Solvent-extracted Cottonseed Research Articles

Supplemental energy and extruded-expelled cottonseed meal as a supplemental protein source for beef cows consuming low-quality forage1

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of supplemental energy and extruded-expelled cottonseed meal (ECSM; 30.6% CP; 44% NDF, 10.2% fat; DM basis) as a protein supplement (SUP) to spring-calving beef cows (n = 96; 535 kg initial BW; 5.4 initial BCS) consuming low-quality forage during late gestation and early lactation. Supplementation of ECSM was compared with 2 traditional cottonseed meal-based SUP. For all experiments, SUP provided equal CP. On a DM basis, SUP included 1) a blend of 76% wheat middlings and 18% solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (WMCSM); 2) solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM); and 3) delinted, extruded-expelled cottonseed meal (ECSM). In Exp. 1, cows were individually fed SUP 3 d/wk until calving and 4 d/wk during lactation; total SUP period was 95 d. Tall-grass prairie hay (4.4% CP; 74% NDF; DM basis) was provided during the SUP period. Changes in cow BW during gestation (P = 0.23), over the SUP period (P = 0.27), and over the 301-d experiment (P = 0.56) were similar. Changes in BCS were similar during gestation (P = 0.78), over the SUP period (P = 0.95) and over the 301-d experiment (P = 0.37). Calf birth weights (P = 0.21) and BW at weaning (P = 0.76) were not different. Percentage of cows exhibiting luteal activity at the beginning of breeding season (P = 0.59), AI conception rate (P = 0.71), and pregnancy rate at weaning (P = 0.88) were not different. In Exp. 2, 18 cows in early lactation from Exp. 1 were used to determine the effect of SUP on hay intake and digestion. Hay intake tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for CSM than ECSM. Intake of OM and DM was greater for WMCSM (P <or= 0.02) compared with CSM and ECSM; likewise, digested DMI and OM intake were greater (P <or= 0.02) for WMCSM. Apparent total tract digestibility of crude fat was greater for ECSM than CSM (P = 0.03). In Exp. 3, cows (n = 20/treatment) of similar days postpartum were machine-milked to determine SUP effect on milk production and composition. Butterfat, protein, lactose, and milk urea N were not different (P > 0.10). Similarly, 24-h milk production was not different (P = 0.25). Neither greater energy intake of cows consuming WMCSM nor greater fat intake of cows consuming ECSM influenced cow performance measures or calf weaning weight. Cow response to SUP with ECSM compared with traditional cottonseed meal-based SUP indicates that ECSM is a viable source of supplemental protein for beef cows consuming low-quality forage.

Nutrients apparent digestibility coefficients of selected protein sources for juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeriiBrandt), compared by two chromic oxide analyses methods

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (ADCd), crude protein (ADCp), energy (ADCe) and amino acids in selected feedstuffs were determined for juvenile Siberian sturgeon (8.38 ± 0.20 g). The tested feedstuffs were fishmeal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by-product meal, hydrolysed feather meal, fermented feather meal solvent-extracted cottonseed meal and soybean meal. ADCs were determined using a reference diet and test diets at 7 : 3 ratios with 5 g kg−1 chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as an inert marker. Fish were reared in a recirculating system and fed to apparent satiation five times daily. Cr2O3 in diets and faeces samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and acid-digestion colorimetry (AC) methods, respectively. The results showed that ICP-AES method was more accurate for Cr2O3 determination than AC method, and the results determined by ICP-AES method were used in this study. ADCd and ADCp of seven tested ingredients were lowest for MBM (59.1 and 84.5%) and highest for FM (79.9 and 94.5%); ADCe of tested ingredients were from 71.8% for SECM to 93.2% for FM. ADCs of amino acid in test ingredients followed similar trend to the ADCp. The ADCs of individual amino acids varied from 61.6% (histidine in MBM) to 98.8% (valine in FM).

