Solvent Extraction Research Articles

Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Crassocephalum crepidioides Leaf Extract

The goal of the present investigation was to demonstrate the antibacterial activity of different solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, cold aqueous and hot aqueous) of Crassocephalum crepidioides against ATCC bacterial cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its antioxidant potential. Furthermore, the chemical constituents present in the extract was perused by Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), along with in vitro cytotoxicity assessment. All the extracts were shown to be sensitive against S. aureus, MRSA and P. aeruginosa except for the ethanolic extract which was resistant to P. aeruginosa. Of all the extracts, hot aqueous extract found to be the most effective. It was found that Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of hot aqueous extract against S. aureus, MRSA and P. aeruginosa were 5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL, respectively. DPPH results showed that C. crepidioides leaf extract has potent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 57.9 µg/mL. 22 compounds were detected in hot aqueous extract through Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The results of the cytotoxicity evaluation displayed that the IC50 value of the hot aqueous extract of C. crepidioides on Vero cell lines was 292 µg/mL. This study concludes that C. crepidioides leaf extract is non-toxic, has various bioactive components and strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities, thus making it a promising therapeutic agent for various biomedical applications.

Fluorocarboxylic acid‐modified MOF‐808 with enhanced acetylene adsorption capacity and C2H2/C2H4 separation performance

The separation of ethylene (C2H4) and acetylene (C2H2) is challenging due to their similar molecular dimensions and boiling points, making conventional methods like cryogenic distillation and solvent extraction inefficient and environmentally harmful. Fluorinated metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been proven to be an effective material for the separation of C2H4 and C2H2. However, their direct synthesis is relatively expensive and challenging. In this study, we report a facile post‐synthetic modification strategy to introduce fluorinated alkane pores into a zirconium‐based MOF, MOF‐808. The construction of fluorine‐containing pores within the MOFs prefers adsorption for C2H2 attributed to the interaction between the fluorine atoms and C2H2. This series of fluorinated MOFs demonstrates potential for gas separation processes, with the highest separation ratio reaching 2.67 (1:99) at 298K. Breakthrough experiments for C2H2/C2H4 mixtures confirmed that fluorinated MOF is capable of separating C2H2/C2H4, making it a potential candidate for industrial application. Moreover, the simplicity of the post‐synthetic modification method suggests a viable strategy for the synthesis of fluorinated MOFs.

Comparative volatiles profiling of two marjoram products via GC-MS analysis in relation to the antioxidant and antibacterial effects.

Marjoram (Origanum majorana L.), also known as "sweet marjoram" or "sweet oregano" is a Mediterranean herbaceous perennial herb cultivated in Egypt and widely consumed as an herbal supplement for treatment of several ailments. The main goal of this study was to assess volatiles' variation in marjoram samples collected from two different widely consumed commercial products using two different extraction techniques viz. head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and petroleum ether using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and multivariate data analysis. A total of 20 major aroma compounds were identified in samples extracted with HS-SPME found enriched in monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds. The major volatiles included β-phellandrene (20.1 and 14.2%), γ-terpinene (13.4 and 11.7%), 2-bornene (12.3 and 11.5%), p-cymene (9.8 and 4.6%) terpenen-4-ol (16.4 and 7.5%), sabinene hydrate (16.02 and 8.8%) and terpineol (4.2 and 3.2%) in MR and MI, respectively. Compared with HS-SPME, 51 aroma compounds were identified in marjoram samples extracted with petroleum ether, found more enriched in aliphatic hydrocarbons (42.8 and 73.8%) in MR and MI, respectively. While a higher identification score was observed in the case of solvent extraction, SPME appeared to be more selective in the recovery of oxygenated terpenes to account more for marjoram aroma. Multivariate data analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct discrimination between volatile composition of both marjoram samples. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in marjoram samples were at (111.9, 109.1µg GA/mg) and (18.3, 19.5µg rutin eq/mg) in MR and MI, respectively. Stronger antioxidant effects were observed in MR and MI samples with IC50 at 45.5 and 56.8µg/mL respectively compared to IC50 6.57µg/mL for Trolox as assayed using DPPH assay. Moderate anti-bacterial effect was observed in MR and MI samples and expressed as a zone of inhibition mostly against Bacillus subtilis (16.03 and 15.9mm), B. cereus (12.9 and 13.7mm), Enterococcus faecalis (14.03 and 13.97mm), and Enterobacter cloacae (11.6 and 11.6mm) respectively.

