Somatic Responses Research Articles

Direct somatic embryogenesis on Coffea arabica L. explants previously subjected to water restriction

Somatic embryogenesis can occur either directly or indirectly. However, Coffea arabica genotypes respond inefficiently to direct somatic embryogenesis. In this way, explants of this species form small embryogenic structures (pre-embryogenic masses) and a few somatic embryos. Studies have shown that the intensity of the osmotic potential can either favor or hinder the somatic embryogenesis response in different species. Plant tissue subjected to water restriction presents a reduction in osmotic potential. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the direct somatic embryogenesis response of leaf explants from four genotypes of C. arabica, which were previously subjected to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 days of water restriction. At time 0, the explants had an average humidity of 70 %, which decreased to approximately 40 % after 8 days of water restriction. Somatic embryo formation occurred in explants subjected to up to 3 days of water restriction and there was no response in those with 4 and 8 days without hydration. Explants with low intensity osmotic potential of up to -0.8 MPa formed somatic embryos, whereas this response was reduced or inhibited in those with a more negative osmotic potential. However, explants with an osmotic potential equal to or less than -1.6 MPa formed larger embryogenic structures, which is desirable as they also give rise to somatic embryos. Thus, the direct somatic embryogenesis response of C. arabica is influenced by the intensity of the osmotic potential in the explant tissue.

Climate Anxiety: Current Evidence and Future Directions.

Challenging cognitive, somatic, and behavioral responses to climate change are often conceptualized as climate anxiety (CA). Due to the increased recognition of the impacts of climate change on mental health, a growing body of scientific literature is developing. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the current evidence base for CA and propose future research needs for this emerging construct. Early evidence supports underlying psychological mechanisms in the development and maintenance of CA, which are similar to other anxiety-related conditions. However, the study of CA poses unique challenges to researchers. The psychological impacts that occur in the context of climate change may be adaptive depending on the imminent threat of natural disasters, forced migration, or other climate-related challenges. Due to the potentially adaptive nature of CA and limited current evidence, a coordinated research program of climate-related distress is necessary. A review of the extant literature identified current gaps in understanding the epidemiology and individual differences that promote CA. Current evidence supports the prominent role of neuroticism, intolerance of uncertainty, and rumination. The development of evidence-based models of climate-related distress may provide a more valid and comprehensive depiction of the impacts of climate change on mental health. Transdiagnostic treatment methods are likely the most appropriate intervention for climate-related distress. As models, measures, and treatments of climate-related distress are developed, it is crucial to incorporate studies of populations most at risk for climate change-related mental health effects.

TAG-SPARK: Empowering High-Speed Volumetric Imaging With Deep Learning and Spatial Redundancy.

Two-photon high-speed fluorescence calcium imaging stands as a mainstream technique in neuroscience for capturing neural activities with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, challenges arise from the inherent tradeoff between acquisition speed and image quality, grappling with a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to limited signal photon flux. Here, a contrast-enhanced video-rate volumetric system, integrating a tunable acoustic gradient (TAG) lens-based high-speed microscopy with a TAG-SPARK denoising algorithm is demonstrated. The former facilitates high-speed dense z-sampling at sub-micrometer-scale intervals, allowing the latter to exploit the spatial redundancy of z-slices for self-supervised model training. This spatial redundancy-based approach, tailored for 4D (xyzt) dataset, not only achieves >700% SNR enhancement but also retains fast-spiking functional profiles of neuronal activities. High-speed plus high-quality images are exemplified by in vivo Purkinje cells calcium observation, revealing intriguing dendritic-to-somatic signal convolution, i.e., similar dendritic signals lead to reverse somatic responses. This tailored technique allows for capturing neuronal activities with high SNR, thus advancing the fundamental comprehension of neuronal transduction pathways within 3D neuronal architecture.