Using plant wax markers to estimate diet composition and intakes of mixed forages in sheep by feeding a known amount of alkane-labelled supplement

The feeding of known amounts of supplements to grazing animals can be accomplished relatively easily. If the supplement and the other diet components have distinctive profiles of cuticular wax n-alkanes, then the supplement intake and the alkane profiles of the supplement, other dietary components and faeces can be used to estimate the proportions and hence intakes of several forages by the grazing animal. However, this method requires knowledge of recoveries of n-alkanes in faeces. Twenty four wethers were fed one of four diets comprising equal combinations of 1, 2, 3 or 4 forages. Forages used were subterranean clover, phalaris, annual ryegrass and wheat straw. Forages were chopped using a chaff cutter and fed with solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) labelled with beeswax and synthetic C28 alkane to provide a characteristic alkane profile. Faecal grab samples were taken from sheep from 14 to 23 days after administration of an intra-ruminal controlled-release device (CRD) containing 1 g of each of C32 and C36 alkane. Total faeces were collected from half the sheep on each treatment in order to measure alkane recoveries in individual sheep. Faecal concentrations of the n-alkanes C25 to C31 and C33 were corrected for recovery using the individual sheep value, the treatment mean or the grand mean for all four treatments. Dietary compositions were then estimated from corrected faecal concentrations of n-alkanes using a least-squares procedure and, together with the known supplement intakes, were used to estimate the intakes of all other diet components. Estimates from this ‘labelled supplement’ method were compared with the amounts fed or those estimated using the alkanes derived from the CRD. The labelled supplement method accurately and precisely estimated dietary component proportions and intake for all treatments when measured recoveries for individual sheep were used. Precision declined when recovery was based on estimated recoveries for treatment means or the grand mean. Estimates of intake based on dietary C33 and the measured release rates of C32 or C36 alkanes from the CRD did not differ from measured intakes. Estimates based on the C32 : C31 alkane pair over-estimated intake. Estimates of whole-diet digestibility based on the various ways of estimating intake were all very close to the digestibilities calculated from directly-measured intakes and faecal outputs. It is concluded that the feeding of a known amount of supplement can be successfully used to estimate dietary proportions and hence intakes of diet components, in mixed diets with up to five ingredients, but this approach requires estimates of faecal alkane recovery.

Partial or total replacement of fishmeal by solvent-extracted cottonseed meal in diets for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The effect of solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (SCSM) as a partial or total replacement of fishmeal was studied in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Six experimental diets SCSM0, SCSM25, SCSM50, SCSM75, SCSM75A and SCSMT, containing a gradient of SCSM 0, 152, 305, 465, 460 and 610 g kg−1 to replace 0, 112.5, 225, 337.5, 337.5 and 450 g kg−1 fishmeal protein were fed to triplicate groups (initial body weight of 39.2 ± 0.1 g) for 8 weeks. The diet SCSM75A was supplemented with lysine and methionine, to be similar to SCSM0 for juvenile rainbow trout. Faeces were colleted after 4 weeks of normal feeding for apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy determination. Total replacement of fishmeal adversely affected growth performance. Fish fed with diet SCSMT had significantly (P < 0.05) lower weight gain, specific growth ratio, feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and protein efficiency ratio than fish fed with other diets. The FCE of SCSM75 and SCSM75A were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of fish fed with SCSM0 diets. The ADC of the dry matter of SCSM75 and SCSMT were significantly lower than the SCSM0 diet, and the ADC of crude protein and the energy of SCSMT were the lowest (P < 0.05). The ADC of threonine, proline, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and methionine of fish fed with diet SCSMT were lower. Lysine and methionine supplement positively affected the ADC of SCS75A diet. There were no significant differences in the fish body composition. It is shown that SCSM can be utilized in the juvenile rainbow trout diet up to 305 g kg−1, to replace about 50% of fishmeal protein in this experiment.

