Somnifera Root Research Articles

Fabrication of cobalt oxide nanosheets using Withania somnifera root extract for degradation of organic pollutants

In today’s scenario, material science emerges as pivotal players, as it is an emerging and fast-growing interdisciplinary field. Nanomaterials are increasingly popular among researchers due to their unique physicochemical properties and multifaceted applications. Recently, researchers are exploring more sustainable approaches for the synthesis of nanomaterials due to its numerous advantages. In this context, present investigation reports an approach for the synthesis of cobalt oxide nanosheets (Co3O4 NSs). This approach leverages environmentally friendly and sustainable methods, minimizing the use of hazardous chemicals and reducing energy consumption. Hence it involved Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) root extract as a greener reductant as well as stabilizing agent. The synthesized Co3O4 NSs were thoroughly analyzed using various techniques, including ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). A sharp absorption peak at 252 nm with a tail towards higher wavelength reveal the formation of Co3O4 NSs. The diffraction pattern reveals a face centered cubic structure of Co3O4 NSs. Morphological studies confirmed the substantial surface area of Co3O4 NSs which enable us to perform the catalytic degradation of azo dye, i.e., methyl orange. It provides that 10 mg of Co3O4 NSs is sufficient to degrade a 10 ppm aqueous methyl orange solution by 75.82 % in the dark and by 96.12 % under sunlight exposure. Thus, this study offers an excellent pathway for the synthesis of Co3O4 NSs and demonstrates their potential as a promising material for future catalytic applications.

A standardized combination of Terminalia chebula and Withania somnifera extracts enhances immune function in adults: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study.

The use of botanical medicine has been demonstrated as a potential strategy to manage or treat a variety of health issues. Terminalia chebula (Retz) fruit and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal roots are important medicinal herbs described in Ayurveda and traditional therapy for diverse health benefits. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the immune function-enhancing potential of a unique blend of T. chebula fruit and W. somnifera root extracts, LN20189, in healthy men and women. Forty healthy volunteers (age: 35-60 years) were randomized into two groups receiving either LN20189 (500 mg per day) or a matched placebo over 28 consecutive days. The total T-cell population was the primary efficacy measure in this study. The secondary efficacy measures included counts of CD4, CD8, natural killer (NK) cells, serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), total immunoglobulin-G (IgG), and Immune Function Questionnaire (IFQ) scores. Safety parameter assessments were also conducted. Post-trial, in LN20189-supplemented subjects, T cells, CD4, NK cells count, and the CD4:CD8 ratio were increased by 9.32, 10.10, 19.91, and 17.43%, respectively, as compared to baseline. LN20189 supplementation increased serum IFN-γ and IgG levels by 14.57 and 27.09% from baseline and by 13.98 and 21.99%, compared to placebo, respectively. Also, the IFQ scores in the LN20189 group were 84.68% (vs. baseline) and 69.44% (vs. placebo) lower at the end of the trial. LN20189 improved the study volunteers' cellular and humoral immune functions. In summary, LN20189 supplementation was found tolerable and improved the key cellular and humoral factors of the immune system and helped improve immune function of the trial volunteers.

Influence of Pre-treatment of Withania somnifera Root Extract and Cow Urine on Hemato-biochemical Parameters in Acetaminophen-induced Toxicity in Swiss Albino Male Mice

