Solvent Waste Research Articles

Convenient Aqueous‐Phase Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Anhydrous Proton Conduction

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as a kind of emerging materials has been widely concerned. Developing and recovering new COF materials is of great importance for anhydrous proton conduction, most of the synthesis methods are not organic solvent phase or convenient enough, which would inevitably lead to solvent waste and increase environmental burden. Herein, a method of COF synthesis in aqueous phase is developed, which is used for nonpolluting and sustainable fabrication. Benefits from the suitable channels and stability of HCOF‐1, the composite material H3PO4@HCOF‐1 exhibit high proton conductivity (1.29 × 10−4 S cm−1) at 413 K and the crystallinity of HCOF‐1 is maintained well after measurements. This work broadens the scope of COF synthesis and promotes the development of anhydrous proton conduction.

Simultaneous estimation of prasugrel and aspirin in bulk drugs by chemometric methods

A UV–Vis spectrophotometric method enhanced by chemometric techniques, specifically Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression, was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of prasugrel (PRA) and aspirin (ASP) in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations. The method demonstrated high accuracy, precision, and robustness, achieving mean recoveries of 100.63% for PRA and 100.08% for ASP with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 3%. Both PCR and PLS models showed excellent predictive capabilities, with RMSEP values of 0.45–0.48 for PRA and 0.78–1.13 for ASP, indicating the models’ reliability. In line with green and white chemistry principles, the method minimizes environmental impact by reducing solvent consumption and waste generation compared to traditional chromatographic methods. The Analytical Eco-Scale score was 84, reflecting excellent compliance with green chemistry standards. The method’s simplicity, low energy consumption, and reduced chemical waste further support its alignment with sustainability goals. However, acetonitrile, a hazardous solvent, was still used in small quantities, and solvent recycling was not implemented, slightly affecting the eco-score. To evaluate the method’s greenness, the RGB12 algorithm was applied, achieving a high score of 94.4%, with the majority of parameters related to reagent consumption, waste production, energy efficiency, and safety scoring optimally. The method’s safety, cost-effectiveness, and minimal environmental footprint make it suitable for routine pharmaceutical analysis, particularly in quality control environments where resource efficiency and sustainability are prioritized. Thus, the developed method offers a sustainable, efficient, and environmentally friendly solution for the simultaneous analysis of prasugrel and aspirin in pharmaceutical formulations, making it a valuable tool for routine analysis in the pharmaceutical industry.

Exploring Feedstock Recycling in Liquid-Phase-Exfoliated Nanosheets.

Industrial scale-up of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial production is essential if these novel materials are to prove themselves commercially viable for applications ranging from energy conversion and storage to optoelectronic devices and clean water. There are several techniques to produce 2D materials, and liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) is one that has emerged as the most widespread across laboratory, pilot, and industrial production scales. One of the main issues faced in the scale-up of such techniques is the low yield (typically 0.5-5 wt %), resulting in high levels of wasted feedstock material. Similarly, every 10 kg of product can create 1000 L or more of solvent waste, many of which are highly toxic to the environment (e.g., NMP). Using MoS2 as a prototypical 2D material, this work demonstrates a sustainable approach to recover and reuse unexfoliated precursor material and the exfoliation solvent to reduce waste by up to 82% and solvent requirement by up to 72%. Material production efficiency benefits were also achieved, with over 3-fold increase in product yield and energy usage reduced by up to 12%. The approach can be easily scaled and immediately implemented using existing infrastructure, and a pathway for industrial implementation has been outlined to support this.

Sustainable (-)-Ambrox Production: Chemistry Meets Biocatalysis.

(-)-Ambrox, the most prominent olfactive component of ambergris, is one of the most widely used biodegradable fragrance ingredients. It is traditionally produced from the diterpene sclareol chemically modified and cyclized into (-)-ambrox. The availability of the new feedstock (E)-β-farnesene produced by fermentation opened new routes to (E,E)-homofarnesol as a precursor to (-)-ambrox. Combining the chemical transformation of (E)-β-farnesene to (E,E)-homofarnesol and its enzymatic cyclization with an engineered Squalene Hopene Cyclase provided a new sustainable route for the production of (-)-ambrox at industrial scale. Compared to the traditional synthesis from sclareol, the new and innovative route from (E)-β-farnesene improves atom and step economy, reduces waste production, solvent and energy consumption.