Solvent Extraction of Gallium and Germanium Using a Novel Hydroxamic Acid Extractant

The rare metals gallium and germanium are key strategic metals that are widely used in emerging industries. In this work, a novel hydroxamic acid extractant, BGYW, with low toxicity, was used for the selective solvent extraction of Ga ions and Ge ions from Zn, As, Cu, and Al ions in the solution from zinc smelting. The gallium and germanium ions were extracted efficiently under optimized conditions. Gallium ions were preferentially stripped using sulfuric acid, and germanium ions were stripped using an ammonium fluoride solution. Compared with the commercial extractant YW100, the dissolution loss of BGYW was reduced by 10 times. After 15 cycles, the germanium solvent extraction efficiency of BGYW remained at 100%, and the solvent extraction efficiency of gallium was about 98.7%, while the solvent extraction efficiency of both Ga ions and Ge ions using YW100 decreased to 20% after five cycles. This novel solvent extraction system exhibits considerable promise for application in zinc smelting processes for gallium and germanium solvent extraction.

Comparative Evaluation of Camelina Seed Oils Obtained by Cold-Pressing and Solvent Extraction

This study aimed to analyze the physicochemical properties and nutritional quality of oil extracted from the camelina seed genotypes NS Zlatka and NS Slatka, grown in Serbia, using both Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane and the cold-pressing technique. Extraction technique did not have an effect on oil yield. Camelina oils exhibited satisfactory physicochemical characteristics, which were influenced by the extraction methods. The oils were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, with α-linolenic acid being the most abundant. They were characterized by a balanced ω-6 to ω-3 ratio (0.5), low atherogenicity index and thrombogenicity index values, and a relatively high hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio. Cold-pressed oils contained significantly higher amounts of α- and γ-tocopherols and showed greater oxidative stability at moderate temperatures, as confirmed by the Schaal oven test. Despite this, their oxidative stability decreased at elevated temperatures (Rancimat test) compared to solvent-extracted oils. Conversely, solvent-extracted oils had higher levels of β-carotene and showed superior resistance to high-temperature conditions. Due to its unique characteristics, nutritional properties, and health-promoting attributes, cold-pressed camelina oil presents significant potential for application in food, nutraceutical, feed, and cosmetic industries.

In-depth mechanistic insights into Au nanoparticles based polyurethane foams as a selective and efficient dispersive solid phase microextractor for textile dyes from water: performance and reusability study

ABSTRACT Herein, a simple, superhydrophobic, superoleeophilic and low cost microextractor Au nanparticles (Au NPs) based polyurethane (PUFs) solid platform (Au NPs/PUFs) has been developed as a promising sorbent for removal and recovery of Congo red (CR) textile dye from water bodies. The sorbent was characterised using UV-visible and SEM techniques. The procedure relied complete dye retention from the aqueous solution at pH 5.0–5.5 onto an Au NP/PUF extractor. Analytical assessments revealed that the Au NPs/PUFs combination significantly improves mass transfer of dye and enhances creation of active sites for CR retention. CR sorption by the sorbent fitted well with intra-particle diffusion and pseudo first-order kinetic models (R2 = 0.990). The enthalpy change, ΔH (37.8 kJ mol−1) indicates that dye extraction is endothermic whereas the entropy change, ΔS0 (116.6 J mol−1K−1), reveals a significant change in the entropy during dye uptake. The free energy change ΔG (3.12 kJ mol−1 at 298 K) of CR sorption indicated that the dye retention was not spontaneous at all temperatures. A twofold sorption mechanism involving absorption accompanying ‘solvent extraction’ and/or ‘weak ion exchange’, combined with surface adsorption of dye is proposed. Sorbent packed mini column demonstrated effective percent removal and recovery (101.8%) of CR from water samples using acetone or NaOH as an eluting agent. The study expands the utility of Au NPs/PUFs for reusability and spectrophotometric sensing of trace levels of CR in water. The key attention also includes integrating PUFs utility by improving the selectivity and sensing properties towards textile dyes.