Effect of timing of protein supplementation on the performance of lactating dairy cows

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of timing of protein supplementation on performance of grazing, lactating Holstein–Friesian cows fed maize silage and grain-based concentrate. In experiment 1, 36 cows were fed 0.8 kg DM/day of solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) either as 1 meal at 1200 hours with maize silage (CSM 1200) or at 1530 hours with concentrate (CSM 1530), or in 2 meals at 0600 and 1530 hours with concentrate (CSM 600 + 1530). In experiment 2, 36 cows were either fed no CSM (control) or fed 1.0 kg DM/day as either CSM 1200 or CSM 600 + 1530. In experiment 1, daily yields of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and milk fat for CSM 600 + 1530 were significantly higher than for CSM 1530 with respective means of 22.8 v. 20.7 L and 895 v. 804 g. Daily yields of FCM and milk fat for CSM 1200 were intermediate (21.7 L and 841 g/cow, respectively). A similar trend for daily protein yield per cow was noted (712, 695 and 666 g for CSM 600 + 1530, 1200 and 1530, respectively). In experiment 2, milk yield differed numerically between CSM 600 + 1530 and other treatments, with means (± s.e.d.) of 24.7 ± 0.78, 22.9 ± 0.78 and 22.9 ± 0.78 L/cow.day for CSM 600 + 1530, CSM 1200 and control, respectively. Mean (± s.e.d.) net energy requirements for milk production and liveweight change tended to be lower for the control (68 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day) as opposed to CSM 600 + 1530 (79 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day) and CSM 1200 (76 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day). Cumulative time where rumen degradable nitrogen:rumen degradable dry matter was less than 22 g/kg were 2, 2 and 3 h for CSM 600 + 1530, CSM 1200 and CSM 1530, respectively, in experiment 1, and 6, 4 and 2 h for the control, 1200 and CSM 600 + 1530, respectively, in experiment 2. No differences in rumen ammonia-N concentrations were noted between treatments in experiment 1. In experiment 2, a significantly lower mean (± s.e.d.) rumen ammonia-N concentration was recorded for the control at 1530 hours (62 ± 14.1 mg/dL) in comparison to CSM 600 + 1530 (114 ± 14.1 mg/dL) and CSM 1200 (119 ± 14.1 mg/dL). These experiments show that for grazing dairy cows supplemented with maize silage and grain-based concentrate, feeding a daily aliquot of CSM as 2 meals at 0600 and 1530 hours rather than 1 meal at 1200 or 1530 hours improves milk production.

Substitution of Cottonseed Cake with Palm Kernel Meal in Diets for Nile Tilapia, &lt;i&gt;Oreochromis niloticus&lt;/i&gt; (L.)

Palm kernel meal was used in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus, diets at levels of 0, 8, 16, 24, 32 and 48% by progressively replacing on an equal nitrogen base solvent-extracted cottonseed cake. The feeds were formulated to contain approximately 32% crude protein and 2700 kcal of digestible energy/kg. Each diet was fed to tilapia at 6% body weight per day, three times daily for 10 weeks. Fish fed the diets containing the two lowest levels of palm kernel meal (8 and 16%) had similar weight gains, feed utilization efficiencies and percent survivals relative to the group fed the control diet. Weight gain and feed utilization declined significantly as dietary level of palm kernel meal were increased to 24% or higher, probably due to reductions in diet palatability and presence of increased levels of dietary fibre. The result of this study suggest that tilapia diet can comprise 20% cottonseed cake and 16% palm kernel meal without affecting the overall performance. Key words: Cottonseed cake, palm kernel, Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus Journal of Aquatic Sciences Vol.18(1) 2003: 59-64

Effect of soybean meal replacement by cottonseed meal and iron supplementation on growth, immune response and resistance of Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus puctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge

Three basal diets containing 0%, 27.5% and 55.0% solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) as replacements of 0%, 50% and 100% of solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) on an equal nitrogen basis were each supplemented with three levels of iron (40, 336 and 671 mg/kg) from ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (3×3 factorial experiment). Each diet was fed to juvenile channel catfish in triplicate aquaria twice daily to apparent satiation for 10 weeks for subsequent determination of growth response, hematology, specific and non-specific immune response, and mortality following Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Fish fed diets containing 27.5% CSM as a replacement of 50% of SBM had improved weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency ratio (FER). Total replacement of SBM by 55.0% CSM decreased WG, feed intake (FI) and FER. Total cell count (TCC), red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) were not affected by dietary levels of CSM. Iron supplementation significantly affected TCC and RBC and maximum values of these parameters were obtained at 336 mg of iron/kg diet. However, Ht and Hb were not affected by increasing levels of supplemental iron. Values for TCC, RBC and Hb were significantly affected by the interaction between dietary levels of CSM and iron. For fish fed the diet containing 0% CSM (SBM-based diets), these parameters increased linearly with increasing dietary levels of iron. When CSM levels were increased to 27.5% or higher, 336 mg supplemental iron was sufficient for maximum hematological values. Macrophage chemotaxis in the presence of exoantigen was significantly higher for fish fed diets containing 55.0% CSM as compared to those fed the lower CSM diets. Agglutinating antibody titers were also significantly higher for fish fed diets containing CSM, but the values did not differ for those fed the 27.5% or 55.0% CSM diets. Dietary levels of iron, and interactions between dietary levels of iron and CSM had no effect on macrophage chemotaxis and antibody titers. Cumulative mortality at 15 days post-challenge was significantly higher for fish fed the SBM-based diet (0% CSM) at 54.4% as compared to 35.0% and 21.6% for those fed the 27.5% and 55.0% CSM diets, respectively. No differences were observed among mortality of fish fed the CSM-containing diets. Dietary levels of iron supplementation, and the interactions between dietary levels of iron and CSM had no effect on post-challenged mortality of fish.

Effects of diets containing gossypol on reproductive capacity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

We evaluated five practical diets in which 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (dietary treatments 1-5) of fish meal protein was replaced by solvent-extracted cottonseed meal protein. Adult rainbow trout (initial average weight 247 +/- 8 g) were fed the diets over a period of 131 days during which a general 2-fold body weight increase occurred. The total diet gossypol concentration (free and protein-bound) showed a gradual increase with increased cottonseed meal substitution. Blood samples were collected on Days 0, 64, 112, and 131 for hematological and steroid hormone determination in plasma of males and females. Hemoglobin content was significantly reduced in fish from treatment 5 (7.9 +/- 0.3 g/dl) in comparison to treatments 1-3 (10.3-10.9 g/dl). After 112 and 131 days of feeding, testis weights, concentrations of testosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone were elevated in fish from dietary treatments 2 and 3 in comparison to control and diets 4 and 5. On Day 71, sperm were collected from 6 fish per dietary treatment to assess sperm quality. No significant differences in sperm concentrations (7.2-9.8 x 10(9)/ml), motility (78-89%), and standardized (300 x 10(5) sperm/egg) fertilizing ability (18.9-22.6% hatched embryos) were found. Total gossypol concentrations in blood plasma differed significantly among treatments, and the levels were among the highest ever recorded in animals fed cottonseed-supplemented diets (2.9 +/- 0.2, 11.7 +/- 4.1, 21.7 +/- 1.4, and 29.9 +/- 3.9 microg/ml, for treatments 2-5, respectively). The major portion of gossypol in blood plasma was protein-bound (81-93%). This was in contrast to minute amounts of gossypol present in seminal plasma, mostly in free form (0.02-0.18 microg/ml), which indicates the presence of a barrier between general circulation and the testis with respect to gossypol distribution in lower vertebrates. Thus, the reproductive parameters of male rainbow trout examined in this study were not significantly affected by feeding cottonseed meal for 131 days.