Beyond the panel: cinematism and affective responses in Itō Junji’s Tomie

ABSTRACT Itō Junji has been a renowned horror author since his work Tomie was released in the late 1980s. Tomie tells the story of an eponymous vengeful entity who, after being killed by her classmates on a school trip, leads men she encounters to madness and to her assassination which leads to her multiplying and being reborn again. Previous studies have focused on gender-based readings of the violence and body-horror elements in Tomie, yet little attention has been given to how this latter works in tandem with other elements as affective devices. By drawing upon several concepts related to affect, this paper analyzes the use of horror manga to evoke affective and somatic responses in readers. It shows that the manga’s use of panelling and composition techniques associated with cinema plays an essential role in the creation of dread and anticipation. Additionally, the exploration of abjection and body horror reveals how these contribute to the reader’s responses which oscillate between sympathy and somatic empathy. Ultimately, this study highlights how horror manga, as a visual medium with cinematic traits, can elicit responses in readers similar to horror cinema and offers a potential theoretical framework for the broader study of horror manga.

Sutjeska Memorial Park (1958–75): Yugoslav World War II Memorial Complexes and Embodied Strategies for Solidarity

ABSTRACT This article investigates the expansion of World War II memorial sites in socialist Yugoslavia, with a focus on the Sutjeska Memorial Park in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Beginning in the early 1960s, a new typology of memorial complexes emerged, merging domestic tourism and commemoration. These sites operated as forms of social infrastructure that provided ground not solely for the remembrance of the historical events of the War but for enabling solidaristic sentiments required to prevent its resurgence. The Sutjeska Memorial Park exemplifies how artists and architects experimented with new forms to produce embodied affective strategies to engage new generations without personal war memories. Expanded memorial parks attempted to evoke somatic responses to fascist horror while using new tourist amenities to stimulate a sense of significance across diverse generational and cultural communities. Drawing on archival materials and the formal elements of Sutjeska’s monuments, this research examines understudied sites that produced immersive environments intended to open the realm of visual experience to other embodied possibilities and to instil new cultural practices of comradeship and commemoration. This paper illustrates how the design of the Sutjeska Memorial Park as social infrastructure facilitates its continued function today despite Yugoslavia’s dissolution, maintaining much of its original antifascist character.

Nepali Translation, Validity and Reliability Study of the Cohen-Hoberman Inventory of Physical Symptoms for Utilization With Bhutanese Refugees.

Language-appropriate outcome measurements help to improve health equity. The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the Cohen-Hoberman Inventory of Physical Symptoms (CHIPS) in Nepali for Bhutanese refugee utilization. English-Nepali forward and back translations of CHIPS were completed by an official translator and evaluated by three content experts. A scaled rubric measured the following constructs: neurogenic stress response (NSR), somatic stress response (SSR), and visceral stress response (VSR). Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0. The Nepali version of CHIPS reported good content validity, strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α =.94), and inter-rater reliability (ICC=0.91). Kappa statistic reported 88% to 96% agreement. Constructs of NSR (0.91), SSR (0.94), and VSR (0.94) reported strong internal consistency. The Nepali translated version of CHIPS showed strong validity and reliability for utilization in the Bhutanese refugee population and improves health access to outcome measurements for a vulnerable population.

Germline regulation of the somatic mitochondrial stress response

Mitochondria are pivotal organelles for cellular energy production and the regulation of stress responses. Recent research has elucidated complex mechanisms through which mitochondrial stress in one tissue can impact distant tissues, thereby promoting overall organismal health. Two recent studies by Shen et al. and Charmpilas et al. have demonstrated that an intact germline serves as a crucial signaling hub for the activation of the somatic mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Somatic CpG hypermutation is associated with mismatch repair deficiency in cancer

Somatic hypermutation in cancer has gained momentum with the increased use of tumour mutation burden as a biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitors. Spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine at CpG dinucleotides is one of the most ubiquitous endogenous mutational processes in normal and cancer cells. Here, we performed a systematic investigation of somatic CpG hypermutation at a pan-cancer level. We studied 30,191 cancer patients and 103 cancer types and developed an algorithm to identify somatic CpG hypermutation. Across cancer types, we observed the highest prevalence in paediatric leukaemia (3.5%), paediatric high-grade glioma (1.7%), and colorectal cancer (1%). We discovered germline variants and somatic mutations in the mismatch repair complex MutSα (MSH2-MSH6) as genetic drivers of somatic CpG hypermutation in cancer, which frequently converged on CpG sites and TP53 driver mutations. We further observe an association between somatic CpG hypermutation and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Overall, our study identified novel cancer types that display somatic CpG hypermutation, strong association with MutSα-deficiency, and potential utility in cancer immunotherapy.

