Solvent Evaporation Research Articles

Formulation and Characterisation of Fluconazole Loaded MCM-41 Powder for Topical Drug Delivery

Purpose: The use of common carriers like talc for topical drug delivery leads to diminished efficacy as a result of poor aqueous solubility and low dissolution rate. The objective of this study was to improve the efficiency of fluconazole topical dosage form using MCM-41 as a carrier material. The aim was to load fluconazole in carriers like MCM-41 as well as ß-Cyclodextrin and to compare the prepared powder formulation with the marketed formulations. Methods: Fluconazole complex was formulated with the use of MCM-41 and ß-CD as carriers in different proportions by melt, solvent evaporation and kneading method. The complex was developed into a powder formulation. These formulations were subjected to in vitro anti-fungal activity tests on candida albicans. Results: The inclusion compound was characterised by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and FTIR. The optimised method of preparation determined by in vitro dissolution was the melt method. The optimised formulation was then subjected to anti-fungal activity test. Formulation B containing MCM-41 as the bulk excipient had better performance than the marketed formulation; it showed 92.95 ± 0.33% CDR compared to 74.96 ± 0.47% CDR at the end of 1 hour and increased moisture adsorption. Conclusion: Thus, a fluconazole topical formulation with improved drug dissolution and moisture adsorption was designed. From in vitro tests, it was seen that the prepared formulation had better performance compared to the commercial formulation against skin mycotic infections and could be used for its treatment.

Exceptional stability of spinel Ni–MgAl2O4 catalyst with ordered mesoporous structure for dry reforming of methane

The dry reforming of methane reaction holds significant importance for the comprehensive utilization of CO2 and CH4, contributing to carbon neutrality. However, due to the high reaction temperatures, catalyst deactivation due to carbon deposition and sintering remains a challenge. In this study, a one-pot method was employed to improve the solvent evaporation self-assembly process for the preparation of Ni–MgAl2O4 catalysts. The impact of calcination temperature (600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C) on the ordered mesoporous structure of the catalyst was investigated. Catalysts without an ordered mesoporous structure, such as Ni–MgAl2O4-1000, suffered deactivation due to carbon deposition caused by the large size of Ni grains, while Ni–MgAl2O4-600 deactivated due to sintering caused by the lack of confinement effect of the support on Ni. Conversely, Ni–MgAl2O4 catalysts with an ordered mesoporous structure exhibited confinement effects on Ni metal, resulting in excellent resistance to carbon deposition and sintering. Further investigation into the effect of different loading methods of Ni on methane dry reforming was conducted. A comparison was made between Ni–MgAl2O4 (800 °C) prepared by the one-pot method and Ni/MgAl2O4 (800 °C) prepared by the impregnation method. It was observed that Ni–MgAl2O4 catalysts, with Ni incorporated into the support, exhibited strong interaction between Ni and the support. During a 500-h long-term reaction, both CO2 and CH4 conversion rates remained at 90% for Ni–MgAl2O4 catalysts, with less carbon deposition and slower grain growth rate, demonstrating excellent reaction activity and stability. In contrast, the performance of Ni/MgAl2O4 catalysts gradually declined after 260 h. Ni–MgAl2O4 catalysts with ordered mesopores and strong interaction between Ni and the support displayed superior resistance to carbon deposition and sintering.

Studies on enhancement of solubility and dissolution properties of Nimodipine by solid dispersion technique

Nimodipine, a member of calcium channel blocker, specifically binds to L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. The maximum solubility of nimodipine was found at pH 1.2 and solubility decreases up to pH 4.0. At a pH 6.0 and higher pH, solubility reduces drastically. Suitable solid dispersion systems of nimodipine with PVP-K30 and maltodextrin were prepared by physical mixture, solvent evaporation and kneading methods at 1:1 and 1:3 drug: carrier. Drug content, saturation solubility, FTIR, and in-vitro dissolution were studied. The drug content was uniform, solubility of the drug increased linearly as a function of the carrier concentration and method. The FTIR studies indicates no chemical interaction between drug and polymer. The DP60 and DE60 values of solid dispersion systems prepared by solvent evaporation and kneading method were significantly higher (P<0.05) when compared to DP60 and DE60 values of physical mixture and pure Nimodipine. The dissolution follows first order model and obeyed Hixson- Crowell’s cube root law.