Mechanochemical synthesis and catalysis of dinuclear Cu (II) complexes in C–S coupling

This study introduces a mechanochemical approach for synthesizing dinuclear Cu (II) complexes and applying them directly in C–S coupling reactions, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional solvent‐based syntheses. The mechanochemical method, recognized for its environmental advantages and efficiency, was employed to synthesize the Cu (II) complex [CuL(μ‐Cl)Cl2] (I) and the metal–organic salt 2L.2[CuCl4]2− (II), thereby minimizing solvent use and waste production. The synthesized complex I exhibited superior catalytic activity in C–S coupling, achieving a 96% yield within 20 min with methanol serving as a grinding medium. The mechanochemical process was further refined and confirmed for its environmental sustainability, with an E‐factor of 0.460 and an EcoScale score of 78. This synthetic method not only shortens reaction times and reduces solvent use but also streamlines the operational procedure, providing a more environmentally benign and economically viable route for C–S coupling. The research highlights the potential of mechanochemistry in simplifying synthetic processes and enhancing their sustainability, paving the way for future advancements in green synthetic strategies.

Sustainable fabrication of metal-organic frameworks for improved hydrogen storage

As greenhouse gas emissions become serious, the need for sustainable and efficient hydrogen storage solutions to replace traditional fuel energy becomes increasingly urgent. This study focuses on enhancing the hydrogen storage performance of CuBTC, a metal-organic framework (MOF) via green synthesis, aligning with the green circular economy principles of reducing energy consumption and chemical solvent waste. By applying the Design of Experiments methodology, we systematically explored the impact of different synthesis conditions on CuBTC properties, offering valuable insights for mechanochemical synthesis and hydrogen storage applications. Identified optimal conditions significantly increased CuBTC hydrogen uptake to 3.2 wt% at 20 bar, comparable to solvothermal CuBTC at 3.37 wt% and 10% higher than prior studies. This optimal CuBTC also possesses a comparable hydrogen adsorption rate to solvothermal CuBTC and an accelerated adsorption rate compared to smaller CuBTC crystal samples. A notable achievement of this work is the drastic reduction of the CuBTC synthesis time to just minutes while eliminating the need for chemical solvents. This breakthrough consumes less than 2% of the energy required for traditional solvothermal synthesis and completely avoids chemical solvent waste, marking a significant environmental and efficiency improvement. In addition, the CuBTC formation mechanism was explored in this research, shedding light on the intricate process of crystal structure development. Our findings demonstrate that the ball-milling technique can significantly enhance the hydrogen storage capabilities of CuBTC while reducing energy consumption and chemical solvent waste during the synthesis process.

Cu-alginate hydrogels in microfluidic systems: a sustainable catalytic approach for click chemistry

This work explores the innovative use of copper-alginate (Cu-alginate) hydrogels within microfluidic systems to catalyze dipolar cycloaddition reactions, emphasizing green chemistry principles and process intensification. Utilizing naturally occurring biopolymers, such as alginates, provides an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional catalyst supports due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and effective metal ion immobilization capabilities. The integration of these biopolymer-based catalysts into microfluidic devices allows for precise control over reaction conditions, leading to enhanced reaction kinetics and mass transfer efficiencies. Our results demonstrate that Cu-alginate hydrogels effectively catalyze the formation of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles through [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition reactions with high regioselectivity and conversion. The microfluidic setup ensures rapid and efficient synthesis, surpassing traditional batch reaction methods in both reaction rate and environmental impact by reducing solvent usage and waste generation. Furthermore, the use of microfluidics contributes to the reproducibility and scalability of the synthesis process, important for industrial applications. The model-based design and its simulations have been employed to further understand and optimize the reaction system. Diffusion through the gel layer and catalytic reaction kinetics estimated from experimental data were included in the model, providing a theoretical foundation for a comprehensive process evaluation. This study not only advances the field of sustainable catalysis by demonstrating the practical utility of biopolymer-supported catalysts in microfluidic systems, but also sets the stage for further research into biopolymer applications in complex chemical syntheses.