Evaluation of non-penetrative captive bolt stunning as a method of slaughter for white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)

IntroductionPercussive stunning is a widely used and ethically supported method of stunning fish per welfare standards as part of a one- or two-step slaughter process. In this study, the use of a non-penetrative captive bolt (NPCB) gun was evaluated as an effective one-step method of improving welfare for juvenile and adult farmed white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) at slaughter.MethodsA Jarvis HPS-1 NPCB was operated at pressures of 120, 135, and 145 PSI (827.37, 930.79, and 999.74 kPa, respectively) for juvenile sturgeon (n = 3 sturgeon per operating pressure) and 175, 200, and 225 PSI (1206.58, 1378.95, and 1551.32 kPa, respectively) for adult sturgeon (n = 3 sturgeon per operating pressure). Following a single strike, fish were assessed for jaw relaxation and a somatic response before being exsanguinated and transferred to an ice slurry. An hour after slaughter, fish heads were collected, and a section of cartilage containing the brain was removed and fixed in formalin for histological analysis of brain death. To evaluate fish recovery, juveniles (n = 100) and adult female sturgeon (n = 65) were monitored for two hoursafter a single exposure to 145 and 225 PSI, respectively.ResultsHistology results showed there was an effect between operating pressure and intracranial hemorrhage in juvenile sturgeon (p = 0.024). There was a greater meningeal-to-cerebral hemorrhage at 135 PSI compared to the 120 PSI group (p = 0.020) and a trend towards increased tissue damage from 120 PSI to 145 PSI (p = 0.056). Adults showed no significant difference in meningeal hemorrhage at any operating pressure. When investigating recovery rates, NPCB successfully stunned 100% of juvenile sturgeon at 145 PSI, and 225 PSI stunned 90% of adult sturgeon without recovery.DiscussionThese results demonstrate that the use of an NPCB gun is an improvement in animal welfare compared to repeated strikes, but a single application did not produce histological brain death; further research should be conducted to determine optimal pressures that result in immediate brain death.

Association between somatic mutation pathways and treatment response in patients with biliary tract cancers (BTCs).

e16196 Background: Comprehensive somatic genomic profiling has become the standard of care for patients with BTCs, serving to identify targetable mutations and aiding in prognostication. While previous studies have identified individual somatic mutations such as TP53, CDKN1A, and KRAS as negative prognostic markers, little is known about their role as predictive biomarkers. This study aimed to investigate the predictive potential of somatic mutations and pathways using commercially available next-generation sequencing. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) from January 2016 to January 2023, with data censoring in January 2024. Patient characteristics, including age, gender, race, stage, site of metastasis, performance status, and survival status, were collected. Somatic genomic alterations data were extracted from FoundationOneCDx, a commercially available NGS platform designed to capture 324 genetic alterations validated for therapy targets or unambiguous drivers of oncogenesis. Genetic alterations were classified into 14 oncogenic pathways constructed based on the TCGA and Reactome databases. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed between pathway alterations, progression-free survival and overall survival, accounting for selected covariates with p < 0.05 or potential known confounders. Results: Among 97 BTCs, 90 were successfully sequenced. Among these, 40 patients received gemcitabine and cisplatin, and 28 received fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) therapy. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was present in 70% of cases, perihilar or distal cholangiocarcinoma in 27%, and gallbladder carcinoma in 3%. At presentation, 18% had stage I disease, and 44% had stage IV. The median follow-up time was 15 months. A total of 339 genomic alterations were identified, with 8% of samples harboring FGFR fusion or mutation, 9% IDH1 mutation, 6 % HER2 amplification, 30% KRAS mutation, and 32% with TP53 mutation. The most affected pathways were the cell cycle (66%) and DNA repair (50%). In multivariate regression analysis accounting for age, ECOG, and anatomical location, TP53 mutation was associated with shorter progression-free survival on gemcitabine and cisplatin treatment (n = 11, 2 vs. 6 months, HR 4.19, 95% CI 1.51 – 11.7, p < 0.01), whereas cell cycle pathway mutation was associated with longer progression-free survival (n = 14, 6 vs. 5 months, HR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.19-0.96, p < 0.05). No association was found between oncogenic pathways and treatment response to FOLFOX therapy. Conclusions: TP53 mutation is associated with a worse response, whereas cell cycle pathway mutations are associated with an improved response to gemcitabine and cisplatin therapy in patients with BTCs. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms contributing to these observed effects.

