Somatic Movements Research Articles

Exercise and osteoimmunology in bone remodeling.

Bones can form the scaffolding of the body, support the organism, coordinate somatic movements, and control mineral homeostasis and hematopoiesis. The immune system plays immune supervisory, defensive, and regulatory roles in the organism, which mainly consists of immune organs (spleen, bone marrow, tonsils, lymph nodes, etc.), immune cells (granulocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, etc.), and immune molecules (immune factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, etc.). Bone and the immune system have long been considered two distinct fields of study, and the bone marrow, as a shared microenvironment between the bone and the immune system, closely links the two. Osteoimmunology organically combines bone and the immune system, elucidates the role of the immune system in bone, and creatively emphasizes its interdisciplinary characteristics and the function of immune cells and factors in maintaining bone homeostasis, providing new perspectives for skeletal-related field research. In recent years, bone immunology has gradually become a hot spot in the study of bone-related diseases. As a new branch of immunology, bone immunology emphasizes that the immune system can directly or indirectly affect bones through the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway, IL family, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IFN-γ. These effects are of great significance for understanding inflammatory bone loss caused by various autoimmune or infectious diseases. In addition, as an external environment that plays an important role in immunity and bone, this study pays attention to the role of exercise-mediated bone immunity in bone reconstruction.

Kissing Matter: John Lydgate’s Lyric On Kissing at Verbum caro factum est and the Democratization of Contemplation

This article examines the use of contemplation in the religious poetry of John Lydgate, a fifteenth-century Benedictine monk and poet from England. While our understanding of Lydgate as a Benedictine poet has gained scholarly momentum, his paraliturgical writings have received less sustained attention. In this article, I argue that Lydgate democratizes the millennium-old monastic practice of lectio and meditatio by introducing a new contemplative mode for lay- and non-Latinate people in the vernacular, which I refer to as a performative lectio domini. This lectio is on an image instead of scripture and takes place within the context of the liturgy. Lydgate offers directions for participation in a liturgical ritual, enabling his readers to fully inhabit the surplus of materiality, somatic movements, and figurative language emanating from the liturgy in order for them to abandon themselves to contemplation in the crux of the rite. By looking at the poem On Kissing at Verbum caro factum est as a case study, I demonstrate how for Lydgate the liturgical kiss becomes a threshold of encounter with Christ through the incarnation. Rather than producing an emotive response, as is often characterized, the liturgical kiss fosters an intellectual illumination and deeper knowledge of Christ crucified.

벽사 정재만류 승무 호흡에 나타난 소매틱 움직임 ‘BA’ 원리연구

This study aims to find out the basic principles for education and treatment applying the ‘BA’ Principles of somatic movements to the high, normal, and low breathings shown in BJJS. As a result, firstly, ‘to breathe well’ is upper breathing(exhalation) found in the “gideng(기덩)” upper/flat/lower breathing shown in the 3st small beat of the 1st beat of Hangeul Janggo’s vocal sound, which is shown in all the courses of BJJS. This awakens Myeongmunhyeol and relaxes and lifts up diaphragm to control the thorax to be narrower. And, using drumstick, the awakening of the high breathing with a clenched fist arouses Sobuhyeol(少府穴) and Nogung(勞宮) to enhance the Hwagang (火降) of the heart and its outer membrane when upper/flat/lower breathing(inhalation) is going down. Secondly, ‘to align the body(Align)’ is the awakening of the flat breathing found in upper/flat/lower breathing that is found to be the heavenly mind of the seat of the heart(mind), the central danjeon among the three danjeon’s of Jeong-Shin-Gi. Therefore, BJJS can seek for emotional stability with a sound body through good Breathing of high/normal/low breathings, Aligning of body with heavenly mind, to move the body in an arranged manner. The implication of this study is to provide a steppingstone for avatar breathing of the dancing of BJJS, based on body breathing.

