Solvent-extracted Canola Meal Research Articles

376 Effects of multi-carbohydrase and protease supplementation on ileal digestibility of amino acids in expeller-pressed canola meal fed to growing pigs

Abstract Expeller-pressed canola meal (ECM) is a co-product obtained from expeller-pressing canola seeds to obtain canola oil, and it has potential as a cost-effective feedstuff in swine diets. Also, ECM may be a superior protein source compared with solvent-extracted canola meal due to its greater digestible amino acid (AA) contents. However, limited information is available on the effects of enzyme supplementation on AA digestibility in ECM for pigs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of multi-carbohydrase (MC) and protease supplementation on the apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in ECM when fed to growing pigs. A total of 12 barrows (65.9 ± 5.0 kg initial body weight), each fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum, were allocated for 2 studies: the current study (4 treatments) and another study with 8 treatments. Pigs were arranged in a 12 × 6 incomplete Latin square design with 12 diets and 6 periods, resulting in 6 observations per dietary treatment. Four dietary treatments were: 1) basal ECM diet; 2) ECM diet with MC supplementation (1 kg/tonne); 3) ECM diet with protease supplementation (250 g/tonne); and 4) ECM diet with both MC and protease supplementation. A casein diet was fed to all 12 pigs for 1 wk after feeding experimental treatments to quantify endogenous losses of AA. All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Pigs were fed 1 of the 4 diets during each of the 7-d periods, and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 from 0800 to 1700 h. Pigs were fed the diets at 2.8 times maintenance energy requirement based on their body weight at the beginning of each period. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The statistical model included MC, protease, and their interaction as fixed effects, and replication, animal within replication, and period within replication as random effects. Protease supplementation did not affect AID or SID of AA in ECM. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in MC supplementation on AID and SID of AA, except for a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the AID of Gly with MC supplementation compared with the non-supplemented diet. No interactive effects were found between MC and protease supplementation on the AID and SID of AA in growing pigs. In conclusion, the digestibility of AA in ECM fed to growing pigs with and without enzyme supplementation did not differ, and no interactive effects were observed. Future studies will aim to investigate the dose-effect to accurately determine whether the absence of an effect was attributable to improper enzyme-to-substrate ratio.

Standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in canola meal fed to gestating or lactating sows without or with a multi-enzyme complex

An experiment was conducted to determine coefficients of standardized total tract digestibility (CSTTD) of P in canola meal (CM) fed to gestating and lactating sows without or with a multi-enzyme complex (MC). Eight sows cannulated on day 40 of gestation were assigned at random to the 4 dietary treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The 4 diets included 2 cornstarch-based diets with 313 g/kg solvent-extracted CM as the only source of P, without or with MC, a casein-cornstarch diet to determine ileal endogenous amino acid losses (amino acid digestibility data reported elsewhere), and a P-free diet to determine the endogenous P losses. All diets contained 3 g/kg titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Gestating sows were fed 3.0 kg/day, whereas, during lactation, sows had ad libitum access to diets. Samples were collected over 3 phases; mid-gestation, late-gestation, and lactation. Each phase had 4 experimental periods lasting 8 days. In each period, after 5-day acclimation to the experimental diets, fecal samples were collected by grab sampling via rectal palpation on day 6. Results indicated no differences in total tract digestibility of nutrients between mid-gestation, late-gestation, and lactation. Enzyme supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and P, and CSTTD of P during lactation. The CSTTD of P in CM was 0.445 (without MC) and 0.504 (with MC) in mid-gestation, 0.455 (without MC) and 0.492 (with MC) in late-gestation, and 0.442 (without MC) and 0.489 (with MC) in lactation. In conclusion, the average CSTTD for P in CM fed to sows was 0.447 and MC significantly improved the CSTTD of P in CM during lactation.

Porcine in vitro fermentation characteristics of canola co-products in neutral and acidic fermentation medium pH

An in vitro study was conducted to determine effects of reducing pH of porcine in vitro fermentation medium on compositions of glucosinolate degradation products and porcine in vitro fermentation characteristics for solvent-extracted canola meal (SECM) and cold-pressed canola cake (CPCC). Two canola co-products were subjected to porcine in vitro fermentation for 72 h. Accumulated gas production during microbial fermentation was recorded and modeled to estimate kinetics of gas production. Glucosinolate degradation products after microbial fermentation were determined and fermentation medium pH after incubation was recorded. Total and individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations per unit weight of dry matter (DM) of feedstuffs were determined. On DM basis, SECM and CPCC contained 6.15 and 11.1 µmol/g of glucosinolates, respectively. Goitrin concentration for CPCC was lower (P < 0.05) than that for SECM. Isothiocyanate and indole-3-acetonitrile concentrations for CPCC were lower (P < 0.05) than those for SECM, whereas thiocyanate concentration for CPCC was greater (P < 0.05) than that for SECM. A reduction in fermentation medium pH from 6.2 to 5.2 increased (P < 0.05) goitrin and indole-3-acetonitrile concentrations and decreased (P < 0.05) isothiocyanates concentration for SECM, but did not affect concentration of these 2 glucosinolate degradation products for CPCC. Fermentation medium pH after in vitro fermentation for SECM tended to be greater (P = 0.081) than that for CPCC. Canola co-product type and fermentation medium pH did not interact on gas production parameters. However, a reduction in fermentation medium pH from 6.2 to 5.2 resulted in increased (P < 0.05) lag time and reduced (P < 0.05) fractional rate of degradation and total gas production. Canola co-product type and fermentation medium pH did not interact on total or individual VFA production per gram of DM of feedstuff fermented. However, reducing fermentation medium pH from 6.2 to 5.2 increased (P < 0.05) total VFA and acetate productions, and tended to reduce (P = 0.083) branched-chain VFA production SECM and CPCC. In conclusion, a reduction in fermentation medium pH from 6.2 to 5.2 resulted in increased production of goitrin and indole-3-acetonitriles from SECM-derived glucosinolates, but did not affect production of thiocyanate from SECM-derived glucosinolates. Glucosinolates in CPCC were less affected by the fermentation medium pH used in the current study. It appears that there are other factors other than pH that affect the degradation of canola-derived glucosinolates by microorganisms from hindgut of pigs.