Effect of Iron Supplementation to Cottonseed Meal Diets on the Growth Performance of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Three basal diets containing 0, 27.5, and 55% solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) as replacements of 0, 50, and 100% of solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) on an equal nitrogen basis were each supplemented with three levels (40, 336, and 671 mg) of iron (Fe) from ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (3×3 factorial experiment). Each diet was fed to juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus in triplicate aquaria twice daily to apparent satiation for 10 weeks. Dietary levels of CSM significantly affected weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent protein utilization (APU), with diet containing 27.5% CSM provided the best performance. Total replacement of SBM by CSM decreased weight gain and feed consumption, possibly due to toxic effect of free gossypol. Supplementation of dietary iron from iron sulfate heptahydrate at a 1:1 weight ratio of iron to free gossypol had no effect on gossypol toxicity. Histological examinations of fish fed CSM containing (27.5% and 55%) diets had increased glycogen accumulation in liver as compared to that of fish fed the SBM-based diets. Fish fed 55% CSM and 0% SBM-based diets had increased liver necrosis and liver and anterior kidney pigment deposition. These parameters were not evident in fish fed diets containing 27.5% CSM. Dietary levels of iron and interactions between CSM and iron had no effect on the liver, spleen, or anterior head kidney histology. WG, FI, PER, and APU were significantly affected by the interaction between dietary levels of CSM and Fe. For SBM-based diets, these parameters linearly increased with increasing dietary level of iron. This effect was not observed for diets in which 50 and 100% of SBM were replaced by 27.5 and 55% CSM. Survival, and serum and liver iron content were not affected by dietary levels of CSM, iron, or their interaction. The effect of CSM on whole body composition was seen only for fish fed the 55% CSM diets, with fish fed these diets having lowest fat and highest moisture content. Dietary level of iron and the interaction between iron and CSM had no effect on whole body composition.

The effect of condensed tannins from heated and unheated cottonseed on the ileal digestibility of amino acids for the growing rat and pig

The effect of condensed tannins (CT) from heated and unheated cottonseed on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids for the growing rat and pig was determined. In Expt 1, twenty-four rats were allocated to four semi-purified diets which contained cottonseed kernel and hulls as the only protein source. Two of the diets contained unheated solvent-extracted cottonseed kernel and hulls, while the remaining two diets contained similar material but which had been heat-treated by autoclaving at 110 degrees for 120 min. In Expt 2, twelve rats and twelve pigs were fed on four semi-purified diets containing commercial cottonseed meal (CSM) as the only protein source. Cr2O3 was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. For each pair of diets in both experiments, PEG was either included or excluded. The effect of CT was assessed by comparing control animals (-PEG; CT acting) with PEG-supplemented animals (+PEG; CT inactivated). Ileal contents from the terminal 150 and 450 mm of ileum were collected at slaughter, 7 h from the start of feeding, for the rats and pigs respectively. Apparent ileal amino acid digestibility for rats fed on the diet containing cottonseed kernel and hulls was significantly depressed by the heat treatment, particularly for lysine and threonine. On average, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in the diets without PEG was decreased from 0.80 to 0.70 by heat treatment. Dietary cottonseed CT depressed apparent ileal protein digestibility in the pig and in the rat. The addition of PEG to the diets significantly increased the apparent ileal digestibility of N and some amino acids for the pigs and the rats. The mean increase in apparent ileal digestibility due to PEG addition for the fourteen amino acids was 2 percentage units in both species fed on the commercial CSM diets, and 2 or 4 percentage units in rats fed on the unheated or the heated cottonseed kernel and hull diets respectively. The effect of PEG was similar in the heated and unheated cottonseed kernel and hulls for most amino acids, but apparent ileal digestibilities of threonine, tyrosine and lysine were increased more by PEG in heated than in unheated CSM. Apparent ileal N digestibility was lower in the pig than in the rat. For several of the amino acids there were significant animal species differences in apparent ileal digestibility. Studies into the effects of cottonseed CT should be carried out in the target animal species. The commercial CSM had a low apparent ileal amino acid digestibility overall, particularly for the essential amino acids lysine and threonine. It was concluded that effects of heating did not eliminate the reversible reactivity of cottonseed CT on amino acid digestion in rats and pigs but rather appeared to increase it for threonine, tyrosine and lysine in Expt 1, causing large reductions in apparent ileal digestibility of these amino acids.

The effect of cottonseed condensed tannins on the ileal digestibility of amino acids in casein and cottonseed kernel