Background: The present study was undertaken to investigate protective activity of W. somnifera root extract (W.S.R.E.), cow urine (C.U.) and their combination against acetaminophen (APAP) induced toxicity in male mice. APAP also known as paracetamol, is a well-known drug used for its analgesic and antipyretic effects. However, outside of the therapeutic window, the toxicity may result. W.S. and C.U. are from indigenous sources of plant and animal origins, respectively with several therapeutic activities. Methods: Sixty adult swiss albino male mice were randomly divided into six groups, comprising of ten mice in each group. Group I (control group) received 2% gum acacia suspension for 14 days orally and on day 14, 0.9% NaCl (@300 mg/kg b.wt.) intraperitoneally was administered after 30 min of prior treatment of various agents. Group II, III, IV, V and VI received 2% gum acacia, silymarin (@25 mg/kg b.wt.), W.S.R.E. (@100 mg/kg b.wt.), C.U. (@7.8 mL/kg b.wt.) and W.S.R.E. (@100 mg/kg b.wt.) and C.U. (@7.8 mL/kg b.wt.) co-treatment orally for 14 days and on day 14, APAP (@300 mg/kg b.wt.) intraperitoneally was administered after 30 min of prior treatment of various agents as mentioned. On 15th day, the animals were sacrificed and samples were collected to study various hematobiochemical and growth related parameters. Result: The treatment of acetaminophen caused significant decrease in haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count whereas increase in total leucocyte and prothrombine time. There were significant (p£0.05) decreases in plasma total protein, albumin and globulin values in group II (APAP), as compared to control (group I). Treatment with W.S. +C.U attenuates these alterations. W.S.R.E., C.U. and their combination pre-treatment mildly restored the changes to normal observed following APAP exposure in mice. However, the results of co-treatment group were more pronounced as compared to individual treatment groups. Thus, it was concluded that treatment with W.S.R.E. and C.U. curtailed the toxic effect of APAP, however, co-administration of both potentiated the protective effect.

Chitosan nanoemulsion incorporated with Carum carvi essential oil as ecofriendly alternative for mitigation of aflatoxin B1 contamination in stored herbal raw materials

The present investigation entails the first report on entrapment of Carum carvi essential oil (CCEO) into chitosan polymer matrix for protection of stored herbal raw materials against fungal inhabitation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production. Physico-chemical characterization of nanoencapsulated CCEO was performed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The nanoencapsulated CCEO displayed improved antifungal and AFB1 suppressing potentiality along with controlled delivery over unencapsulated CCEO. The encapsulated CCEO nanoemulsion obstructed the ergosterol production and escalated the efflux of cellular ions, thereby suggesting plasma membrane as prime target of antifungal action in Aspergillus flavus cells. The impairment in methyglyoxal production and modeling based carvone interaction with Afl-R protein validated the antiaflatoxigenic mechanism of action. In addition, CCEO displayed augmentation in antioxidant potentiality after encapsulation into chitosan nanomatrix. Moreover, the in-situ study demonstrated the effective protection of Withania somnifera root samples (model herbal raw material) against fungal infestation and AFB1 contamination along with prevention of lipid peroxidation. The acceptable organoleptic qualities of W. somnifera root samples and favorable safety profile in mice (animal model) strengthen the application of nanoencapsulated CCEO emulsion as nano-fungitoxicant for preservation of herbal raw materials against fungi and AFB1 mediated biodeterioration.

Assessing the Efficacy and Biological Benefits of Withanolide-rich Withania somnifera Root Extract

The medicinal plant Withania somnifera, usually referred to as Ashwagandha, is a member of the Solanaceae family. The presence of Withanolides in the roots is responsible for a number of pharmacological effects in Ashwagandha. Withanolides have been demonstrated to be an effective neuronal, immune, anti-stress, and anti-cancer agent. However, Withanolides demonstrated limited permeability, lowering the bioavailability and efficacy of active compounds. The goal of the study was to ascertain the biological efficacy of Ashwagandha Composition, a blend of W. somnifera milk extract and water extract (1:1) with a high concentration of Withanolides (3-5%), at lower dosages with improved bioabsorption compared to pure Ashwagandha Hydro ethanolic extracts fortified with 2.5% withanolides. The W. somnifera Composition was assessed for its bioabsorption and bioefficacy by exploring its intestinal absorption capacity, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition (82%), antioxidant potential (91%), glutathione reduction potential (15.6%), anti-inflammatory activity (87.2%), and anti-cancer activity. Additionally, Ashwagandha Composition was also evaluated for its safety profile. We found W. somnifera Composition (1:1) is more bioavailable and showed higher biological activity than the Ashwagandha Hydro ethanolic extract fortified with 2.5% withanolides (Ashwagandha extract). Hence, the W. somnifera a Composition can be used as a therapeutic medication once its safety concerns are addressed by in vivo trials.