INFLUENCE OF MACERATION,SOLVENT TYPES,AND EXTRACTION DURATIONS ON THE YIELD OF MILK THISTLE SEEDS(SILYBUM MARIANUM)EXTRACTION

The study investigated the extraction yield of defatted Silybum marianum seed samples using maceration as the sole extraction technique. Different solvent types (methanol, ethanol, and water) and extraction durations were tested. Prior to extraction, the samples were ground and defatted with n-hexane. For each combinationofsolvent type, and extraction duration, the extracted mass (g of extract/g of defatted sample) was determined. The impact of each parameter on the yield was analyzed, revealing significant effects.Results showed that water-based maceration for 4 hours yielded the highest average mass of dry extract, followed by shorter durations at 2 hours. Ethanol occasionally outperformed methanol, particularly at the 2-hour mark, but methanol consistently produced lower yields across longer extraction durations. These findings emphasize the need for careful optimization of solvent type and extraction duration to maximize extraction yield.Subsequent analysis using Tukey's HSD test revealed significant differences in dry extract mass among solvents. Water yielded the highest at 2 and 4 hours, ethanol at 4 hours, and methanol at 4 hours as well. KEYWORDS:Silybum marianum;maceration;solvent types;plant extraction,yield analysis

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted anthocyanin extraction from agricultural waste purple corn silk for multifunctional hemp finishes

The utilization of agricultural wastes for textile dyeing has gained popularity due to their safe and environmentally friendly properties, as well as the resource sustainability. Natural dye extraction is usually achieved through solvent extraction, which is time-consuming, requires a lot of solvent, and degrades desired compounds at high temperatures. Thus, this study investigated ultrasound-assisted anthocyanin extraction from agricultural waste purple corn silk as natural functional colorants for hemp finishes, given the numerous health benefits associated with anthocyanin. In order to optimize the extraction processes and evaluate the synergistic impact of these conditions, response surface methodology was implemented. The optimum conditions were 1:15 material-liquid ratio, 47% ethanol concentration, 60°C, and 20 min, yielding 240.25 mg·L‒1 anthocyanin. The extracted anthocyanin was used for dyeing hemp fabrics and demonstrated satisfactory colorfastness, antibacterial action on both S.aureus and E.coli, with E.coli being more effective, and strong antioxidant (>80%). The dyed fabrics also exhibited their great UV shield (UPF value > 40+). Anthocyanin derived from purple corn silk could therefore be utilized as a natural functional color for medical and health products. Also, purple corn silk contains more anthocyanin than other natural sources, making it a promising natural anthocyanin resource in textile industry.

Green liquid supra molecular solvent (SUPRA) phase for fast and selective liquid-liquid micro-extraction of Co2+ ions from aqueous samples