Formulation and evaluation of transdermal patch of carbamazepine

Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is a widely accepted mode of drug delivery method due to various advantages and one of the novel routes for systemic delivery of drugs through intact skin. Topical drug administration is a systemic and localized method of delivering drugs through skin and is considered an attractive alternative to oral and parenteral routes. The aim of present study was to formulate and evaluate Matrix type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) of Carbamazepine was prepared by the solvent evaporation technique. Several batches were prepared by using combination of HPMC E-15, Eudragit RL-100, and Ethyl Cellulose different ratios. Propylene glycol was used as plasticizer and DMSO was incorporated as a permeation enhancer. These Formulated transdermal patches were characterized for their physicochemical parameters like thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, percentage moisture uptake, Percentage moisture uptake and In vitro drug release studies were examined. Among the above all formulation F6 was chosen as a best Formulation, because this optimised formulation showed satisfactory drug content, physical characteristic for its thickness, weight uniformity, percentage moisture content, percentage moisture uptake, and maximum % of drug release i.e., 93.95 % in 12 hours. The optimized formulation (F6) showed maximum highest percentage of drug release.

Interfacial polymerization for preparation of capsaicin microcapsules: Achieving sustained release in UV-curable coatings on plastic substrates

In this study, we incorporate capsaicin microcapsules into UV-curable coatings applied on PVC substrates to achieve sustained capsaicin release coatings. The microcapsules are synthesized using interfacial polycondensation, overcoming self-limitation nature of interfacial polycondensation through solvent evaporation and swelling effects, resulting in microcapsules with well-defined thick shells that can encapsulate capsaicin successfully. These capsaicin microcapsules exhibit enhanced thermal stability compared to pure capsaicin as revealed by thermogravimetry. When embedded into UV-curable coatings, the capsaicin microcapsules contribute to increased hardness, abrasion resistance, tensile strength with uncompromised adhesion strength. Cumulative releases in accelerated tests demonstrate that these coatings have the lowest release of 40% while pure capsaicin can reach cumulative release of 90% in the investigated time scale, indicating a coordinated regulation of capsaicin release by microcapsule shell. Importantly, these UV-curable coatings embedded with sustained release capsaicin microcapsules offer a promising solution for rodent repellency, particularly applicable to power cable surfaces in the power and telecommunication industries.

Research on Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Microspheres

The purpose of this study is to design and evaluate a floating multipart oral delivery system for diltiazem hydrochloride that can provide sustained release. The aim of the work is also to study various parameters that influence the behaviour of floating multiparticles in an oral dosage form. Floating microspheres were prepared by a non-aqueous emulsifying solvent evaporation technique using ethyl cellulose and Eudragit RS-100 asthe rate-controlling polymer. In vitro activity was evaluated using standard pharmacopoeia and other tests such as drug-polymer compatibility, (%)yield, particle size analysis, drug entrapment efficiency, surface topography, in vitro buoyancy and release studies. The results show that the mixing ratio of the components in the organic phase affected the size, size distribution (199-320 µm), drug concentration(59-84%), percent yield (57-77%) and drug. Liberation microsphere (45-99aftern12 hours) and swimming time > 12 hours. The best results were obtained in the ratio drug: polymer Eudragit RS-100 (1:3). Good in vitro floating behaviour was observed in most cases, and various drug release patterns could be achieved by varying the polymer ratio, which was optimized to match the target release profile. Stability studies showed no significant change in the drug content of the formulation even after 3months. The data obtained in this study therefore suggest a floating dose of micro particles

In situ Transformation of Amorphous Supramolecular Coating to Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Membrane to Trigger Selective Gas Permeation.