Phytochemical Profiling for Leaf, Stem, Roots, and Seeds of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

Background: Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, belonging to the Solanaceae family and commonly known as Ashwagandha, is a traditional Ayurvedic herb renowned for its adaptogenic properties. It plays a significant role in various classical Ayurvedic formulations and proprietary medicines. Traditionally, the roots of the plant are utilized over the aerial parts, such as leaves and stems. In recent years, a global increase in the use of Ashwagandha roots has been spurred by several modern pharmacological studies supporting its benefits. Methods: This study examined different parts of the herb, including leaves, stems, roots, and seeds, using methods like phytochemical analysis, thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) phytochemical profiling, UV-visible spectral analysis, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) profiling. Results: The findings indicated that phytosterols, triterpenoids, and alkaloids were predominantly found in the leaves and stems, with lower concentrations in the roots and seeds. Ethanol extracts were particularly rich in total flavonoids, whereas aqueous extracts contained higher levels of phenolic compounds. High-performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting varied for each part of the herb, effectively separating pigment-based components such as chlorophyll at 366 nm in the aerial parts. The 1H NMR spectra showed distinct metabolite profiles for each part of the plant. Conclusions: The analytical methods proposed in this study offer enhanced quality control and evaluation for the medicinal use of W. somnifera roots and its aerial components.

Gulf war toxicant-induced effects on the hippocampal dendritic arbor are reversed by treatment with a Withania somnifera extract.

Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a multi-symptom disorder that manifests with fatigue, sleep disturbances, mood-cognition pathologies, and musculoskeletal symptoms. GWI affects at least 25% of the military personnel that served in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm from 1990 to 1991. We modeled Gulf War toxicant exposure in C57BL/6J mice by combined exposure to pyridostigmine bromide (an anti-sarin drug), chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate insecticide), and DEET (an insect repellent) for 10 days followed by oral treatment with Withania somnifera root extract for 21 days beginning at 12 weeks post-exposure. W. somnifera, commonly referred to as ashwagandha, has been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for centuries to improve memory and reduce inflammation, and its roots contain bioactive molecules which share functional groups with modern pain, cancer, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Previously, we observed that GWI mice displayed chronic reductions in dendritic arbor and loss of spines in granule cells of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus at 14 weeks post-exposure. Here, we examined the effects of treatment with W. somnifera root extract on chronic dendrite and spine morphology in dentate granule cells of the mouse hippocampus following Gulf War toxicant exposure. GWI mice showed approximately 25% decreases in dendritic length (p < 0.0001) and overall dendritic spine density with significant reductions in thin and mushroom spines. GWI mice treated with the Ayurvedic W. somnifera extract exhibited dendritic lengths and spine densities near normal levels. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of the Ayurvedic treatment for neuroprotection following these toxic exposures. We hope that the extract and the neuronal processes influenced will open new avenues of research regarding treatment of Gulf War Illness and neurodegenerative disorders.