The limitation of Liquid-liquid micro-extraction (LLME) procedures can be the need for the use of a dispersive solvent which should be soluble in both of aqueous and organic phases. In this research, a new method named SUPRA-based LLME, is introduced which uses supra molecular solvent (SUPRA), as an environmentally friendly solvent, for quantitative and selective extraction of Co2+ ions from its aqueous solution via liquid-liquid micro-extraction process. The aqueous immiscible SUPRA phase, composed of vesicles of decanoic acid was synthesized via ex-situ procedure and used as a single liquid phase. In order to make the SUPRA phase selective, N, Nʹ-disalicylidene-3, 4-diaminotoluene (H2dst) was synthesized and completely dissolved in the SUPRA phase. Then the lipophilic and selective prepared liquid sorbent, as liquid SUPRA phase, was used for the facile and selective LLME of Cobalt (II) ions from aqueous samples. Experimental studies showed that there was not any need of dispersing solvent and so liquid SUPRA phase could easily dispersed in the aqueous phase and then separated by centrifugation as the supernatant phase. Then the effects of some important variables on the extraction efficiency were also investigated and optimized. The results showed that under optimal conditions, efficient extraction of Cobalt (II) ions was achieved, about 99 % ± 2.7 (n = 10), in a short time of extraction (10 min), and the linear range of calibration curve was from 500 to 2500 μg L−1 of Cobalt(II) with correlation coefficient of 0.999. Also detection limit and pre-concentration factor were 150 μg L−1 and 35.2, respectively. Although the experimental conditions were optimized for extraction of only Co2+ ions, the selectivity study showed a high tendency of selective liquid SUPRA phase toward extraction of both of Co2+ and Ni2+ ions. The matrix effects on the SUPRA-based LLME of Co2+ ions from matrix samples, factory wastewater and sea-water, were studied and least matrix effects were observed.

Investigation of Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Salix aegyptiaca L. Roots

The root of Salix aegyptiaca L. was extracted using their yield percentage, total condensed tannin concentration, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and to determine chemical composition by LC-MS/MS. The root extraction was carried out together with water, ethanol and methanol. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), conventional extraction (CE), and microwave extraction (ME) were the extraction methods applied during the investigation. The LC-MS/MS methanol extract was used to detect phenolics. The antioxidant activities and total condensed tannin concentrations of root extracts have been done by UV-visible spectroscopy from 517 to 580 nm, severally. The disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial activity. The maximum extraction yield (17.2%) was obtained in methanol by the ASE technique whereas, the conventional extraction technique obtained the minimum extraction efficiency (9.1%). By triplicate measurement, the total condensed tannin analysis result was found 35.14 mg/L. Using the ASE technique, the methanol extract was the maximum inhibitory zone (26 mm) against Candida albicans ATCC 10231. However, in water extract by conventional extraction, a minimum inhibitory zone (11 mm) was obtained against Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1. The highest and lowest DPPH scavenging activity was determined in methanol (ASE) (98.8%) and ethanol (97.5%) extract respectively. The maximum amounts of quinic acid (63895 µg/g) were discovered using LC-MS/MS.

Bioavailability and phytotoxicity of clomazone to corn depend on soil characteristics and can be estimated by in situ pore water.

The injury caused by residual herbicides in soils to subsequent crops has been frequently reported and is largely related to soil physicochemical properties. Elucidating the interactions between herbicide toxicity and soil properties could help assess its phytotoxicity based on local soil characteristics. Here, the influence of soil properties on the accumulation and toxicity of clomazone as a model compound to corn was explored to obtain a universal indicator for estimating the toxicity of herbicides against crops. The phytotoxicity of clomazone to corn differed in the five tested soils with the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, according to the added concentration, fluctuating between 2.80 and 26.97 mg/kg. The uptake of clomazone by corn was primarily affected by its sorption onto soils and showed a positive correlation with the concentration of clomazone in in situ pore water (CIPW) (R2 ≥ 0.775, P < 0.001). In contrast to results derived from traditional soil clomazone concentrations (Csoil) determined through organic solvent extraction, consistent IC50 values (1.344-1.626 mg/L) were obtained based on CIPW in all five soils with a much lower coefficient of variation. These findings indicate that measuring the concentration of clomazone in in situ pore water provides a reliable and comparable method for evaluating its bioavailability and phytotoxicity on corn. Using CIPW rather than Csoil as a herbicide indicator is more accurate for assessing its actual phytotoxicity. These results are important for the scientific application of clomazone and the safe production of corn. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Carbon Dioxide as a Sustainable Reagent in Circular Hydrometallurgy.