We introduce a "solution-processing-transformation" strategy, deploying solvent vapor as scaffolds, to fabricate high-quality hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) membranes. This strategy can overcome the mismatch in processing conditions and crystal growth thermodynamics faced during the facile solution processing of the membrane. The procedure includes the vapor-trigged in-situ transformation of dense amorphous supramolecules to crystalline HOF-16, with HOF-11 as the transient state. The mechanism involves a vapor-activated dissolution-precipitation equilibrium shifting and hydrogen bonding-guided molecule rearrangement, elucidated through combined experimental and theoretical analysis. Upon removal of the molecular scaffolds, the resulting HOF-16 membranes showcase significant improvement in hydrogen separation performance over their amorphous counterparts and previously reported HOF membranes. The method's broad applicability is evidenced by successfully extending it to other substrates and HOF structures. This study provides a fundamental understanding of guest-induced ordered supramolecular assembly and paves the way for the advanced manufacture of high-performance HOF membranes for gas separation processes.

Ameliorative delivery of docetaxel and curcumin using PEG decorated lipomers: A cutting-edge in-vitro/ in-vivo appraisal

The development of a PEG-decorated lipid-polymer hybrid system camouflaged with natural and synthetic chemotherapeutic moieties is an influential approach melding the biomimetic properties of long-circulating vesicles to utilize different mechanisms to dwindle the tumor growth. Therefore, a safe and efficient lipid-coated nano-particulate system (LCNPs) was proposed to investigate the in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo demeanors of such amalgamation.Docetaxel loaded PLGA nanoparticles (DTX-NPs) were prepared by solvent evaporation while curcumin liposomes were mapped out using the film hydration method. Physicochemical characterizations were executed in terms of size, surface morphology, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In-vitro cytotoxicity was effectuated using MCF-7 cell line. Hemolysis, erythrocyte aggregation and acute in-vivo toxicity were carried out to establish the biocompatibility. The hydrodynamic diameters of samples were in the nano-range and corresponded to the findings of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The absence of distinctive peaks of DTX-NPs in FTIR and DSC analysis of LCNPs depicts the shielding of the lipid bilayer over the nanoparticle. Cytotoxicity induced by the LCNPs represented the efficient delivery of cargo to the tumor cells. LCNPs also exhibited the least toxicity under ex-vivo and in-vivo circumstances compared to free drugs. Additionally, histological studies showed no evidence of substantial necrosis. Additionally, histological studies showed no evidence of notable necrosis.

Engineering of Polystyrene/BiFeO3 0–3 Thin Film Nanocomposites for Mechanical Energy Harvesting

AbstractThis work describes impact of concentration of BiFeO3 submicrometric particles on piezoelectric performance and structural characteristics of 0–3 polymer composites with a polystyrene matrix. Bismuth ferrite particles are fabricated using reverse co‐precipitation method, followed by ultrasonic dispersion in a solvent to break up agglomerates formed during sintering, resulting in particles with a size of ≈200 nm. It is found that concentrations higher than 10 wt% BiFeO3 lead to a disturbance in natural organization of polystyrene. The hindered organization of side‐groups by submicrometric filler, occurring during solvent evaporation, strongly affects the mechanical properties of the finalcomposite, significantly increasing Young's modulus and tensile strength, but decreasing elongation. Such behavior is detected and described for the firsttime in literature. Piezoelectric examinations show that the thermal depolarization of nanogenerators has a different impact depending on the amountof piezoelectric phase. The study reveals that a voltage of over 4.8 V is generated when dynamic air pressure is applied at 11.54 bar for the composite containing only 2.5 wt% BiFeO3. For composites with 10% weight fraction or lower, decrease in generated voltage after thermal depolarization is about 24%, while for higher weight fractions (15 and 20 wt%) the decrease is around 35%.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Review of their Biomedical Applications and Preparation.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are gaining significant attention in the pharmaceutical industry due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability, making them a popular functional nanocarrier. SLNs are a popular nanocarrier due to their ability to bypass the spleen and liver, offer high drug stability, and improve bioavailability, sterilization, immobilization, targeted drug release, and biocompatible ingredients. This article discusses various SLN preparation techniques, including high shear homogenization, hot homogenization, cold homogenization, microemulsion-based, solvent evaporation, solvent emulsification-evaporation, supercritical fluid-based, spray drying, double emulsion, and precipitation techniques, focusing on methodological aspects. This review discusses the physicochemical behavior of SLNs, including drug loading, release, particle size, stability, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake, and their major biomedical applications.