Caffeine Expectancy Does Not Influence the Physical Working Capacity at the Fatigue Threshold.

Ambrozy, CA, Hawes, NE, Hayden, OL, Sortzi, I, and Malek, MH. Caffeine expectancy does not influence the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1056-1062, 2024-The placebo effect occurs when a desired outcome is experienced due to the belief that a treatment is effective, even in the absence of an active ingredient. One explanation for this effect is based on a person's expectations of a drug or supplement. Although caffeine's effects on sports performance have been studied, little is known about how expectations of caffeine affect neuromuscular fatigue during continuous muscle action. The physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWCFT) can be used to assess neuromuscular fatigue noninvasively using surface electromyography. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether caffeine expectancy influences PWCFT. We hypothesized that regardless of expectancy, caffeine consumption would delay neuromuscular fatigue. The study involved 8 healthy college-aged men (mean ± SEM: age, 25.6 ± 1.0 years) who visited the laboratory on 4 occasions, each separated by 7 days. The subjects completed 4 experimental conditions, in random order, where they were told that they were consuming caffeine or placebo and either received caffeine or placebo. After consuming the drink, the subjects remained in the laboratory for an hour and then performed an incremental exercise test. The results showed that the condition where subjects were told that they were consuming caffeine and received caffeine had significantly higher mean values for maximal power output (F(3, 21) = 11.75; p < 0.001), PWCFT (F(3, 21) = 12.28; p < 0.001), PWCFT (%maximal power output; F(3, 21) = 8.75; p < 0.001), and heart rate at end exercise (%predicted; F(3, 21) = 3.83; p = 0.025) compared with the 2 conditions where placebo was received. However, no statistically significant mean differences were found from the condition where subjects were told that they were consuming placebo but consuming caffeine. This suggests that a person's expectancy and potential somatic response may serve as a cue for how an ergogenic aid or placebo could affect subsequent performance.

Mixed histiocytic disorders: Nature versus nurture?

Histiocytic diseases arise from MAPK mutations in myeloid progenitors. Depending on whether the progenitor follows a dendritic cell or macrophage/monocyte lineage the final histology results in Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Rosai-Dorfman disease or Erdheim-Chester disease. Commentary on: Friedman etal. Mixed histiocytic neoplasms: A multicentre series revealing diverse somatic mutations and responses to targeted therapy. Br J Haematol 2024;205:127-137.

Effects of Arboviral Infections on Transposable Element Transcript Levels in Aedes aegypti.

Transposable elements are mobile repeated sequences found in all genomes. Transposable elements are controlled by RNA interference pathways in most organisms, and this control involves the PIWI-interacting RNA pathway and the small interfering RNA pathway, which is also known to be the first line of antiviral defense in invertebrates. Using Drosophila, we recently showed that viral infections result in the modulation of transposable element transcript levels through modulation of the small RNA repertoire. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is of particular interest because almost half of its genome is made of transposable elements, and it is described as a major vector of viruses (such as the dengue [DENV], Zika [ZIKV], and chikungunya [CHIKV] arboviruses). Moreover, Aedes mosquitoes are unique among insects in that the PIWI-interacting RNA pathway is also involved in the somatic antiviral response, in addition to the transposable element control and PIWI-interacting RNA pathway genes expanded in the mosquito genome. For these reasons, we studied the impacts of viral infections on transposable element transcript levels in A. aegypti samples. We retrieved public datasets corresponding to RNA-seq data obtained from viral infections by DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV in various tissues. We found that transposable element transcripts are moderately modulated following viral infection and that the direction of the modulation varies greatly across tissues and viruses. These results highlight the need for an in-depth investigation of the tightly intertwined interactions between transposable elements and viruses.

