomposites that were effectively applied in the photodecomposition efficiency of cationic and anionic organic contaminants. The TmVO4/Fe2O3 nanocomposites were prepared through a sonochemical method, and triethylenetetramine (TETA) was employed as a precipitating and capping agent. The tests were performed using a probe as a sonication source (60 W, 18 kHz). The impact of TmVO4 content (5, 10, 15, and 30%) on the modification of binary nanocomposites was studied in terms of morphological, optical, and photocatalytic properties. The recyclable magnetic TmVO4/Fe2O3 nanocomposites with 15% TmVO4 achieve 68.3% of eriochrome black t (EBT) utilizing visible origin. More notably, the binary TmVO4/Fe2O3 nanocomposites reveal higher photocatalytic activity than the pure TmVO4 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles.

Feasibility of source-free DAS logging for next-generation borehole imaging

Characterizing and monitoring geologic formations around a borehole are crucial for energy and environmental applications. However, conventional wireline sonic logging usually cannot be used in high-temperature environments nor is the tool feasible for long-term monitoring. We introduce and evaluate the feasibility of a source-free distributed-acoustic-sensing (DAS) logging method based on borehole DAS ambient noise. Our new logging method provides a next-generation borehole imaging tool. The tool is source free because it uses ever-present ambient noises as sources and does not need a borehole sonic source that cannot be easily re-inserted into a borehole after well completion for time-lapse monitoring. The receivers of our source-free DAS logging tool are fiber optic cables cemented behind casing, enabling logging in harsh, high-temperature environments, and eliminating the receiver repeatability issue of conventional wireline sonic logging for time-lapse monitoring. We analyze a borehole DAS ambient noise dataset to obtain root-mean-squares (RMS) amplitudes and use these amplitudes to infer subsurface elastic properties. We find that the ambient noise RMS amplitudes correlate well with anomalies in conventional logging data. The source-free DAS logging tool can advance our ability to characterize and monitor subsurface geologic formations in an efficient and cost-effective manner, particularly in high-temperature environments such as geothermal reservoirs. Further validation of the source-free DAS logging method using other borehole DAS ambient noise data would enable the new logging tool for wider applications.

A preliminary in vivo study of a method for measuring magneto-acoustic sonic source under electrical stimulation.

BACKGROUND: Stimulating current distribution in the tissue is unknown due to the complex distribution.OBJECTIVE: A preliminary in vivo measurement of the magneto-acoustic (MA) signal of the human finger is performed in this study. The approach for locating the magneto-acoustic source of the stimulating current is studied.METHODS: We use a lock-in amplifier to measure the MA signal under continuous wave electrical stimulation. The phase of the MA signal is used to extract the location of the sonic source. The experimental system is designed to measure the MA signal under electrical stimulation.RESULTS: Preliminary experiments results show that the amplitude precision is improved to less than 1 Pa. The sonic source is located with millimetre precision.CONCLUSIONS: We propose a new MA source-locating method with high measurement and location precision. This method will be significant to the study of the imaging and monitoring of the current distribution of electrical stimulation with high precision.

Sonochemical synthesis of Pr6MoO12 nanostructures as an effective photocatalyst for waste-water treatment.

Synthesis of pure Pr6MoO12 nanoparticles was the aim of the present work, which was prepared by sonochemical method which is a controllable rout on size, purity, and morphology of products. The experiments were carried out under a probe as sonication source, and its power was adjusted in 30 W (9 kHz), 50 W (15 kHz), and 80 W (24 kHz) for different samples. The optimum product with the smallest size and highest purity was synthesized by changing time, power of sonication, solvent and capping agent. Besides, the formation of various phases of praseodymium molybdate was investigated in different experimental conditions that proved the presence of ammonia, sonication and calcination are necessary factors for the preparation of pure Pr6MoO12 nanoparticles. Products were characterized by various analyses such as SEM, XRD, TEM, FT-IR, DRS, and EDS. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of Pr6MoO12 nanoparticles under UV irradiation was studied by photodegradation of methylene blue and acid red 92 as organic pollutants. The most active photocatalytic agent was determined superoxide anion radicals and kinetics model of photocatalytic reaction was considered as pseudo-first order.