High-Throughput Single-Entity Electrochemistry with Microelectrode Arrays.

We describe micro- and nanoelectrode array analysis with an automated version of the array microcell method (AMCM). Characterization of hundreds of electrodes, with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 2 μm, was carried out by using AMCM voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The influence of solvent evaporation on mass transport in the AMCM pipette and the resultant electrochemical response were investigated, with experimental results supported by finite element method simulations. We also describe the application of AMCM to high-throughput single-entity electrochemistry in measurements of stochastic nanoparticle impacts. Collision experiments recorded 3270 single-particle events from 671 electrodes. Data collection parameters were optimized to enable these experiments to be completed in a few hours, and the collision transient sizes were analyzed with a U-Net deep learning model. Elucidation of collision transient sizes by histograms from these experiments was enhanced due to the large sample size possible with AMCM.

Crystallization and Solvent Evaporation Ionization Mass Spectrometry (CSEI-MS) for Rapid Detection of Drugs in Complex Matrices.

Illegal addition of drugs is common but seriously threatens public health safety. Conventional mass spectrometry methods are difficult to realize direct analysis of drugs existing in some complex matrices such as seawater or soil due to the ion suppression effect and contamination to MS parts caused by nonvolatile salts. In this work, a novel crystallization and solvent evaporation ionization mass spectrometry (CSEI-MS) method was constructed and developed to achieve rapid desalting detection. CSEI only consists of a heated plate and a nebulizer and exhibits excellent desalting performance, enabling direct analysis of six drugs dissolved in eight kinds of salt solutions (up to 200 mmol/L) and three complex salty matrices. Under optimized conditions, CSEI-MS presents high sensitivity, accuracy, linearity, and intraday and interday precision. Finally, this method is applied to the quantitative analysis of drugs in seawater, hand cream, and soil. Furthermore, the highly sensitive detection of CSEI-MS is demonstrated to remain even if the detection processes are conducted within 5 s via common commercial tools.

Concentration-induced spontaneous polymerization of protic ionic liquids for efficient in situ adhesion

The advancement of contemporary adhesives is often limited by the balancing act between cohesion and interfacial adhesion strength. This study explores an approach to overcome this trade-off by utilizing the spontaneous polymerization of a protic ionic liquid-based monomer obtained through the neutralization of 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid and hydroxylamine. The initiator-free polymerization process is carried out through a gradual increase in monomer concentration in aqueous solutions caused by solvent evaporation upon heating, which results in the in-situ formation of a tough and thin adhesive layer with a highly entangled polymeric network and an intimate interface contact between the adhesive and substrate. The abundance of internal and external non-covalent interactions also contributes to both cohesion and interfacial adhesion. Consequently, the produced protic poly(ionic liquid)s exhibit considerable adhesion strength on a variety of substrates. This method also allows for the creation of advanced adhesive composites with electrical conductivity or visualized sensing functionality by incorporating commercially available fillers into the ionic liquid adhesive. This study provides a strategy for creating high-performance ionic liquid-based adhesives and highlights the importance of in-situ polymerization for constructing adhesive composites.

Solubility And Dissolution Enhancement of Budesonide by Solid Dispersion Using Rotary Evaporation Technique

The Purpose of the work was to enhance the solubility and dissolution of Budesonide API Powder which was under BCS Class 2 system. Solid dispersion of Budesonide were prepared by using different polymers like Poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K30), polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) by using Solvent Evaporation Method by using Rotary Evaporator, in the 1:1:1, 1:1:2, 1:1:3, 1:2:1, ratios of drug and carrier. The In-vitro release profile of all solid dispersions (F1 to F9) were comparatively evaluated and also studied against pure Budesonide. The evaluation test were carried out like drug content, solubility, drug release studies. The drug and polymer interaction was studied by using Fourier Transport Infra-Red and Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Powder X Ray Diffraction studies were also carried out to find out the Crystalinity of Solid Dispersion, SEM was carried out for study of surface morphology.

Encapsulation of Cadmium-Free InP-based Quantum Dots in Cross-Linked Core-Shell Microparticles via Coaxial Electrospraying.