Mixed histiocytic neoplasms: A multicentre series revealing diverse somatic mutations and responses to targeted therapy.

Histiocytic neoplasms are diverse clonal haematopoietic disorders, and clinical disease is mediated by tumorous infiltration as well as uncontrolled systemic inflammation. Individual subtypes include Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease (RDD) and Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), and these have been characterized with respect to clinical phenotypes, driver mutations and treatment paradigms. Less is known about patients with mixed histiocytic neoplasms (MXH), that is two or more coexisting disorders. This international collaboration examined patients with biopsy-proven MXH with respect to component disease subtypes, oncogenic driver mutations and responses to conventional (chemotherapeutic or immunosuppressive) versus targeted (BRAF or MEK inhibitor) therapies. Twenty-seven patients were studied with ECD/LCH (19/27), ECD/RDD (6/27), RDD/LCH (1/27) and ECD/RDD/LCH (1/27). Mutations previously undescribed in MXH were identified, including KRAS, MAP2K2, MAPK3, non-V600-BRAF, RAF1 and a BICD2-BRAF fusion. A repeated-measure generalized estimating equation demonstrated that targeted treatment was statistically significantly (1) more likely to result in a complete response (CR), partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD) (odds ratio [OR]: 17.34, 95% CI: 2.19-137.00, p = 0.007), and (2) less likely to result in progression (OR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03-0.23, p < 0.0001). Histiocytic neoplasms represent an entity with underappreciated clinical and molecular diversity, poor responsiveness to conventional therapy and exquisite sensitivity to targeted therapy.

Activation and depression of neural and hemodynamic responses induced by the intracortical microstimulation and visual stimulation in the mouse visual cortex.

Objective. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) can be an effective method for restoring sensory perception in contemporary brain-machine interfaces. However, the mechanisms underlying better control of neuronal responses remain poorly understood, as well as the relationship between neuronal activity and other concomitant phenomena occurring around the stimulation site.Approach. Different microstimulation frequencies were investigatedin vivoon Thy1-GCaMP6s mice using widefield and two-photon imaging to evaluate the evoked excitatory neural responses across multiple spatial scales as well as the induced hemodynamic responses. Specifically, we quantified stimulation-induced neuronal activation and depression in the mouse visual cortex and measured hemodynamic oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin signals using mesoscopic-scale widefield imaging.Main results. Our calcium imaging findings revealed a preference for lower-frequency stimulation in driving stronger neuronal activation. A depressive response following the neural activation preferred a slightly higher frequency stimulation compared to the activation. Hemodynamic signals exhibited a comparable spatial spread to neural calcium signals. Oxyhemoglobin concentration around the stimulation site remained elevated during the post-activation (depression) period. Somatic and neuropil calcium responses measured by two-photon microscopy showed similar dependence on stimulation parameters, although the magnitudes measured in soma was greater than in neuropil. Furthermore, higher-frequency stimulation induced a more pronounced activation in soma compared to neuropil, while depression was predominantly induced in soma irrespective of stimulation frequencies.Significance. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying depression differs from activation, requiring ample oxygen supply, and affecting neurons. Our findings provide a novel understanding of evoked excitatory neuronal activity induced by ICMS and offer insights into neuro-devices that utilize both activation and depression phenomena to achieve desired neural responses.

Synergistic effects of L-glutamine and inorganic nitrogen molar ratios enhance the induction of somatic embryogenesis of Pinus maximinoi H.E. Moore