Sonochemical-assisted route for synthesis of spherical shaped holmium vanadate nanocatalyst for polluted waste water treatment

Solar photocatalytic process has been shown to be an energy effective and eco-friendly degradation of unwanted pollutants present in the industrial wastewater. The present study introduces the preparation and characterization of novel holmium vanadate (HoVO4) nanostructures that fully used in the photodegradation efficiency of anionic and cationic organic pollutants. HoVO4 synthesized via a sonochemical-assisted route and triethylenetetramine (TETA) was used as a capping and precipitation agent. The experiments were carried out under a probe as sonication source, and its power was adjusted in 30 W (9 kHz), 50 W (15 kHz) and 80 W (24 kHz) for different samples. The obtained nanostructures were characterized by surface analytical and spectral techniques includes XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM and UV-visible spectra measurements. The HR-SEM images reveal that HoVO4 exists as a spindle-shape with spherical morphology together. HR-TEM images reveal that prepared catalyst has a spherical structure with uniform particle size. The results outline 67.6% elimination of methyl violet dye within 90 min under UV light in the presence of the optimal nano-sized formulation of 24.5 nm size. The prepared photocatalyst possesses high stability and reusability without appreciable loss of catalytic activity up to three runs.

Heterogeneous sonocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol-A and the influence of the reaction parameters and ultrasonic frequency.

In the present study, the sonocatalytic oxidation of Bisphenol-A (BPA) was investigated in the presence of a LaFeO3 perovskite catalyst. The effects of the reaction temperature, initial pH, catalyst loading, presence of inorganic anions and sonication source (power and frequency) on the removal of BPA using heterogeneous sonocatalytic process were investigated. Under the studied temperature range of 288-318 K, 308 K was selected as the optimum temperature and the highest BPA removal and total oxygen demand (TOC) reduction of, 95.8% and 30.4% were achieved at that temperature. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated in the studied temperature range of 288-308 K. It was seen that an acidic pH of 3.0 was favorable for the BPA oxidation with the highest BPA removal and TOC reduction of 95.4% and 31.5%, respectively. Doubling the catalyst amount from 0.25 g/L to 0.5 g/L increased the BPA removal degree from 81.6% to 90.8%. However, further increase in catalyst amount has no remarkable positive effect on the removal of BPA. The removal of BPA was described by the first order kinetics with an activation energy of 14.9 kJ/mol. The results obtained from this study showed that the LaFeO3 perovskite catalyst was a good sonocatalyst giving high oxidation rates of BPA.

Reflection and transmission spectra of dynamic optical fiber gratings

Due to elasto-optical effect, dielectric index of silica is a function of stress. Therefore, two beams of counter-propagating sonic wave inside optical fibers may induce periodical refractive index change along fiber axis. This sonic wave-stimulated periodical index change acts like time dependent fiber gratings. In this article, we deduced the relationship between dielectric index and strain, as well as the time and space distribution of dynamic fiber gratings. Reflection and transmission models of dynamic fiber gratings were built based on coupled mode theory, with or without the consideration of attenuation of sonic wave. Furthermore, we discussed the characters of reflection and transmission spectra in detail. Resonant wavelength shift was found mathematically for the first time, to our best knowledge. The influence of fiber length between two sonic sources were also discussed. From the results, it is possible to use DFBG as a generator of laser pulse series, or a periodical optical shutter.

“Ebola in Town”: Creating Musical Connections in Liberian Communities during the 2014 Crisis in West Africa

This article addresses the neglected topic of music and expressive performance during the outbreak of Ebola in Liberia from 2014 to 2016. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in January and February of 2016 in Montserrado County, I explore the importance of music performance and other sonic sources that provided warning, ameliorated suffering, and promoted mental health during the outbreak. The conclusions of this initial study document the critical role that expressive culture played in a variety of venues and emphasize the need to acknowledge and account for this dimension of life during the Ebola crisis.