Most solvent waste from US academic labs ends up in the air

Most solvent waste from US academic labs ends up in the air

Rapid and Online Microvolume Flow-Through Dialysis Probe for Sample Preparation in Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis.

A rapid and online microvolume flow-through dialysis probe designed for sample preparation in the analysis of veterinary drug residues is introduced. This study addresses the need for efficient and green sample preparation methods that reduce chemical waste and reagent use. The dialysis probe integrates with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) systems, facilitating automated, high-throughput analysis. The dialysis method utilizes minimal reagent volumes per sample, significantly reducing the generation of solvent waste compared to traditional sample preparation techniques. Several veterinary drugs were spiked into tissue homogenates and analyzed to validate the probe's efficacy. A diagnostic sensitivity of >97% and specificity of >95% were obtained for this performance evaluation. The results demonstrated the effective removal of cellular debris and particulates, ensuring sample integrity and preventing instrument clogging. The automated dialysis probe yielded recovery rates between 27 and 77% for multiple analytes, confirming its potential to streamline veterinary drug residue analysis, while adhering to green chemistry principles. The approach highlights substantial improvements in both environmental impact and operational efficiency, presenting a viable alternative to conventional sample preparation methods in regulatory and research applications.

Machine learning models and performance dependency on 2D chemical descriptor space for retention time prediction of pharmaceuticals

The predictive modeling of liquid chromatography methods can be an invaluable asset, potentially saving countless hours of labor while also reducing solvent consumption and waste. Tasks such as physicochemical screening and preliminary method screening systems where large amounts of chromatography data are collected from fast and routine operations are particularly well suited for both leveraging large datasets and benefiting from predictive models. Therefore, the generation of predictive models for retention time is an active area of development. However, for these predictive models to gain acceptance, researchers first must have confidence in model performance and the computational cost of building them should be minimal. In this study, a simple and cost-effective workflow for the development of machine learning models to predict retention time using only Molecular Operating Environment 2D descriptors as input for support vector regression is developed. Furthermore, we investigated the relative performance of models based on molecular descriptor space by utilizing uniform manifold approximation and projection and clustering with Gaussian mixture models to identify chemically distinct clusters. Results outlined herein demonstrate that local models trained on clusters in chemical space perform equivalently when compared to models trained on all data. Through 10-fold cross-validation on a comprehensive set containing 67,950 of our company's proprietary analytes, these models achieved coefficients of determination of 0.84 and 3 % error in terms of retention time. This promising statistical significance is found to translate from cross-validation to prospective prediction on an external test set of pharmaceutically relevant analytes. The observed equivalency of global and local modeling of large datasets is retained with METLIN's SMRT dataset, thereby confirming the wider applicability of the developed machine learning workflows for global models.

Reduced Graphene Synthesis via Eco-Friendly Electrochemical Exfoliation Method

A novel approach to mass producing graphene without inadvertent damage was needed to meet the increasing demand for the material. Graphite electrochemical exfoliation (EE) is an intriguing method for the large-scale, quick, and easy manufacture of graphene. Using leftover whey as an electrolyte, the EE of commercial graphite was examined in this work. It was shown that a straightforward and affordable exfoliation technique may produce graphene that, in the absence of functionalization or surfactant, forms a stable dispersion in the waste solvent. Because wastewater is acidic, it has been shown that storing it at +4 degrees aids EE. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to satisfactorily validate the manufactured graphene's existence. The results point to a low-cost method of producing graphene and graphene oxide.

Stability-Indicating TLC-Densitometric and HPLC Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Teneligliptin and Pioglitazone in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms with Eco-Friendly Assessment.