Adaptogen Technology for Skin Resilience Benefits

(1) Background: Skin undergoes constant changes, providing capabilities to repair and renovate its constituents once damaged and a fundamental shield to contrast environmental stress. Nevertheless, environmental stressors may overcome the skin’s protective potential inducing premature aging and accelerating the appearance of anaesthetic age-related skin aspects. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and pollutants (particulate matters, PAHs) contribute to skin aging and functional decline inducing harmful oxidative modifications of macromolecules and stress-related skin disorders. Innovative approaches to preserve skin are needed. (2) Methods: Skin keratinocytes were treated (or not) with a combination of ingredients (Lactobacillus plantarum extract, Withania somnifera root extract and Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit extract; “MIX”) in the presence or absence of stress (oxidative stress or pollution). The effects of the MIX adaptogen technology on (a) cellular resilience, (b) the regulation of cellular functions and (c) regeneration of skin were disclosed through expression proteomics and bioinformatics analyses first, and then through focused evaluations of protein carbonylation as a hallmark of oxidative stress’ deleterious impact and mitochondrial activity. (3) Results: The deleterious impact of stressors was evidenced, as well as the beneficial effects of the MIX through (a) mitochondrial activity preservation, (b) the “vigilance” of the NRF2 pathway activation, (c) NADPH production and protein homeostasis improvements, (d) preserving skin regeneration function and I the contrasting stress-induced oxidation (carbonylation) of mitochondrial and nuclear proteins. (4) Conclusions: The effects of the MIX on increasing cell adaptability and resilience under stress suggested a beneficial contribution in precision cosmetics and healthy human skin by acting as an adaptogen, an innovative approach that may be employed to improve resistance to harmful stress with a potential favourable impact on skin homeostasis.

Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Anxiolytic activity of Alcoholic Extract of Withania somnifera (L) Dunal Roots

The roots of Withania somnifera (L) Dunal (W. somnifera) are used extensively in Ayurveda, the classical Indian system of medicine, and W. somnifera is categorized as a rasayana, which are used to promote physical and mental health, to provide defense against disease and adverse environmental factors and to arrest the aging process. W. somnifera has been used to stabilize mood in patients with behavioural disturbances. The objective of this study was to investigate pharmacognostical, phytochemical features and anxiolytic activity of alcoholic extracts of W. somnifera roots. The various pharmacognostical variables were assessed using generally accepted techniques with certain variations. An established test technique that is documented in the literature was used to determine the qualitative analysis of different phytochemical elements. The anxiolytic efficacy of the alcoholic extract of W. somnifera roots in mice was evaluated using the elevated plus maze test (EPMT), light and dark test (L and DT), and open field test (OFT). Extract dosages of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg were compared to the recommended dosage of diazepam (1 mg/kg) to determine its efficacy. Alcoholic extract underwent phytochemical examination, which identified the presence of fixed oils, lipids, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, tannins, and phenolics. The percentage of time spent and the number of entries in the open arm in EPMT were both considerably enhanced by the alcoholic extract of W. somnifera roots (250, 500, 750mg/kg, p.o.). The extract significantly increased time spent, the frequency of crossings, and decreased the length of immobility in the light box in L and DT. The extract in OFT significantly increased the number of rearings, increased ambulation, and decreased self-grooming and faecal dropping all signs of exploratory behaviour. The findings of the current investigation provide scientific support for the traditional use of W. somnifera by indicating that an alcoholic extract of its roots may have anxiolytic properties.&#x0D; Keywords: Anxiolytic, Withania somnifera (L) Dunal, Elevated plus maze, Open field test, Light and dark test

Therapeutic exploration of polyherbal formulation against letrozole induced PCOS rats: A mechanistic approach

ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop an effective alternative medicine with multi potential herbs against polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in rats induced by letrozole treatment. Materials and methodPolyherbal syrup was prepared with a combination of S. asoca bark, G. sylvestre leaves, P. daemia aerial parts, C. zeylanium stem bark, C. bonduc seeds, and W. somnifera roots ethanolic extract. In vitro cell viability study, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) gene expression assay were carried out on the Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO) cell line. For the PCOS induction letrozole (1 mg/kg p. o.) was given for 21 consecutive days. The PCOS induction was confirmed by measuring estrus irregularity, insulin resistance by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and hyperandrogenism by measuring serum total testosterone level 21 days after completion of letrozole treatment. After induction of PCOS, metformin (155 mg/kg p. o.), and polyherbal syrup (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg p. o.) were administered for further 28 days. The treatment efficacy was measured by measuring serum lipid profile, fasting insulin level, sex hormones level, ovarian steroidogenic enzymes, ovarian tissue insulin receptor, AMPK, and GLUT4 protein expression levels, and histomorphological studies. The post-treatment effect was confirmed by reproductive performance studies. ResultsLetrozole-induced PCOS rats showed significant estrus irregularity, abnormal sex hormones levels, and hyperandrogenism indicated by showing increased free androgenic index and decreased sex hormones binding globulin (SHBG) level. The insulin resistance in PCOS rats was indicated by increased fasting glucose levels with impaired glucose clearance in the OGT test. Homeostasis Model Assessment Index of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) increased level, also decreases INSR, GLUT4, and AMPK mRNA expression in ovarian cells confirming the insulin resistance in PCOS rats. Ovarian histology in PCOS rats also showed many follicular cysts, atretic follicles, and the absence of corpus luteum. The administration of polyherbal syrup, in a dose-dependent manner, effectively restored these alterations. The treatment of polyherbal formulation 400 mg/kg possesses highly significant efficacy over the treatment of metformin in PCOS rats. It mainly acts by reducing peripheral and ovarian hyperandrogenism and improves insulin sensitivity via activating the insulin receptor and AMP-activated kinase-mediated transcription and translation of GLUT4 from the cytoplasm to the ovarian membrane improves glucose uptake and promotes the follicular development and ovulation. The higher fertility rate, delivery index, and survival of delivered pups confirm the broader and superior efficacy of PCOS. These beneficial actions are mainly attributable to the formulation's inclusion of the key secondary metabolites flavonoids and phytosterols. In conclusion, the prepared polyherbal syrup was found to be the safest and most effective alternative medicine for both endocrinal and metabolic complications of PCOS women.

Cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera root in combination with doxycycline in rotenone induced cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma cell lines

Introduction and Aim: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that destroys dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal area of the midbrain this results in a movement difficulty characterised by tremors, bradykinesia, and postural instability The present in vitro study is designed to assess the beneficial (cytoprotectant and anti-inflammatory) and cyto-toxicological effects of ethanolic Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract (EWSR) in presence of Rotenone (ROT) and other known neuroprotectants (Doxycycline and Ellagic acid). Materials and Methods: The nine groups used in the in vitro studies were normal control, positive control (Rotenone or Rot), W. somnifera root extract (EWSR), Doxycycline (Doxy), Ellagic acid (EA), ROT with EWSR, ROT with doxy, ROT with EA, ROT with EWSR-doxy, and ROT with EWSR-doxy-EA. The EWSR, doxy and EA treatment was started on the 24th hour following the rotenone administration and continued for the next 36 hours. After the 36th hour of protective therapy, quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines (ELISA), cell viability or analyses of neuronal cell loss, cell cycle analysis and molecular analysis (RTPCR) was performed as a part of assessment. Results: Observations from the present in vitro studies clearly demonstrate the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of EWSR, and these beneficial or protective effects got enhanced when treated in combination with Doxy and EA indicating synergistic effect in the cells that were priorly treated with ROT, and later treated with EWSR, Doxy, and EA individually and in combination. Conclusion: The findings imply that EWSR reduces the in vitro effects of ROT by acting as an anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective agent.

Antidiabetic effect of Withania Somnifera Root in STZ induced diabetic rats

Objective: To study the antidiabetic effect of Withania Somnifera root powder (WSR) in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes in rats were induced by injecting Streptozotocin intraperitoneally (45 mg/kg of body weight) to overnight fasting rats. Withania Somnifera root was given to group C (100 mg/ kg of body weight) and Pioglitazone to group D (20 mg/kg of body weight) orally for 4 weeks respectively. Blood glucose level, glycated Hb, insulin, protein tyrosine kinase activity and serum DPP-4 levels were measured. Results: Significant Improvement in body weight, glycemic profile, dyslipidemia and tyrosine kinase activity were observed in WSR treated rats at week 4 of the study compared to diabetic control rats. Blood glucose level, glycated Hb and Serum DPP4 levels, were also found to be decreased in WSR treated rats compared to diabetic control rats at the end of study. This is possibly due to augmented serum insulin levels and increased insulin sensitivity after treatment with WSR. Conclusion: The results from above study it was concluded that Withania Somnifera root powder has antidiabetic activity. Further study required to confirm the exact mechanism of action.