Advances in leak detection and location based on acoustic wave for gas pipelines

With the rapid development of pipeline industry, the leakages of gas pipelines cause great energy waste and environmental pollution, especially security problems. Therefore, it is significant to study leak detection and location methods. At present, many leak detection methods have been developed for gas pipeline leakages, such as methods based on mass/volume balance, negative pressure wave, transient model, distributed optical fiber and acoustic waves, etc. Among them the traditional negative pressure wave method detects leakages based on the change of the absolute pressure in pipeline monitored by the pressure transmitter, while the acoustic method is based on the dynamic pressure monitored by the acoustic sensors. All evaluation indexes are considered as equivalent references, and after comparative analysis it can be known that acoustic method is promising and actual. And nowadays in this field, acoustic method is one of the hot issues. The acoustic method can perform full-scale display of pressure fluctuations caused by the leakages. The fundamental principle of the acoustic leak detection technology for natural gas pipelines is that an acoustic pressure perturbation is generated when leakage occurs. It transmits through gas to both ends of the pipeline and is acquired by the dynamic pressure sensors installed to the pipeline, which will be signal-processed by computer to determine whether leakage occurs or not. The amplitude of dynamic pressure wave is large and it contains a wide frequency range. The leak location technology based on dynamic pressure waves is one of the most potential methods in the future. The generation and attenuation of the dynamic pressure waves are the key points which determine the detection accuracy and the location precision. The leak-acoustics generation mechanism influences the leak-acoustics characteristics and signal recognition. The main reason of leak-acoustics generation for natural gas pipelines is the sonic source fluctuations. The propagation characteristics of leakage acoustic waves in gas pipelines are necessary to study.The accuracy of the velocity and the time difference restricts the application of the acoustic leak detection and location method. Then the location method is proposed which is based on the propagation model and takes no account of the velocity and the time difference. This dissertation consists of the following three parts which contribute to make the research status and future development clear: the fundamentals of the acoustic method, the related researches of recent five years (domestic and overseas) and the outlook of the leak monitoring based on acoustic wave method of gas pipelines, especially the analyses about the researches on acoustic leak detection and location method. The conclusions can be concluded that acoustic leak detection method is an important way to protect pipelines from failure and to decrease the risks which can be executed timely and accurately.

Dynamic disulfide metathesis induced by ultrasound.

The reversible metathesis of disulfide bonds is generally induced by a combination of a reducing agent and base or by irradiation with ultraviolet light. Here we report that ultrasound irradiation is suitable for generating clean equilibrium mixtures of disulfides within one hour or one day, depending on the sonication source. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that the solvent plays an active role in producing initiator radicals.

A study on locating the sonic source of sinusoidal magneto-acoustic signals using a vector method.

Methods based on the magnetic-acoustic effect are of great significance in studying the electrical imaging properties of biological tissues and currents. The continuous wave method, which is commonly used, can only detect the current amplitude without the sound source position. Although the pulse mode adopted in magneto-acoustic imaging can locate the sonic source, the low measuring accuracy and low SNR has limited its application. In this study, a vector method was used to solve and analyze the magnetic-acoustic signal based on the continuous sine wave mode. This study includes theory modeling of the vector method, simulations to the line model, and experiments with wire samples to analyze magneto-acoustic (MA) signal characteristics. The results showed that the amplitude and phase of the MA signal contained the location information of the sonic source. The amplitude and phase obeyed the vector theory in the complex plane. This study sets a foundation for a new technique to locate sonic sources for biomedical imaging of tissue conductivity. It also aids in studying biological current detecting and reconstruction based on the magneto-acoustic effect.

Seismic and infrasonic analysis of the 9 March 2014 fireball in South Korea

On the evening of 9 March 2014, a bright fireball was observed in many places in South Korea, the energy associated with the event was also recorded at local seismic and regional infrasound stations. Using impulsive seismic signals recorded at 19 stations, we calculated the possible extent of the sonic source of the fireball by assuming point- and line-source models, which might be physically linked to either a point-source explosion in the atmosphere or shock waves radiating from the fireball’s trail, respectively. By comparing the observed seismic arrival times with those predicted by both models, a line-source model resulted in better solution than a point-source model. It means that shock waves along the meteor’s high-speed passage through the atmosphere probably acted as the dominant source of the seismic signals. The parameters of the fireball’s sonic trajectory, after incorporating a realistic sound velocity model of the atmosphere, are estimated to be an azimuth arrival angle of 313.5° clockwise from the north and an elevation arrival angle of 44.5° above the Earth’s surface, with a time of 11:04:51 UTC at which the trajectory meets the Earth’s surface. The estimated ground impact point is about 2 km offset from locations where meteorites associated with the fireball were found. The line-source model also explained the large azimuthal deviation of infrasound waves observed at arrays in the vicinity of the trajectory. From the infrasound measurements, the kinetic local-source energy generating the sound was estimated to be approximately 0.8 tons TNT, based on semi-empirical relations for the point- and line-source models.