This review highlights the use of CO2 as a reagent in hydrometallurgy, with emphasis on the new concept of circular hydrometallurgy. It is shown how waste CO2 can be utilised in hydrometallurgical operations for pH control or regeneration of acids for leaching. Metal-rich raffinate solutions generated after removal of the valuable metals can serve as feedstocks for mineral carbonation, providing alternative avenues for CO2 sequestration. Furthermore, CO2 can also be used as a renewable feedstock for the production of chemical reagents that can find applications in hydrometallurgy as lixiviant, as precipitation reagent or for pH control. Mineral carbonation can be combined with chemical reactions involving metal complexation reagents, as well as with solvent extraction processes for the concurrent precipitation of metal carbonates and acid regeneration. An outlook for future research in the area is also presented.

Microwave-Assisted Enzymatic Green Solvent Technology for the Extraction and Characterization of Sesame Seed Oil

Traditional methods of extracting oil with organic solvents raise issues related to health, safety, and the environment. Microwave-assisted enzymatic green solvent extraction (MAEGSE) technology is environment friendly because it involves less hazardous chemical synthesis, utilizes renewable feedstock, and decreases the chemical load and emissions produced by organic solvents. The solvents methanol, ethanol, and various cell wall degrading enzymes such as hemicellulose, viscozyme L, pectinase, xylanase, and cellulase were used in this study. The MAEGSE process of sesame oil was conducted, and the results indicated that, unlike the controlled group, no enzymes were used during the process. Among all the combinations a higher oil extraction efficiency was obtained with combination of pectinase and ethanol (37.27%) followed by the xylanase with ethanol (36.75%) from sesame seed without compromising the quality of oil. Among the enzymes tested, pectinase resulted in the highest oil extraction efficiency, followed by xylanase. Use of pectinase improved the oil extraction efficiency in both ethanol and methanol mediums. The outcomes suggested that the application of pectinase enzymes plays a significant role in increasing the oil yield in comparison with the control without compromising quality of oil. Oil extracted without the use of enzyme (control) had a lower free fatty acid (FFA) concentration than the oils extracted with MAEGSE. Even though the specific gravity (SG) and refractive index (RI) of extracted oils were not significantly different in the solvents, the saponification value (SV), peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), and free fatty acid (FFA) were found to have minor differences among the extraction techniques.

Comediating Adsorption and Electron Transfer via Dual‐Active Site Catalyst Construction for Improving the Treatment of Extraction Wastewater

Solvent extraction is widely applied, while extraction wastewater treatment remains a huge challenge because of the stability of extractants. Heterogeneous Fenton‐like catalysis is a promising method, but the short half‐life of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) generated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) activation results in unsatisfactory •OH utilization and organics removal. Herein, an efficient strategy for treating extraction wastewater based on comediating adsorption and electron transfer by fluorine and nitrogen co‐doped carbon (FNC) catalyst with dual‐active site was developed. Specially, N sites adsorb organics and F sites activate H2O2, shortening the migration distance of •OH. Theoretical calculation and di(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) extraction wastewater degradation experiment showed that F site with electron acquisition can transfer electrons provided by electron‐rich D2EHPA enriched at N sites to H2O2, facilitating the continuous generation of •OH through lowering the energy barrier for H2O2 activation. As a result, 96.49% D2EHPA in simulated wastewater and 90.26% total organic carbon in real extraction wastewater were removed. Moreover, FNC catalyst exhibited excellent reusability and ionic adaptability, and can be extended to the removal of various extractants. The proposed dual‐active site catalyst provides an effective strategy for Fenton‐like reaction to treat refractory extraction wastewater, promoting sustainable development of solvent extraction industry.