The effect of adding cottonseed hulls to casein- and cottonseed-kernel-based diets on the apparent and true ileal digestibility of N and amino acids, and the proportion of this effect accounted for by condensed tannin (CT), were determined using the growing rat. Sixty rats were allocated randomly to ten semipurified diets, containing either casein (four diets) or purified unheated solvent-extracted cottonseed kernel (six diets) as the sole protein source, with Cr2O3 added as an indigestible marker. Two of the casein diets contained no hulls whilst the remaining two diets contained 70 g cottonseed hulls/kg. Two of the cottonseed-kernel-based diets contained no hulls, with two containing 23 g hulls/kg and the remaining two containing 46 g hulls/kg. For each pair of diets, PEG was either included or excluded. The effect of CT was quantified by comparing control rats (-PEG; CT acting) with PEG-supplemented rats (+PEG; CT inactivated) at each level of dietary hulls. The rats were given their respective experimental diets for 14 d. Each rat was given the food ad libitum for 10 min hourly from 08.00 to 18.00 hours. On day 14, samples of digesta were collected at death from the terminal 150 mm of ileum at 7 h from the first meal. Apparent and true ileal digestibilities were calculated for DM, N and the individual amino acids. The principal finding was that the inclusion of hulls depressed the apparent and true ileal digestibilities of N and amino acids, but with the response differing between diets. With the casein-based diet the mean apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibilities were significantly depressed from 0.89 and 0.96 to 0.85 and 0.92 respectively, by the inclusion of 70 g hulls/kg in the diet, and addition of PEG then restored these to 0.89 and 0.95. All of the depression could be explained by the CT content of the hulls. However, with the cottonseed-kernel-based diet the responses fell into three categories. The apparent and true ileal digestibilities of the essential amino acids cystine and methionine were not affected by hull addition, ileal digestibilities of leucine, isoleucine, lysine, threonine and valine were markedly depressed by hull addition with approximately 50% of the depression being explained by CT, whilst the ileal digestibilities of histidine, arginine and phenylalanine were depressed by hull addition but little or none of this effect could be explained by CT. Thus the effect of hulls on protein digestion clearly differed with source of protein. With the cottonseed-kernel-based diet it seems that components of the hulls other than CT also depressed the apparent and true ileal digestibilities of N and amino acids. The identity of these components is unknown.

Determination of Total Gossypol in Cottonseed and Cottonseed Meals by Derivative UV Spectrophotometry

A new method for the determination of total gossypol in cottonseed and cottonseed meals has been developed. The method involves oxalic acid hydrolysis of the bound gossypol in a methyl ethyl ketone-water azeotrope, partitioning the liberated gossypol into chloroform, and quantification by 2nd derivative UV spectrophotometry. The 2nd derivative transformation and measurement of the conventional analytical band around 300 nm permits direct quantification of all compounds containing naphthalene nuclei; chromogenic reaction is not required. The method was tested at concentration levels of total gossypol normally expected for cottonseed and cottonseed meal. Precision and accuracy data suggested an overall relative standard deviation of 4.0% and an overall recovery of 89.5%. Although results for cottonseed and solvent-extracted cottonseed meal analyses were comparable to those obtained by use of American Oil Chemists' Society methods, results were lower for screw-pressed meals. The lower results were attributed to the partial conversion of gossypol, during the cooking process of these meals, to compounds that differ in composition and structure from gossypol and which react with aniline to give false readings.

Substitution of Soybean and Cottonseed Products for Fish Meal in Diets Fed to Chinook and Coho Salmon

Abstract Feeding trials were conducted with chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) to determine whether full-fat soybeans, commercial dehulled soybean meal, or solvent-extracted cottonseed meal could be used in an Abernathy diet as a partial replacement for fish meal with limited supplementation. Inclusion of full-fat soybeans in the diets fed to chinook salmon markedly reduced weight gain and increased mortalities. Commercial soybean meal inhibited gains in both species of salmon. Cottonseed meal was used efficiently as a replacement for fish meal in diets fed to chinook salmon but was not used as well by coho salmon at the highest level fed. The reason for the inadequacies of the soybean products was not determined.