Computational fluid dynamic simulation of pressure perturbations generation for gas pipelines leakage

A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation research on the pressure perturbations generation is accomplished and verified by experiments to study the fundamental of acoustic leak detection and location method for natural gas pipelines. When leakage occurs, gas flows out of the pipeline, and the flow field, the sound field are obtained by the established CFD simulation model. And the simulation analyses of pressure perturbations are verified by the experiments. Then, the simulation method is compared with the experimental one under variable conditions to find out the laws of pressure perturbations. Finally, the experimental demonstration of the leak location based on the pressure perturbations and the pressure perturbations attenuation are given. The results indicate that the main reason of pressure perturbations generation for natural gas pipelines is the sonic source fluctuations which are induced by turbulent fluctuations. Conclusions can be drawn that CFD simulation on the acoustic leak detection and location method for natural gas pipelines is an efficient way to carry out research and provide theoretical basis for its application.

Study on leak-acoustics generation mechanism for natural gas pipelines

In order to figure out the principles of acoustic leak detection for natural gas pipelines, a study on the leak-acoustics generation mechanism is carried out. The aero-acoustics generation mechanism is analyzed and when leakage occurs the wave equations of sonic sources are developed. The leak-acoustics generated by the quadrupole and dipole sonic sources are then simulated to obtain the laws of the acoustic characteristics. The simulation data are compared with the experimental data to verify the simulation accuracy under variable operating conditions. The results show that the quadrupoles and the dipoles generated by turbulent fluctuations cause leak-acoustics; the main component of pressure perturbations acquired by the dynamic pressure sensor is acoustic perturbations; both the simulation method and the experimental method can be applied to study the leak-acoustics generation mechanism of natural gas pipelines.

Sounding Out Social Media

Sounding Out Social Media

Experiment and Technical Research on Underwater Sonic Device Emitted by Electric Sparks with High Energy and Large Bandwidth

Combined with practical research project, a novel discharge method using high voltage pulsed power technology was put into practice for a special kind of underground sonic source device. The sonic source guaranteed large power as well as broad and thick sonic wave. Simulation as well as field test confirmed the correctness and effectiveness of the design method.

Dissolution of the Notion of Timbre

These two essays together expose, examine, and critique the workings of “causalism,” the implicit positive valuation that attaches to sonic sources with respect to musical production and audition. According to some, timbre, along with pitch, intensity, and duration, would name the fourth fundamental aspect of sounds deemed musical. But while attempts have been made to find in timbre an objectively quantifiable and measurable aspect of sound—and one that characterizes specific instruments as such—the concept actually lumps together a number of different and irreducibly particular sonic phenomena. The continued use of the term timbre reveals less an investment in objectivity than an ongoing attachment to sonic origins and traditional instrumentation—an attachment that extended techniques and electronic manipulation, for example, have revealed as conceptually outmoded and thus ideologically motivated. Similarly, the notion of noise that circulates in musical theory as sounds without precise pitch presents itself as scientific. Yet the notion surreptitiously puts into play the ambiguity enclosed in the term noise: both a sound from whatever source and a sound that is a nuisance or that is otherwise negatively valued. As with timbre, the insistence on something like objective noise and the upholding of the noise/sound distinction function as artificial limitations on music as composed and heard.

Let’s Have Done with the Notion of “Noise”

These two essays together expose, examine, and critique the workings of “causalism,” the implicit positive valuation that attaches to sonic sources with respect to musical production and audition. According to some, timbre, along with pitch, intensity, and duration, would name the fourth fundamental aspect of sounds deemed musical. But while attempts have been made to find in timbre an objectively quantifiable and measurable aspect of sound—and one that characterizes specific instruments as such—the concept actually lumps together a number of different and irreducibly particular sonic phenomena. The continued use of the term timbre reveals less an investment in objectivity than an ongoing attachment to sonic origins and traditional instrumentation—an attachment that extended techniques and electronic manipulation, for example, have revealed as conceptually outmoded and thus ideologically motivated. Similarly, the notion of noise that circulates in musical theory as sounds without precise pitch presents itself as scientific. Yet the notion surreptitiously puts into play the ambiguity enclosed in the term noise: both a sound from whatever source and a sound that is a nuisance or that is otherwise negatively valued. As with timbre, the insistence on something like objective noise and the upholding of the noise/sound distinction function as artificial limitations on music as composed and heard.