The combination of teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and pioglitazone hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations has improved type 2 diabetes management. Two chromatographic methods TLC-densitometry and RP-HPLC were developed for simultaneous quantification of teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and pioglitazone hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations, ensuring accuracy and stability assessment. The TLC method uses a mobile phase of methanol, toluene, ethyl acetate and triethylamine (1:7:2:0.1, v/v/v/v) on TLC silica gel plates, scanned at 268nm. The RP-HPLC method employs isocratic elution with acetonitrile and sodium acetate buffer (adjust pH3.6 with glacial acetic acid, 60:40v/v) on a shimpack C18 column (250 × 4.6mm i.d., 5μm), detected at 235nm. Both methods offer high accuracy and reliability, making them valuable for pharmaceutical quality control. Additionally, an environmental impact assessment was conducted using eco-scale, Analytical Greenness Metric Approach, Green Analytical Procedure Index, and national environmental method index to evaluate solvent consumption, waste generation and energy usage. Statistical comparisons (t-tests and F-tests) validate the outcomes of both methods, ensuring their effectiveness in drug formulation analysis. These methods can enhance pharmaceutical quality control while fulfilling environmental responsibilities.

Spray combustion characteristics and soot formation potential of Nano-Al2O3 diesel at low ambient temperatures

Nanoparticle additives have the potential to enhance combustion efficiency and reduce emissions in liquid combustion processes. This study thoroughly investigates the spray evaporation, ignition, and combustion characteristics of nanoparticle/fuel blends, especially under challenging environmental conditions, to improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. Employing diffused background illumination, shadowgraph, Mie scattering, high-speed natural luminosity, and two-color method, the spray combustion dynamics of thermally stable nano-Al2O3/diesel (NAD) blends were examined within a constant volume combustion chamber. Diesel, a prevalent primary or auxiliary fuel, represents other highly volatile renewable fuels, while Al2O3, a significant component in combustion fly ash, is noted for its specific catalytic properties and ability to re-burn, eliminating organic toxic elements. The results indicated that NAD blends exhibit a faster evolution rate for both liquid and vapor sprays compared to pure diesel, attributed to the increased kinetic energy of breakup droplets. Under most experimental conditions, incorporation of nano-Al2O3 slightly reduced the ignition delay time due to enhanced heat transfer. Notably, nano-Al2O3 altered the ignition mechanism of the diesel spray, transitioning it from partially premixed to diffusion combustion and relocating the ignition point nearer to the injector. The combustion flame of NAD blends demonstrated increased luminosity, a shorter flame lift-off length, and variations in start-of-injection and total-injection-nozzle-lift-off. However, due to a high equivalence ratio mixture between the liquid phase spray and combustion region, the soot concentration in NAD blends was higher than that in diesel. Additionally, the elevated flame temperature in NAD blends significantly increased the soot concentration. Overall, nano-Al2O3 markedly enhances diesel combustion, especially in low ambient temperatures, suggesting its impressive potential for the high-efficiency and low-emission utilization of renewable fuels or the combustion of recycled waste solvents.

Xylene adsorption behaviors of Co-MOF-74(X) synthesized from Co(II) salt with different anions

Xylene, a typical volatile organic compound (VOC) and primary raw material in the chemical industry, has been found to be a key component in ozone formation. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) containing open metal sites are capable of binding to xylene. To recover xylene from waste solvent and to mitigate the environmental risks associated with it, three 1D coordination polymers (CPs), Co-MOF-74(X) (X = OAc–, Cl–, or NO3–), were synthesized using various cobalt salts of Co(OAc)2·4H2O, CoCl2·6H2O and Co(NO3)2·6H2O to investigate the influence of anions. Moreover, the liquid phase adsorptive performance for xylene was evaluated. The morphology features and structure differences of the resulting Co-MOF-74(X) were determined by SEM-EDS, XRD, N2/CO2 adsorption, FTIR and XPS. In situ DRIFT was applied to further distinguish the adsorption performance of Co-MOF-74(X) for xylene. The results indicated that Co-MOF-74(X) exhibits a different morphology. Co-MOF-74(OAc–) is flaky and agglomerated severely, while both Co-MOF-74(Cl–) and Co-MOF-74(NO3–) are hexagonal rod–like crystals. All of Co-MOF-74(X) showed microporous structures with high specific surface areas. A small amount of Cl– was retained in Co-MOF-74(Cl–), forming a Co–Cl bond with Co(II), and the active site of adsorption increased. Co-MOF-74(Cl–) shows the highest adsorption capacity of 1317.65 mg/g for the xylene mixture with excellent cyclic stability reported so far, which is 2.17 or 2.78 times more than Co-MOF-74(NO3–) or Co-MOF-74(OAc–). Therefore, it is anticipated to be a highly efficient adsorbent for removal or recovery of xylene.