Further Studies on the Effects of Different Processing Temperatures on the Utilization of Solvent-Extracted Cottonseed Protein by Sheep

Further Studies on the Effects of Different Processing Temperatures on the Utilization of Solvent-Extracted Cottonseed Protein by Sheep

Failure of Ferrous Sulphate to Inactivate Free Gossypol in Diets for Laying Chickens

ABSTRACT SCHAIBLE and co-workers (1934) reported that free or bound gossypol is a cause of the olive, brown, and chocolate discolorations in the yolks of eggs from hens fed cottonseed products. One or two percent ferrous sulphate protected against the discolorations when rations contained as much as 40 percent cottonseed meal, but the gossypol content of the meal is not stated. Fletcher and co-workers (1953) fed New Hampshire hens a diet containing a mixture of equal parts of hydraulic and solvent-extracted cottonseed meals to furnish .03 percent free gossypol to the diet, and then stored the eggs at about 34 degrees F. for periods varying from 60 to 150 days. Only about five percent (6 of 117) of the eggs had slightly dark or dark discolored yolks when .50 percent ferrous sulphate was included in the diet, but about 93 percent (88 of 95) of the eggs had the discolorations when . . .

Cottonseed Processing, Changes Induced by Autoclaving a Solvent-Extracted Cottonseed Meal

Cottonseed Processing, Changes Induced by Autoclaving a Solvent-Extracted Cottonseed Meal

Relationship between Discolorations in Egg Yolks and Low Dietary Levels of Free Gossypol

In the studies of Heywang, Bird and Altschul (1955), an appreciable number of eggs held in commercial cold storage for about six months had yolks with dark discolorations when laying White Leghorns were fed diets containing raw cottonseed, or screw-press, hydraulic, or solvent-extracted cottonseed meal as the source of as little as .001 percent free gossypol. Present information indicates that free gossypol was responsible for the dark discolorations.It seemed desirable to determine whether dark discolorations would appear when dietary levels of free gossypol lower than .001 percent were fed. Accordingly, in two separate experiments laying White Leghorn pullets were fed for 30 days diets containing raw decorticated cottonseed or screw-press cottonseed meal as the source of free gossypol at the dietary levels of .00025, .00050, .00075, and .0010 percent.Each diet containing the seed was fed to 10 trap-nested layers on straw litter in similar pens, and each diet …

Nutritional Variation in Cottonseed, Effect of Autoclaving in Presence and Absence of Gossypol on Solvent Extracted Cottonseed Meal

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNutritional Variation in Cottonseed, Effect of Autoclaving in Presence and Absence of Gossypol on Solvent Extracted Cottonseed MealM. Z. Condon, E. A. Jensen, A. B. Watts, and C. W. PopeCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1954, 2, 16, 822–826Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1954https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60036a003RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views29Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (566 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Intrinsic viscosity of cottonseed globulin solutions

Intrinsic viscosity of macromolecular solutions has become a very useful tool in evaluating high polymeric substances for various industrial applications. The shape characteristics of cottonseed globulin molecules in solution as determined by viscosity data are important in adapting the globulin for use in making synthetic fibers or adhesives and in evaluating chemical and physical modification of the globulin. These characteristics of cottonseed globulin (18.06% nitrogen), extracted from solvent-extracted cottonseed meal by means of 0.5 M sodium chloride solution, precipitated by dialysis, and lyophilized, are reported. The intrinsic viscosity of the globulin in urea solutions was calculated to be 0.093, equivalent to a viscosity increment of 12.3 and an axial ratio (Simha equation) of 9.4 assuming elongated macromolecules or of 16.3 assuming flattened-disc-type macromolecules. These values are comparable with reported axial ratios of other vegetable protein macromolecules.

Soybean Oil Meal, Solvent and Hydraulic Cottonseed Meals in Chick Diets

The bulk of the experimental evidence suggests that solvent and press-extracted soybean oil meals have a similar value as protein supplements for chick growth. Few studies have been reported comparing solvent and press-extracted cottonseed meals. Groschke et al. (1947) have shown that gland-free solvent-extracted cottonseed meal was superior to commercial cottonseed meal for growth in chicks from 2 to 6 weeks of age. Boatner et al. (1948) in an extensive study of cottonseed meal concluded that the pigment glands of the cottonseed kernels contain all of the components injurious to chicks. Their results indicated that components of the glands other than gossypol or gossypurpurin have a deleterious effect on chick growth.In this note the results of some growth trials are reported in which solvent and hydraulic extracted cottonseed meals were compared with solvent soybean oil meal. The percentage of protein in the samples of oil meals was 49.4, 40.0, .