SOMATIC MOVEMENTS AS A CONCEPT IN THE MODERN PARADIGM OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

The object of the study of "Theory and methods of physical education," as a scientific and educational discipline, are the physical capabilities and abilities of man, which change through the purposeful influence of physical education. Exercise is a significant component of the physical improvement process. According to the theory of adaptation, "trace" effects accumulate as a result of repeated movements. In his "law of exercise," Lamarck said that frequent and prolonged use of the organ gradually strengthens it, and vice versa. However, the development of physical and mental abilities is not limited to the influence of movement on the human body. There is another side of the "law of exercise," first formulated by Diderot, and scientifically substantiated by Bernstein (1947) in his "theory of coordination" - the organism itself builds its own movements through exercise. Preliminary analysis of scientific sources showed the fragmentary research of this "other side," which determined this study's relevance. Exercise purposefully affects the development of physical and mental abilities. Most scientists in their research turn to the development of physical qualities. By contrast, we pay attention to physical perfection's mental component, using somatic movements as a means. The concept of "somatic movements" requires perception, understanding, comprehension. The "phenomenology of the spirit," which we have taken as a basis for studying the problem of consciousness, belongs to the works without which it is impossible to imagine either the history of philosophy or philosophy as such. Hegel's goal is to "track and demonstrate the path that consciousness takes, starting from direct sensory perception and ending with scientific (philosophical) knowledge, which opens the rationality of reality." An essential element of the study is the study of the classification of somatic movements in the West. Understanding of this concept depends on the awareness of the "operational concept" of the object of somatic education, defined by The International Somatic Movement Education and Therapy Association (ISMETA). The cornerstone is the "illumination" of the concept of "awareness" (awareness) as the basis for the education of somatic movements. "Somatic movements" is a fundamental concept in the Feldenkrais method, on which we rely. One of Moshe's best students, Yochanan Rywerant, in his work "Acquiring the Feldenkrais profession," paid considerable attention to the mental component of the process of improving movement. Describing the method's goals and means, he noted that "the mere idea of acting differently depends on our needs and on our curiosity. But it also depends decisively on sensory feedback." That is, "the ability to change an intentional pattern of action and to perform it, not always in a stereotypical manner, seems important." The purpose of the article is to find out the role of awareness in educating somatic movements.

Women’s Somatic Training in Early Modern Spanish Theater

Women’s Somatic Training in Early Modern Spanish Theater

Theoretical Literature Review on Self-Regulation and Healing Effects of Somatic Awareness-Based Yoga Postures and Movements

Theoretical Literature Review on Self-Regulation and Healing Effects of Somatic Awareness-Based Yoga Postures and Movements

An E-cadherin-mediated hitchhiking mechanism for C. elegans germ cell internalization during gastrulation

Gastrulation movements place endodermal precursors, mesodermal precursors and primordial germ cells (PGCs) into the interior of the embryo. Somatic cell gastrulation movements are regulated by transcription factors that also control cell fate, coupling cell identity and position. By contrast, PGCs in many species are transcriptionally quiescent, suggesting that they might use alternative gastrulation strategies. Here, we show that C. elegans PGCs internalize by attaching to internal endodermal cells, which undergo morphogenetic movements that pull the PGCs into the embryo. We show that PGCs enrich HMR-1/E-cadherin at their surfaces to stick to endoderm. HMR-1 expression in PGCs is necessary and sufficient to ensure internalization, suggesting that HMR-1 can promote PGC-endoderm adhesion through a mechanism other than homotypic trans interactions between the two cell groups. Finally, we demonstrate that the hmr-1 3′ untranslated region promotes increased HMR-1 translation in PGCs. Our findings reveal that quiescent PGCs employ a post-transcriptionally regulated hitchhiking mechanism to internalize during gastrulation, and demonstrate a morphogenetic role for the conserved association of PGCs with the endoderm.

Gpr125 - a novel planar cell polarity pathway component in zebrafish

Cells that produce internal organs move into the interior of the embryo during gastrulation. Somatic cell gastrulation movements are regulated by transcription factors that also control cell fate, ensuring that cell identity and position are coupled. By contrast, primordial germ cells (PGCs) in many species are transcriptionally quiescent, suggesting that they use alternative strategies to internalize. We show that C. elegans PGCs adhere to internal endodermal cells, which undergo morphogenetic movements that pull the PGCs into the embryo. We show that HMR-1/E-cadherin is enriched in PGCs, that HMR-1 is required for PGC internalization and PGC-endoderm adhesion, and that HMR-1 enrichment in PGCs is mediated by the hmr-1 3′ untranslated region. Our findings demonstrate the novel strategy that quiescent PGCs use to internalize during gastrulation, and identify a morphogenetic role for the evolutionarily conserved association between PGCs and endoderm.