In Silico Study on the Interactions, Molecular Docking, Dynamics and Simulation of Potential Compounds from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Root against Cancer by Targeting KAT6A.

Cancer is characterized by the abnormal development of cells that divide in an uncontrolled manner and further take over the body and destroy the normal cells of the body. Although several therapies are practiced, the demand and need for new therapeutic agents are ever-increasing because of issues with the safety, efficacy and efficiency of old drugs. Several plant-based therapeutics are being used for treatment, either as conjugates with existing drugs or as standalone formulations. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a highly studied medicinal plant which is known to possess immunomodulatory activity as well as anticancer properties. The pivotal role of KAT6A in major cellular pathways and its oncogenic nature make it an important target in cancer treatment. Based on the literature and curated datasets, twenty-six compounds from the root of W. somnifera and a standard inhibitor were docked with the target KAT6A using Autodock vina. The compounds and the inhibitor complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation (50 ns) using Desmond to understand the stability and interactions. The top compounds (based on the docking score of less than -8.5 kcal/mol) were evaluated in comparison to the inhibitor. Based on interactions at ARG655, LEU686, GLN760, ARG660, LEU689 and LYS763 amino acids with the inhibitor WM-8014, the compounds from W. somnifera were evaluated. Withanolide D, Withasomniferol C, Withanolide E, 27-Hydroxywithanone, Withanolide G, Withasomniferol B and Sitoindoside IX showed high stability with the residues of interest. The cell viability of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells was evaluated by treating them with W. Somnifera root extract using an MTT assay, which showed inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 45 µg/mL. The data from the study support the traditional practice of W. somnifera as an anticancer herb.

Effect of Withania Somnifera (L.) root extract\'s on PC12 induced by hydrogen peroxide, study

The L. is also used as a crude medicament that mostly effected in various neurological and immunological disorders. It is also known as Ashwagandha and “Indian ginseng” in Indian region. There is a lack of information on the possible neuroprotective properties of W. somnifera root against HO- and Ab(1-42)-induced cytotoxicity, which are now targeted for innovative treatments for dementia, particularly dementia of the Alzheimer's type (AD). According to this research, we prepared an aqueous extract of dried roots of W. somnifera that possess the protective effect against Ab- aggregated fibril and HO cytotoxicity through MTT assay with the help of differentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell. The findings indicate that, in a concentration-dependent manner, pretreatment of differentiated PC12 cells with aqueous extracts of W. somnifera root strongly protects differentiated PC12 cells against both H2O2- and Ab(1-42)-induced cytotoxicity. The W. somnifera extract was examined using liquid chromatography-serial mass spectrometry in order to look into the substances that could be responsible for the effects that were seen. Withanolide derivatives, notably withaferin A, were found in abundance. These findings support the hypothesis that W. somnifera may be used ethnopharmacologically to treat oxidative stress-related cognitive and other neurodegenerative illnesses. They also show the neuroprotective activities of an aqueous extract of W. somnifera root.

Optimisation of the formulation of fibre incorporated reduced calorie herbal rasmalai

The present study was carried out to optimise the process of manufacturing of fibre incorporated reduced calorie herbal rasmalai. Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulasi) extract, Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) root powder and Plantago ovata (isabgol) were the variables in the rasmalai balls studied by employing the 3-factors Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). Optimisation of sucralose content in concentrated milk was carried out by Kruskal Wallis test. The formulation with tulasi extract (6.951%), ashwagandha root powder (0.423%) and isabgol (0.583%) in the rasmalai ball with 100 ppm sucralose in the sweetened concentrated milk was found highly suitable for optimisation of fibre incorporated reduced calorie herbal rasmalai. The desirability index of optimised fibre incorporated reduced calorie herbal rasmalai was 0.90.