Quantum dots (QDs) are inorganic semiconductornanocrystalscapable of emitting light. The current major challenge lies in theuseofheavy metals, which are known to be highly toxic to humans and pose significant environmental risks. Researchers have turned to indium (In) as a promising option for more environmentally benign QDs, specifically indium phosphide (InP). A significant obstacle remains in sustaining the long-term photostability of InP-based QDs when exposed to the environment. To tackle this, electrospraying is used in this work to protect indium phosphide/zinc selenide/zinc sulfide (InP/ZnSe/ZnS) QDs by embedding them within polymer core-shell microparticles of poly[(lauryl methacrylate)-co-(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)]/poly(methyl methacrylate)(poly(LMA-co-EGDMA)/PMMA). During the flight of droplets, the liquid monomer core of LMA and EGDMA with QDs is encapsulated by the solid shell of PMMA formed due to solvent evaporation, resulting in a liquid-core/solid-shell particle structure. After that, the captured core of monomers is polymerized into a cross-linked polymer with the embedded QDs via a thermal initiation. They demonstrate how a successful core-shell particle formation is achieved to produce structures for initially liquid monomer systems via coaxial electrospraying that are used for cross-linked polymers, which are of major interest for the encapsulation of InP-based QDs for generally improved photostability over pristineQDs.

Tackling P3HT:Y‐Series Miscibility Through Advanced Processing for Tunable Aggregation

AbstractPolymer and small molecule blend thin films are of strong interest for organic electronics and particularly organic solar cells. The high miscibility in blends of ordinary P3HT and state‐of‐the‐art Y‐series non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) suppresses phase separation and aggregation challenging successful charge separation and transport. In this recent work, current‐induced doping (CID) is introduced, a method to precisely control the aggregation of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) grazing incidence wide angle X‐ray scattering in solution. The highly ordered pre‐aggregation in solution is used here to control the P3HT aggregation in neat films and blends with Y12 (BTP‐4F‐12). This results in a 25‐fold increase in hole mobility in P3HT organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) devices and tunability of the P3HT aggregate quality in the presence of Y12 over large ranges. At the same time, particularly the Y12 long‐range ordering is heavily suppressed by increasing P3HT aggregation. However, solvent vapor annealing (SVA) leads to an extraordinarily high Y12 ordering, changes in the crystal orientation of Y12, and a further improvement of P3HT aggregation. A broad range of different degrees of aggregation of both materials can therefore be obtained in the final thin films solely by changing processing parameters without changing the composition of the material system.

Systematic Scrutinization of Vital factors for the Development of Efficient Cisplatin-Quercetin Loaded Bionanomicelles

The present work aims to optimize and assess the Cisplatin (CIS) and Quercetin (QCT)-loaded biodegradable polymeric nanomicelles (PNM). The development of a quantitative method for the estimation of CIS and QCT in pharmaceutical dosage form was another objective. The aluminum plates coated with silica gel F254 used for separation of both the drugs employing Toluene: Methanol: Ethyl acetate: DMF: Triethylamine (5:0.5:3.5:1:1 drop % v/v/v/v/v) as mobile phase. Results of the validation parameter indicate that the developed method was precise, accurate, and robust. CIS and QCT-loaded PNM formulated using solvent evaporation technique employing poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) 50:50. The Quality by Design (QbD) was accomplished to identify the critical manufacturing attributes and critical process parameters. Optimization of the formulation was performed by central composite design using particle size and % encapsulation efficiency as dependent variables. The amount of PLGA and Span selected as independent variables. Statistically substantial variables identified using regression analysis and analysis of variance. A diffusion study revealed that optimized nanomicelles were capable to sustain the drug release up to 8h. Zeta sizer, TEM confirmed the stability and nano-sized nanoparticles. CIS-QCT PNM was found to be an alternate route to systemic treatment.