Scribble is required for normal lumen morphogenesis in the mammalian lung

Program/Abstract # 51An E-Cadherin-mediated hitchhiking mechanism for C. elegansgerm cell internalization during gastrulationDaisuke Chihara, Jeremy NanceSkirball Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USACells that produce internal organs move into the interior of theembryo during gastrulation. Somatic cell gastrulation movements areregulated by transcription factors that also control cell fate, ensuringthat cell identity and position are coupled. By contrast, primordialgerm cells (PGCs) in many species are transcriptionally quiescent,suggesting that they use alternative strategies to internalize. Weshow that C. elegans PGCs adhere to internal endodermal cells, whichundergo morphogenetic movements that pull the PGCs into theembryo. We show that HMR-1/E-cadherin is enriched in PGCs, thatHMR-1 is required for PGC internalization and PGC-endodermadhesion, and that HMR-1 enrichment in PGCs is mediated by thehmr-1 3′ untranslated region. Our findings demonstrate the novelstrategy that quiescent PGCs use to internalize during gastrulation,and identify a morphogenetic role for the evolutionarily conservedassociation between PGCs and endoderm.doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.070Program/Abstract # 52Gpr125 - a novel planar cell polarity pathway componentin zebrafishXin Li

An E-Cadherin-mediated hitchhiking mechanism for C. elegans germ cell internalization during gastrulation

Gastrulation movements place endodermal precursors, mesodermal precursors and primordial germ cells (PGCs) into the interior of the embryo. Somatic cell gastrulation movements are regulated by transcription factors that also control cell fate, coupling cell identity and position. By contrast, PGCs in many species are transcriptionally quiescent, suggesting that they might use alternative gastrulation strategies. Here, we show that C. elegans PGCs internalize by attaching to internal endodermal cells, which undergo morphogenetic movements that pull the PGCs into the embryo. We show that PGCs enrich HMR-1/E-cadherin at their surfaces to stick to endoderm. HMR-1 expression in PGCs is necessary and sufficient to ensure internalization, suggesting that HMR-1 can promote PGC-endoderm adhesion through a mechanism other than homotypic trans interactions between the two cell groups. Finally, we demonstrate that the hmr-1 3′ untranslated region promotes increased HMR-1 translation in PGCs. Our findings reveal that quiescent PGCs employ a post-transcriptionally regulated hitchhiking mechanism to internalize during gastrulation, and demonstrate a morphogenetic role for the conserved association of PGCs with the endoderm.

Contribution of the central thalamus to the generation of volitional saccades

Lesions in the motor thalamus can cause deficits in somatic movements. However, the involvement of the thalamus in the generation of eye movements has only recently been elucidated. In this article, we review recent advances into the role of the thalamus in eye movements. Anatomically, the anterior group of the intralaminar nuclei and paralaminar portion of the ventrolateral, ventroanterior and mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamus send massive projections to the frontal eye field and supplementary eye field. In addition, these parts of the thalamus, collectively known as the 'oculomotor thalamus', receive inputs from the cerebellum, the basal ganglia and virtually all stages of the saccade-generating pathways in the brainstem. In their pioneering work in the 1980s, Schlag and Schlag-Rey found a variety of eye movement-related neurons in the oculomotor thalamus, and proposed that this region might constitute a 'central controller' playing a role in monitoring eye movements and generating self-paced saccades. This hypothesis has been evaluated by recent experiments in non-human primates and by clinical observations of subjects with thalamic lesions. In addition, several recent studies have also addressed the involvement of the oculomotor thalamus in the generation of anti-saccades and the selection of targets for saccades. These studies have revealed the impact of subcortical signals on the higher-order cortical processing underlying saccades, and suggest the possibility of future studies using the oculomotor system as a model to explore the neural mechanisms of global cortico-subcortical loops and the neural basis of a local network between the thalamus and cortex.