Fertility Improvement Following Herbal Treatment in Subfertile Buffalo Bulls

The present experiment was conducted to study the impact of herbal treatment on post thaw semen quality and fertility in subfertile buffalo bulls. Three Murrah subfertile buffalo bulls maintained at bull station, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, India (Latitude/Longitude, 30.55°N, 75.54° E) with the history of poor semen quality (pre-freeze individual motility &lt; 60%, post-thaw individual motility &lt; 40%, Viability &lt; 70% and Abnormality &gt; 20%) were orally supplemented with herbal mixture (Panax ginseng roots, Shilajit, Withania somnifera roots, Tribulus terrestris fruits, Turnera diffusa leaves, Ptychopetalum olacoides bark of each 400 mg/100 kg body weight and 300 mg/100 kg body weight of Pausinystalia yohimbe bark) daily for 60 days of treatment phase. Two semen ejaculates per week per bull were collected during pre-treatment, treatment and post-treatment phases of 60 days each and extended with Tris egg yolk extender. The freezing of extended semen was carried out in a biofreezer (4°C to -15°C @-30°C/min, -15°C to -140°C @-50°C/min) followed by plunging into liquid nitrogen for storage. Post thaw semen quality was assessed in terms of individual motility, viability, total sperm abnormalities. Present study revealed that the oral treatment of subfertile buffalo bulls with Panax ginseng roots, Shilajit, Withania somnifera roots, Tribulus terrestris fruits, Turnera diffusa leaves; Ptychopetalum olacoides bark each @ 400 mg/100 kg body weight and Pausinystalia yohimbe bark @ 300 mg/100 kg body weight for 60 days improved post thaw semen quality and fertility.

Protective role of Withania somnifera root extract on lipid peroxidation of Erythrocytes

Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) is an important medicinal plant that has been used in Ayurvedic and indigenous medicine. It is also known as Indian ginseng. It exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune modulatory activities. In the present study, we studied the free radical scavenging activity of Withania Somnifera root extract. The radical scavenging effect of the extract was studied by its effect on hydroxy radicals generated by Fe-ascorbate-H2O2 system. Our results showed that Withania Somnifera root extract (1-10,000 µg/ ml) resulted in a significant dose dependent increase in percent inhibition of hydroxylation. Further, we studied the in vitro effect of Withania Somnifera root extract on Lipid peroxidation in terms of MDA level of human erythrocytes. Our results showed a significant dose dependent decrease in lipid peroxidation at a concentration of (1-1000 µg/ ml) as evident by decrease in level of MDA. Maximum effect was observed at 100-1000 µg/ ml. Withania Somnifera root extract thus can act as a potential antioxidant containing compound and protects erythrocytes from oxidative damage by either directly scavenging the free radical, sparing it or activating other enzymatic processes. At higher concentration (10,000 µg/ ml), Withania Somnifera extract increased the oxidative stress as evident from erythrocyte MDA level which became significantly more than the maximum effect shown at 1000 µg/ ml of extract.

Antitumor Potential of Withanolide Glycosides from Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on Apoptosis of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells and Tube Formation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fastest-growing tumor capable of spreading to other organs via blood vessels formed by endothelial cells. Apoptosis and angiogenesis-targeting therapies are attractive for cancer treatment. In this study, we aimed to study the in vitro cytotoxicity of Withania somnifera against human HCC (HepG2) cells, identify potential antitumoral withanolide glycosides from the active fraction, and elucidate cytotoxic molecular mechanisms of identified bioactive compounds. W. somnifera (Solanaceae), well-known as ‘ashwagandha’, is an Ayurvedic medicinal plant used to promote health and longevity, and the MeOH extract of W. somnifera root exhibited cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells during initial screening. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract and subsequent phytochemical investigation of the active n-BuOH-soluble fraction resulted in the isolation of five withanolide glycosides (1–5), including one new metabolite, withanoside XIII (1), aided by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based analysis. The new compound structure was determined by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, electronic circular dichroism, and enzymatic hydrolysis. In addition, withanoside XIIIa (1a) was identified as the new aglycone (1a) of 1. Isolated withanolide glycosides 1–5 and 1a were cytotoxic toward HepG2 cells; withagenin A diglucoside (WAD) (3) exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells, with cell viability less than 50% at 100 μM. WAD cytotoxicity was mediated by both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Treatment with WAD increased protein expression levels of cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (cleaved PARP) but decreased expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Moreover, WAD inhibited tubular structure formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by inhibiting the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and its downstream pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These effects were also enhanced by co-treatment with ERK and PI3K inhibitors. Overall, these results indicate that WAD (3) induced HepG2 apoptosis and inhibited HUVEC tube formation, suggesting its potential application in treating liver cancers.