Humic Acid: A Promising and Green Bioorganic Catalyst in Organic Syntheses

AbstractThe growing pollution and threat to the environment demand green synthetic methods. Green chemistry mainly focuses on minimizing the waste and utilization of green solvents, energy sources, and catalysts and prefers one‐pot reactions. In this context, humic acid (HA), a natural bioorganic catalyst found in rivers, peat coal and sewage; is a high molecular weight macromolecule containing multifunctional groups, mainly contains quinone, phenolic OH, and COOH groups which make it acidic and activate carbonyl groups by protonation. Owing to its green aspect such as biodegradability, recyclability and reusability, humic acid is considered as sustainable bioorganic catalyst which meets the criteria for industrial requirements. The HA is mild acidic in nature, thus many functional groups tolerate in the HA catalyzed reactions. After few initial reports in 2001 and 2009, the HA catalyzed reactions gained much attention by the organic synthetic community from 2019 in aldol condensation, Knoevenagel condensation, Claisen‐Schmidt reaction, Michael addition, Strecker synthesis, tetrazole synthesis, Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis, hydrosilylation of terminal alkenes, hydrogenation, α‐aminophosphonate synthesis, cross coupling reactions such as Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions. Herein we report the comprehensive analysis on the role of HA in organic transformations providing diverse array of molecular scaffolds till date and future perspective.

Efficient continuous synthesis of 2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]malonic acid, a key intermediate of Triflumezopyrim, coupling with esterification-condensation-hydrolysis

Triflumezopyrim (TFM) is a novel mesoionic pyrido[1,2-α]pyrimidinones insecticide, which acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and has no cross-resistance with other insecticides. Herein, we firstly developed a new continuous flow approach to synthesis 2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]malonic acid, a key intermate of TFM, coupling with esterification, condensation, and hydrolysis. All three-step reactions were optimized and transformed into a continuous synthesis mode by three micro reaction units. Compared with the batch mode, the total reaction time and overall separation yield were improved from more than 12 h and 60 % to 18 min and 73.38 %, respectively. The solvent consumption and waste emission were significantly reduced, which also provides an eco-friendly and efficient potential tool for the development and production of mesoionic pyrido[1,2-α]pyrimidinones insecticide.

Toward sustainable solid-phase peptide synthesis strategy – in situ Fmoc removal

ABSTRACT Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is the method of choice for the synthesis of peptides for research and production purposes. Despite having several positive features, it remains a challenge to reduce the amount of solvent waste generated during the synthesis. We proposed a 3-step protocol (in-situ Fmoc removal) where washing after coupling was eliminated. Here, the in-situ Fmoc removal protocol was optimized by adding an extra 4-methylpiperidine (4-MP) treatment to ensure the removal of the Fmoc. Additionally, a second addition of the carbodiimide during the coupling step is performed to form an in situ more active ester of the Fmoc-amino acid. The number of washings has been kept to a minimum of three adding in two of them 1% of OxymaPure to ensure the total removal of the 4-MP. This strategy, which saves up to 60% of solvent, was successfully demonstrated in two important Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), angiotensin II and afamelanotide synthesis, with high purity. This strategy will be added to the green toolbox of SPPS making the approach more sustainable.