Neural pathways to cardioaccelerator neurons in the isopod crustacean Bathynomus doederleini: Cholinergic activation by somatic movements

We investigated the excitatory and inhibitory input to cardioaccelerator (CA) and cardioinhibitor (CI) neurons located in the thoracic ganglia of the isopod crustacean Bathynomus doederleini by extracellular and intracellular recording. Electrical stimuli applied to the anterior and posterior connectives of single-ganglion preparations, containing either the 2nd or 3rd thoracic ganglion alone, and each of three paired ganglionic nerve roots produced excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the cell body of a CA neuron. Artificial movements of appendages, such as the thoracic limbs and the swimmerets, also evoked EPSPs in the CA neuron. Electrical stimuli applied to the peripheral nerves running to appendages induced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in a CI neuron. Since artificial movements of the appendages caused decrease of CI impulse rate, these IPSPs in the CI neuron may be caused by mechanoproprioceptors in the appendages. Since tachycardia was accompanied by excitation of CA neurons and inhibition of CI neurons, activation of the mechanoproprioceptors may be responsible for tachycardia. EPSPs in CA neurons produced by stimulation of peripheral nerves were augumented by eserinization and blocked by curarization. The activation of CA neurons by ganglionic roots may be mediated by cholinergic processes ascending from mechanoproprioceptors.

Neuronal activity in the primate globus pallidus during smooth pursuit eye movements

Although the roles of the basal ganglia in the control of saccadic eye movements have been extensively examined, little is known about their roles in smooth pursuit. Recent anatomical data suggest that, like somatic movements, smooth pursuit may also be regulated by signals through the basal ganglia thalamocortical pathways. To understand whether the basal ganglia, especially the globus pallidus (GP), could play roles in pursuit, we examined the firing of individual GP neurons when monkeys performed smooth pursuit. We found that a subset of neurons in both the external and the internal segments of the GP modulated firing during pursuit, suggesting that pathways through the GP might play roles in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements.

Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures

ABSTRACT.Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures are involuntary episodes of sensation, movement, or behavior that may mimic epileptic seizures but do not result from abnormal cortical discharges. The electroneurodiagnostic evaluation for suspected psychogenic nonepileptic seizures presents a confounding and challenging task to the physician/technologist team. Because the events may closely mimic true epileptic seizures, it is reported that as many as one quarter of patients presenting to epilepsy centers with intractable, medication-refractory seizures are found to have been misdiagnosed as having epilepsy (Alsaadi and Marquez 2005). Treatment regimens that are appropriate for epileptic seizures are inappropriate and ineffectual in the treatment of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. In the absence of coexisting epilepsy, inappropriate diagnosis and treatment exposes these patients to the adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs, socioeconomic hardships (patients may be unable to work or drive or have limited social activities), and adds to the burden on healthcare resources (Benbadis 2001). Video electroencephalography has become the gold standard in the diagnostic work-up to differentiate between seizures of neurologic origin and the nonepileptic somatic movements, sensations, and behaviors that are manifested by psychosocial distress.

Calcium deprivation increases the palatability of calcium solutions in rats

Calcium-deprived rats have elevated intakes of CaCl 2, other calcium salts, and some non-calcium compounds. We used taste reactivity to examine the effects of calcium deprivation on the palatability of CaCl 2 and other solutions. Nine male Sprague–Dawley rats were calcium-deprived by maintenance on a low-calcium diet, and eight replete rats were used as controls. All rats were videotaped during intraoral infusion of the following solutions: 30 and 300 mM CaCl 2, 30 mM calcium lactate, 100 and 600 mM NaCl, 30 mM MgCl 2, 1 mM quinine·HCl, 2.5 mM sodium saccharin, and deionized water. We counted individual orofacial and somatic movements elicited by the infusions and used them to calculate total ingestive and aversive scores. Relative to controls, calcium-deprived rats gave a significantly larger number of tongue protrusions and had higher total ingestive scores for CaCl 2, calcium lactate, NaCl, and MgCl 2. Our results suggest that CaCl 2, calcium lactate, NaCl, and MgCl 2 taste more palatable to rats when they are calcium-deprived than replete, and this may be responsible for the increased intake of these solutions following calcium deprivation.

Non-invasive determination of instantaneous heart rate in developing avian embryos by means of acoustocardiogram.

Previous noninvasive studies of the mean heart rate of embryonic birds have prompted an investigation into the instantaneous heart rate (IHR), which may be informative in developmental studies of cardiac rhythm. Using the acoustocardiogram (ACG), a noninvasive, long-term measuring system for embryonic IHR is developed, and the IHR in chickens during the last half of embryonic development is determined. The system, which uses a micro-computer, samples the ACG at a frequency of 50 Hz, restores the ACG wave by sinc function and calculates the IHR with an error in accuracy of less than 1 beat min-1. It was found that characteristic, transient bradycardia begins to appear late in the second week of incubation, and, with the additional development of transient tachycardia, the embryonic cardiac rhythm becomes more arrhythmic towards hatching. Simultaneous measurements of IHR with somatic movements showed no relationship between arrhythmia and embryonic activities. This system is useful, providing new evidence on long-term IHR developmental patterns.