Comediating Adsorption and Electron Transfer via Dual-Active Site Catalyst Construction for Improving the Treatment of Extraction Wastewater.

Solvent extraction is widely applied, while extraction wastewater treatment remains a hugechallengebecause of the stability of extractants.Heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysis is a promising method, but the short half-life of hydroxyl radicals (•OH)generated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)activation results in unsatisfactory •OH utilization and organics removal.Herein, an efficient strategy for treating extraction wastewater based on comediating adsorption and electron transfer by fluorine and nitrogen co-doped carbon (FNC) catalyst with dual-active site was developed. Specially, N sites adsorb organics andFsites activateH2O2, shortening the migration distanceof •OH. Theoretical calculation and di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA)extraction wastewater degradation experimentshowed that F sitewith electron acquisition can transfer electrons provided by electron-rich D2EHPA enriched at N sites toH2O2,facilitating the continuous generation of •OH through lowering the energy barrier for H2O2activation.As a result, 96.49% D2EHPA in simulated wastewaterand 90.26% total organic carbonin realextraction wastewaterwere removed. Moreover, FNC catalystexhibited excellent reusability and ionic adaptability, and can be extended to the removal of various extractants. The proposed dual-active site catalyst providesan effective strategyforFenton-likereactiontotreatrefractory extraction wastewater, promotingsustainable development of solvent extraction industry.

Phytochemical Screening of Seaweed Flour (Eucheuma cottonii) Using Various Organic Solvents and Its Application in Tilapia Feed (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aims to qualitatively analyze the bioactive compounds in Eucheuma cottonii seaweed flour extract and its application in commercial feed for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The methodology employed is experimental and consists of two phases. Phase 1 involves the extraction of E. cottonii flour using three different organic solvents with varying polarity (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and a combination of ethanol + ethyl acetate). The testing parameters include qualitative phytochemical tests for alkaloids, steroids/triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. Phase 2 consists of the application of the extract to tilapia over a 30-day rearing period with four treatments: control/commercial feed (P0), commercial feed + ethanol extract (P1), commercial feed + ethyl acetate extract (P2), and commercial feed + combined ethanol and ethyl acetate extract (P3). The parameters tested include absolute weight, specific growth rate, survival rate, and water quality. Phytochemical and water quality data are presented in table format. Meanwhile, growth and survival data are analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s test for significant differences. The results of the researches carried out, it can be concluded that the phytochemical analysis of E. cottonii extract in ethanol and the ethanol + ethyl acetate combination yielded similar compounds: alkaloids, steroids/triterpenoids, and flavonoids. The ethyl acetate extract contained triterpenoids and flavonoids. Both saponins and tannins returned negative results across all organic solvent treatments. All treatments with the addition of E. cottonii seaweed extract in various organic solvents demonstrated better growth in tilapia compared to the control treatment.

Experimental Study of the Accumulation Mechanism of Styrene in Activated Carbon with the Aid of Supercritical Solvent Extraction

Experimental Study of the Accumulation Mechanism of Styrene in Activated Carbon with the Aid of Supercritical Solvent Extraction

Antioxidant Potential Evaluation at Various Stages of Black Cumin Oil Production.