A green perspective on simultaneous HPLC and UV spectrophotometric estimation of Udenafil and Dapoxetine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations

Clinical research has affirmed that the combination of Udenafil and Dapoxetine hydrochloride yields greater improvement in erectile dysfunction compared to the use of individual medications. There is a requirement of precise quantitative method for accurate determination of Udenafil and Dapoxetine when taken together. Consequently, our interest lies in developing and validating analytical methods for the simultaneous estimation of Udenafil and Dapoxetine - Various strategies, such as UV spectrophotometric approaches and an innovative, straightforward, accurate, sensitive, and robust High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) procedure, have been explored. An Isocratic HPLC approach was employed using reversed-phase CHEMSIL ODS C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 µm) as a stationary phase and detection wavelength (λ max) 230 nm for the two analytes in the chromatographic column. The mobile phase comprised of (70:30, v/v) mixture of Acetonitrile and 10 mM Ammonium formate buffer having pH 5, adjusted with formic acid. The elution was carried out at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. The UV simultaneous equation technique estimated the medicine's quantities and derived a simultaneous equation for DAP and UDN using 2 wavelengths, 230 nm and 298 nm. Furthermore, the two advanced methods underwent rigorous statistical validation, guided by the valuable ICH Q2R1 guidelines, affirming their effectiveness as a successful analytical tool for the concurrent analysis of both tablets in bulk and the synthetic mixture fabricated in the laboratory. To assess the environmental impact of contemporary UV spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques, the Green Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE) software and the Green Analytical System Index (GAPI) were employed to evaluate the greenness profile. This examination confirmed the method's environmental friendliness concerning solvent usage, chemical ingredients, energy consumption, and waste production. The developed UV method is more sustainable and greener compare to HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of compound, which can be utilised by industry for quantification of each individual drug in their combination products.

Combined green analytical principles and quality by design for ultraperformance liquid chromatography analytical method development, the characterization and in-silico toxicity prediction of Ixazomib degradation products using mass spectrometry

Ixazomib citrate (IC) is the first oral selective proteosome inhibitor for treating multiple myeloma. IC is prone to degradation due to its oxidative deboronation and the amide bond, affecting patient health, drug quality, and efficacy. The stability of IC is crucial during drug development as it guides the inherent stability of the molecule, its degradation pathways, packing materials, and formulation development. Following the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q1A (R2) and Q1B, a stability study were performed for both solution and solid-state stress studies. Under oxidative and alkaline conditions, 3 degradation products (DPs) were identified, separated, and method-validated according to ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. From the Design Expert statistical tool, the Central Composite Design was used to optimize the final analytical method conditions, where the p-values for the model are < 0.05%. Green analytical chemistry has significantly reduced the use of hazardous organic solvents without losing chromatographic performance. The green separation and quantification of DPs and IC on Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) using an Inert-Sustain C8 (50×3.0) mm 2.0 µm column with gradient elution using 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) and ethanol at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and detection at 230 nm. The results of green assessment tools like GAPI, AGREE, and Analytical eco-scale found that the method is excellent for the greenness of utilizing ethanol as a solvent, shorter runtime, and lesser waste. The method was validated as per ICH Q2 guidelines, and the results found it is sensitive, precise, accurate, robust, and linear for its intended use. The method is suitable for quantifying IC and its DPs from 2.0 to 150 µg/mL with R2 values of 0.9996 with a detection limit of 1.0 µg/mL. The plausible degradation structures and pathways of DPs were outlined using tandem mass spectra employed on LC-QTOF-MS/MS in both ESI positive and negative modes. The mechanistic explanation for establishing DPs was explained in detail. The ADMET Predictor™ software predicted the physicochemical and ADMET properties. The toxicity profile reveals that DP2 and DP3 are teratogenic, while D1 and D3 show phospholipidosis.

Fabric phase sorptive extraction: A sustainable approach in analysis of pharmaceutical product

As the pharmaceutical industry continues to evolve, there is an increasing demand for sustainable and efficient analytical techniques in the analysis of pharmaceutical products. This manuscript explores the application of Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction (FPSE) as a novel and sustainable approach for the extraction and analysis of pharmaceutical compounds. FPSE, a recent advancement in sample preparation, offers a greener alternative by utilizing a fabric-like sorbent material. The environmentally friendly nature of FPSE, with reduced solvent consumption and waste generation, aligns with the principles of green analytical chemistry. Case studies involving the analysis of various pharmaceutical products showcase the versatility and applicability of FPSE in different matrices.