Behavioural states in normal mature human fetuses.

Behaviour was studied by real time ultrasound in a group of 80 low risk fetuses between 36 and 42 weeks' gestation. There was close linkage of fetal eye movements, somatic movements and heart rate pattern reflecting three different states. Quiescence (state 1F) was characterised by no eye movements, no somatic movements except for the occasional startle, and a fetal heart rate pattern with little baseline variability. There were two active states: state 2F characterised by continuous eye movements, frequent bursts of somatic movements, and wide baseline variability with accelerations with movement, and state 4F characterised by continuous eye movements with almost continuous somatic movements and a sustained tachycardia. These fulfilled criteria for three of four behavioural states previously described in human fetuses. Cycling of quiescent and active states occurred in 77 (96%) of the fetuses within 100 minutes of starting the recording. 2F was the commonest behavioural state, being seen 58% of the time. 1F was seen 30% of the time, and 4F 9% of the time. During the remaining 3% of observation time the behavioural state was indeterminate.

Effects of the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine and its antagonist idazoxan on the fetal lamb.

1. The alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine was given by aortic injection to three groups of unanaesthetized fetal lambs in utero near term. One group was intact, the second had the brain stem transected just above the pons, and the third had bilateral section of the carotid sinus nerves and cervical vagi. 2. Clonidine had similar effects in all three groups. Electrocortical activity entered a high-voltage, low-frequency episode: breathing, neck and limb movements ceased; arterial pressure remained unchanged or increased; heart rate fell or remained unchanged, and the variation in both heart rate and blood pressure was much reduced. This state lasted 10-20 min, and was followed by a period of up to 4 h during which the cycling of electrocortical activity was rapid and irregular. 3. The alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan (0.5-2.0 mg I.A.) blocked all the actions of clonidine. When given alone it usually induced a short period of low-voltage electrocortical activity and stimulated breathing movements. These effects were present in both the intact and brain-stem-transected groups, though the stimulation of breathing was significantly reduced by brain-stem transection. There were no consistent effects on heart rate or blood pressure. 4. The effects of clonidine on fetal heart rate and electrocortical activity were similar to those described in adults, but it also had inhibitory effects, not present in adults, on fetal breathing and somatic movements.

Motility pattern and lung respiration of embryonic chicks under the influence of l-thyroxine and thiourea

1. 1. Pressure changes in the air cell and at the egg shell have been used to monitor respiratory and somatic movements of embryonic chicks. 2. 2. During the prehatching period a phase of reduced activity is observed. 3. 3. Pulmonary respiration is initiated during this phase. 4. 4. Exogenous l-thyroxine exerts an accelerating effect on the hatching process and on the onset of the phase of reduced motility and of lung respiration. 5. 5. In thiourea-treated embryos the opposite effects on the hatching process and on the motility and respiration pattern are registered. 6. 6. When, however, the egg shell above the air cell was sealed with glue, times of hatching and of the beginning of lung respiration were similar to those of controls, although pipping the egg shell occured earlier than normal. 7. 7. It is suggested that the effects of l-thyroxine and thiourea on the hatching process are caused by a premature or delayed onset, respectively, of pulmonary respiration.

Cardiovascular responses elicited by fastigial and hypothalamic stimulation in conscious cats

The cardiovascular responses to stimulation within a fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum and the defence reaction area of the hypothalamus were tested in 3 conscious cats in whom chronic indwelling electrodes had been inserted stereotaxically into the brain at previous aseptic operation. At the same time, indwelling catheters had been inserted into the aorta for recording arterial pressure, and into the superior vena cava for intravenous injections of phenyl diguanide and other drugs. Rise of aortic pressure and tachycardia occurred when stimulating either site at strengths of stimulation below the threshold of somatic movements. Bradycardia of reflex origin (phenyl diguanide, noradrenaline) was inhibited during the stimulations and this was not due to the onset of an equal and opposite tachycardia of sympathetic origin. These results of stimulation are the same in the anaesthetized animal, but were obtained at lower stimulus threshold. They are not an artefact of anaesthesia.