Orchestrated Octuple C–H Activation: A Bottom‐Up Topology Engineering Approach toward Stimuli‐Responsive Double‐Heptagon‐Embedded Wavy Polycyclic Heteroaromatics

Curiosity‐driven innovations on the design and synthesis of nonplanar polycyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic compounds with new molecular topologies unfold exciting opportunities for harnessing their intriguing supramolecular properties and thereby the development of novel functional organic materials. This work presents such an innovative synthetic concept of a bottom‐up molecular topology engineering through a unique orchestrated octuple C–H activation reaction, toward the rapid synthesis of a novel class of double heptagon‐incorporated nitrogen‐doped laterally‐fused polycyclic compounds with rarely reported wavy structural configuration. The profound impact of the molecular wavy structures of these compounds on their properties is manifested by weak and tunable solid‐state intermolecular interactions controlling the electronic properties of the materials, leading to reversibly switchable fluorochromism in the solid state and thin films with mechanical force and solvent vapors as external stimuli, thereby indicating their potential applicability in rewritable fluorescent optical recording media, security papers, mechanosensors, volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors etc.

Orchestrated Octuple C-H Activation: A Bottom-Up Topology Engineering Approach toward Stimuli-Responsive Double-Heptagon-Embedded Wavy Polycyclic Heteroaromatics.

Curiosity-driven innovations on the design and synthesis of nonplanar polycyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic compounds with new molecular topologies unfold exciting opportunities for harnessing their intriguing supramolecular properties and thereby the development of novel functional organic materials. This work presents such an innovative synthetic concept of a bottom-up molecular topology engineering through a unique orchestrated octuple C-H activation reaction, toward the rapid synthesis of a novel class of double heptagon-incorporated nitrogen-doped laterally-fused polycyclic compounds with rarely reported wavy structural configuration. The profound impact of the molecular wavy structures of these compounds on their properties is manifested by weak and tunable solid-state intermolecular interactions controlling the electronic properties of the materials, leading to reversibly switchable fluorochromism in the solid state and thin films with mechanical force and solvent vapors as external stimuli, thereby indicating their potential applicability in rewritable fluorescent optical recording media, security papers, mechanosensors, volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors etc.

Effect of Drying Conditions and Jojoba Oil Incorporation on the Selected Physical Properties of Hydrogel Whey Protein-Based Edible Films.

Edible hydrogel coatings or films in comparison to conventional food packaging materials are characterized as thin layers obtained from biopolymers that can be applied or enveloped onto the surface of food products. The use of lipid-containing hydrogel packaging materials, primarily as edible protective coatings for food applications, is recognized for their excellent barrier capacity against water vapor during storage. With the high brittleness of waxes and the oxidation of different fats or oils, highly stable agents are desirable. Jojoba oil obtained from the jojoba shrub is an ester of long-chain fatty acids and monovalent, long-chain alcohols, which contains natural oxidants α, β, and δ tocopherols; therefore, it is resistant to oxidation and shows high thermal stability. The production of hydrogel films and coatings involves solvent evaporation, which may occur in ambient or controlled drying conditions. The study aimed to determine the effect of drying conditions (temperature from 20 to 70 °C and relative humidity from 30 to 70%) and jojoba oil addition at the concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% on the selected physical properties of hydrogel edible films based on whey protein isolate. Homogenization resulted in stable, film-forming emulsions with bimodal lipid droplet distribution and a particle size close to 3 and 45 µm. When higher drying temperatures were used, the drying time was much shorter (minimum 2 h for temperature of 70 °C and relative humidity of 30%) and a more compact structure, lower water content (12.00-13.68%), and better mechanical resistance (3.48-3.93 MPa) of hydrogel whey protein films were observed. The optimal conditions for drying hydrogel whey protein films are a temperature of 50 °C and an air humidity of 30% over 3 h. Increasing the content of jojoba oil caused noticeable color changes (total color difference increased from 2.00 to 2.43 at 20 °C and from 2.58 to 3.04 at 70 °C), improved mechanical elasticity (the highest at 60 °C from 48.4 to 101.1%), and reduced water vapor permeability (the highest at 70 °C from 9.00·10-10 to 6.35·10-10 g/m·s·Pa) of the analyzed films. The observations of scanning electron micrographs showed the heterogeneity of the film surface and irregular distribution of lipid droplets in the film matrix.