High performance thin layer chromatography based chemo profiling of Ashvagandharishta and its antidepressant activity

Withania somnifera (L.) has long been used as a traditional rasayana herb against a variety of human ailments. This research presents a high performance thin layer chromatography based chemo profiling of Ashvagandharishta and its antidepressant activity. The in-house formulation was made using a fermentation process according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Physiochemical standardization of the formulation was performed using different quality control parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extract value and water soluble extract value. A column chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography method was used to isolate and estimation of withanolide-A, withaferin-A & β-sitosterol from the root of W. somnifera. In addition. The antidepressant effect of different formulations were carried out by force swimming test in albino mice. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and Glutathione (GSH) assay was used to find out the oxidative stress. W. somnifera root has been standardized macroscopically, microscopically, physico-chemically according to the guidelines of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed using high performance thin layer chromatography and it was performed on each formulation and found the content of withanolide-A and -sitosterol in the in-house formulation is higher while withaferin-A is rather contained in the decoction. The antidepressant effect showed that the immobility time was lowest in the case of the standard formulation followed by in house formulation, while the increase in glutathione and the reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels revealed the antioxidant nature of the formulation. In conclusion, based on the above results, we can conclude that Ashvagandharishta could be a breakthrough for the treatment of depression in the future.

Evaluation of UV-B Ameliorating Properties of Indigenous Plants Ashwagandha Withania somnifera (Dunal), Amla Emblica officinalis (Gaertn), and Prickly Chaff Flower Achyranthes aspera (L.) Supplemented Diets in Prior UV-B Exposed Catla catla

Ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation is a potent environmental stressor and it severely affects the survival, growth, and physiology of aquatic organisms. The UV-B protective properties of three herbal ingredients enriched diets were evaluated in pre-exposedCatla catla. Fish (70.38 ± 1.18 g) were divided into five sets with three replicates each. Four sets were exposed to UV-B (80 µW/cm2) for an initial 10 days (20 min/day), and the fifth one remained unexposed (control). On day 11, feeding with enriched diets started. These diets were: diet 1 (D1) containingWithania somnifera(0.5%) root powder, diet 2 (D2) containingEmblica officinalis(1.25%) fruit powder, diet 3 (D3) containing seeds ofAchyranthes aspera(0.5%), and diet 4 (D4) control. There were two batches of D4 diet-fed fish, D4a, UV-B exposed, and D4b unexposed. Blood and tissue samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 of feeding. The average weight reduced 26.32% in UV-B exposed catla compared to the unexposed one on day 0. Among the exposed fish, average weight was significantly higher in D3 compared to others throughout the study period. Significantly lower nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), carbonyl protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and heat shock proteins (Hsp) 70 and 90 were observed in D4a compared to the enriched diet fed catla. The NOS level was significantly higher in D3 on day 21. The TBARS level was significantly lower in D3 on days 7 and 14 and in D2 and D3 on day 21. The carbonyl protein, SOD, and Hsp70 levels were always significantly lower in D3 compared to others, and D2 followed D3 treatment. Hsp 90 was significantly lower in D2 compared to others on day 7 and in D3 on days 14 and 21. All three enriched diets helped the fish overcome the harmful effect of UV-B radiation, and the D3 diet-fed fish showed the best performance.