Clonal breeding programs of Pinus maximinoi require the establishment of a robust somatic embryogenesis (SE) protocol to produce enough cell lines to accelerate the effective continuous deployment of elite planting stocks to research and commercial compartments. Somatic embryogenesis was induced from immature zygotic embryo explants enclosed in megagametophytes of P. maximinoi collected from two plantations located in different climatic conditions. Cones were collected during the winter months from July to August and the influence of seed family, cone collection date and culture medium formulation, with emphasis on the organic and inorganic nitrogen supply, were studied. Ammonium to nitrate molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 in modified Litvay’s medium (mLV) produced the highest numbers of extrusions, while a 1:4 ratio mostly produced unhealthy, non-embryogenic extrusions. The formation of a tissue showing a rapidly-proliferating, spiky morphotype was produced in a medium supplemented with 1.5 g/L of L-glutamine. Morphologically advanced cultures with nodular structures were produced in megagametophytes from both plantations in a 1:2 NH4+:NO3− medium regardless of L-glutamine supplementation levels. The optimal medium for P. maximinoi SE induction contained a 1:2 NH4+:NO3− molar ratio with 1.5 g/L L-glutamine. The synergy between the molar ratio of NH4+:NO3− and L-glutamine resulted in the highest numbers of extrusions. The overall inductive competence window for somatic embryogenic response in P. maximinoi was determined to be from the second week of July to the first week of August for both plantations. The “peak” period was in the fourth week of July 2022. The success of the SE technology in P. maximinoi seed families is determined by the optimal inductive competence window of the immature megagametophytes enclosing zygotic embryos and the chemical composition of the induction medium in terms of the ammonium to nitrate molar ratio and the concentration of the L-glutamine used.

Orally Administered N-Oleoyl Alanine Blocks Acute Opioid Withdrawal Induced-Conditioned Place Preference and Attenuates Somatic Withdrawal following Chronic Opioid Exposure in Rats

(1) Background: Intraperitoneal injections of the endogenous N-acyl amino acid N-Oleoyl alanine (OlAla) effectively reduces both the affective and somatic responses produced by opioid withdrawal in preclinical models. To increase the translational appeal of OlAla in clinical drug applications, the current experiments tested whether oral OlAla pretreatment also attenuates opioid withdrawal in rats. (2) Methods: In Experiment 1, to assess its impact on affective withdrawal behavior, OlAla (0, 5, 20 mg/kg) was orally administered during the conditioning phase of an acute naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal conditioned place avoidance task. In Experiment 2, to assess its impact on somatic withdrawal behavior, OlAla (5–80 mg/kg) was orally administered prior to naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from chronic heroin exposure. (3) Results: Pretreatment with oral OlAla at the higher (20 mg/kg), but not lower (5 mg/kg) dose, reduced the establishment of an acute morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion. Instead, the lower dose of oral OlAla (5 mg/kg) reduced heroin withdrawal-induced abdominal contractions and diarrhea, whereas higher doses were without effect. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest a dose-dependent reduction of opioid withdrawal responses by orally administered OlAla, and further highlight the potential utility of this compound for opioid withdrawal in clinical populations.

Chronic exposure to PM10 induces anxiety-like behavior via exacerbating hippocampal oxidative stress

As one of the most environmental concerns, inhaled particulate matter (PM10) causes numerous health problems. However, the associations between anxiety behavior and toxicity caused by PM10 have rarely been reported so far. To investigate the changes of behavior after PM10 exposure and to identify the potential mechanisms of toxicity, PM10 samples (with doses of 15 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) were intratracheally instilled into rats to simulate inhalation of polluted air by the lungs. After instillation for eight weeks, anxiety-like behavior was evaluated, levels of oxidative stress and morphological changes of hippocampus were measured. The behavioral results indicated that PM10 exposure induced obvious anxiety-like behavior in the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Both PM10 concentrations tested could increase whole blood viscosity and trigger hippocampal neuronal damage and oxidative stress by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and malondialdehyde levels, and decreasing the expressions of antioxidant-related proteins (e.g., nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), SOD1 and heme oxygenase 1). Furthermore, through collecting and analyzing questionnaires, the data showed that the participants experienced obvious anxiety-related emotions and negative somatic responses under heavily polluted environments, especially PM10 being the main pollutant. These results show that PM10 exposure induces anxiety-like behavior, which may be related to suppressing the Nrf2/Keap1-SOD1 pathway.

Quantitative Evaluation of Virtual Reality-related Attention Allocation by Somatic P300 Response

Quantitative Evaluation of Virtual Reality-related Attention Allocation by Somatic P300 Response

Somatic responses of injured Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) raised using various recipes of Thai herbal fermented water

Somatic responses of injured Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) raised using various recipes of Thai herbal fermented water