Nigella sativa L. seeds and their industrial process products, oils, cake, and meal, are valuable sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. In this work, the effect of technological processes on the antioxidant capacity (AC) and total phenolic content (TPC) in the black cumin oils obtained by cold pressing and solvent extraction, as well as the by-products, were evaluated. The AC values of black cumin seeds (BCS), cold-pressed black cumin oil (BCCPO), black cumin oil extracted from seeds (BCEO-S), black cumin oil extracted from cake (BCEO-C), black cumin cake (BCC), and black cumin meal (BCM) were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays, whereas TPC in these samples was analyzed by the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method. Two applied conventional oil extraction methods, screw pressing and solvent extraction, significantly affected the AC and TPC in the obtained black cumin oils and by-products. The solvent-extracted black cumin oils revealed higher antioxidant properties (DPPH = 4041-16,500 μmol TE/100 g, CUPRAC = 1275-4827 μmol TE/100 g) than the cold-pressed black cumin oil (DPPH = 3451 μmol TE/100 g and CUPRAC = 3475 μmol TE/100 g). In addition, the oil yield (20.92-48.86%) and antioxidant properties of BCCPO (DPPH = 2933-5894 μmol TE/100 g and TPC = 135-199 mg GAE/100 g) and BCC (DPPH = 1890-2265 μmol TE/100 g and TPC = 284-341 mg GAE/100 g) closely depended on the nozzle diameters (5, 8, and 10 mm) mounted in a screw press. Although both by-products were a rich source of antioxidants, BCM had significantly lower CUPRAC (1514 μmol TE/100 g) and TPC (92 mg GAE/100 g) values than BCC (CUPRAC = 3397 μmol TE/100 g and TPC = 426 mg GAE/100 g). Nevertheless, acid hydrolysis and alkaline hydrolysis of BCM extracts significantly increased their antioxidant potential. However, the DPPH (35,629 μmol TE/100 g), CUPRAC (12,601 μmol TE/100 g), and TPC (691 mg GAE/100 g) results were higher for the BCM extract after acid hydrolysis than those for alkaline hydrolysate (DPPH = 2539 μmol TE/100 g, CUPRAC = 5959 μmol TE/100 g, and TPC = 613 mg GAE/100 g). Finally, the generated AGREEprep metrics highlighted the sustainability and the greenness of the cold pressing of oil from BCS.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction, characterization, and bioactivities of polysaccharide from Plantaginis Semen

Plantaginis Semen (PS) are the dried mature seeds of Plantago asiatica L. or Plantagodepressa Willd. in the Plantago family. Its polysaccharides are important components of PS. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction process of PS polysaccharides (PSP). The results showed that the optimal extraction parameters were a solid-liquid ratio of 1:35 g/mL, an extraction time of 73 min, and a molar ratio of 2:1. The yield of PSP was 0.64% and 1.20% by water immersion and ultrasonic water extraction, respectively, indicating that the DES extraction method (2.21 ± 0.06%) is superior to these two methods, and the optimization effect is good. Through the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activities experiment, it was found that the IC50 values of PSPs-1 were 1122 and 220.5 μg/mL. DPPH·and ABTS+ scavenging activity experiments showed that the IC50 values of PSPs-1 were 19.2 and 4.3 μg/mL, respectively. Its molar ratio of monosaccharide composition is rhamnose: galactose: galacturonic acid: glucose: glucuronic acid: arabinose: mannose: xylose = 33.6:13.3:6.5:3:2.6:2:1.4:1. Therefore, this study can provide an experimental basis for the establishment of an industrialized production process of polysaccharides and the study of their biological activities.

Characterization of Natural Bioactive Compounds from Greek Oregano Accessions Subjected to Advanced Extraction Techniques.

Nowadays, eco-friendly extraction techniques are often used to develop natural plant extracts for commercial use. In the current investigation, Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare) phenolic extracts from different cultivated accessions were recovered employing ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The phytochemical profile of the oregano extracts, as determined by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques, as well as antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays), was used to compare the three extraction approaches. The results showed that oregano phenolic extracts obtained by MAE held the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and also a higher content of the main phenolic compounds identified, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B and carvacrol, as determined by LC-MS analysis, followed by those extracted by UAE and ASE. All of the tested extracts exhibited relatively high antioxidant activities, especially the MAE extracts. Oregano extracts produced by various extraction techniques were subjected to a multivariate data analysis to highlight differences in phytochemical profiles, and their correlation to antioxidant activity. According to our findings, it was evident that MAE offers more efficient and effective extraction of bioactive compounds in terms of obtaining phytochemical-rich oregano extracts, with applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.