Nutritive value of expeller/cold-pressed canola meal and pre-pressed solvent-extracted carinata meal for broiler chicken

A study was conducted to evaluate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of pre-pressed solvent-extracted carinata meal (SE-carinata meal) and expeller/cold-pressed canola meal (ECP-canola meal) for broilers. Two hundred and forty broiler chicks were divided into 40 groups of 6 birds/group and fed 4 diets in a completely randomized design (10 groups/diet) from 14 to 21 d of age. The diets were cornstarch-based containing SE-carinata meal, ECP-canola meal, or pre-pressed solvent-extracted canola meal (SE-canola meal; reference feedstuff) as the sole protein source, and N-free diet. Digestibility of AA and N retention for feedstuffs was determined by the direct method, whereas energy retention of feedstuffs was determined by difference from the N-free diet. On DM basis, SE-canola meal, ECP-canola meal, and SE-carinata meal contained 43, 36, and 50% CP; 2.60, 2.21, and 1.82% Lys; 32, 29, and 27% neutral detergent fiber, and 1.1, 15.3, and 0.88% ether extract, respectively. On DM basis, the AMEn value was lowest (P < 0.05) for SE-carinata meal (1,295 kcal/kg), intermediate (P < 0.05) for SE-canola meal (1,608 kcal/kg), and greatest (P < 0.05) for ECP-canola meal (1,994 kcal/kg). The SID values of indispensable AA for ECP-canola meal were greater (P < 0.05) than those for SE-canola meal or SE-carinata meal. The SID values of all indispensable AA (except Gly, Lys, and Trp) for SE-carinata meal were greater (P < 0.05) than those for SE-canola meal. The SE-canola meal and SE-carinata meal did not differ in SID of Gly and Trp; however, SE-carinata meal had lower (P < 0.05) SID of Lys than SE-canola meal. The results indicate that ECP-canola meal fed in this study could be a good source of AA and energy for broilers. Results also indicate that SE-carinata meal fed in this study could be an attractive AA source for broiler diet, but could benefit from Lys fortification due it its low SID Lys value.

Diet supplementation with canola meal improves milk production, reduces enteric methane emissions, and shifts nitrogen excretion from urine to feces in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of isonitrogenous substitution of solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) with solvent-extracted canola meal (CM) on enteric CH4 production, ruminal fermentation characteristics (including protozoa), digestion (in situ and apparent total-tract digestibility), N excretion, and milk production of dairy cows. For this purpose, 16 lactating Holstein cows, of which 12 were ruminally cannulated, were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square (35-d periods; 14-d adaptation). The cows averaged (mean ± SD) 116 ± 23 d in milk, 692 ± 60 kg of body weight, and 47.5 ± 4.9 kg/d of milk production. The experimental treatments were control diet (no CM; 0%CM) and diets supplemented [dry matter (DM) basis] with 7.9% CM (8%CM), 15.8% CM (16%CM), or 23.7% CM (24%CM) on a DM basis. The forage:concentrate ratio was 52:48 (DM basis) and was similar among the experimental diets. Canola meal was included in the diet at the expense of SBM and soybean hulls, whereas the percentages of the other diet ingredients were the same. Intake of DM increased linearly, whereas apparent total-tract digestibility of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) declined linearly as CM inclusion in the diet increased. Total volatile fatty acids concentration and butyrate molar proportion decreased linearly, whereas molar proportion of propionate increased linearly, and that of acetate was unaffected by CM inclusion in the diet. Ruminal ammonia concentration was not affected by inclusion of CM in the diet. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield increased linearly (up to 2.2 kg/d) with increasing CM percentage in the diet, whereas milk production efficiency averaged 1.63 kg of ECM/kg of DM intake and was unaffected by CM inclusion in the diet. Daily CH4 production decreased linearly with increasing CM percentage in the diet (489, 475, 463, and 461 g/d for 0%CM, 8%CM, 16%CM and 24%CM diets, respectively). As a consequence, CH4 emission intensity (g of CH4/kg of ECM) also declined linearly by up to 10% as the amount of CM increased in the diet. Methane production also decreased linearly when expressed relative to GE intake (5.7, 5.2, 5.1, and 4.9% for 0%CM, 8%CM, 16%CM and 24%CM diet, respectively). Quantity of manure N excretion was not affected by replacing SBM with CM; however, N excretion shifted from urine to feces as dietary percentage of CM increased, suggesting reduced potential for N volatilization. Results from this study show that replacing SBM with CM as a protein source in dairy cow diets reduced enteric CH4 emissions (g/d, % of GE intake, and adjusted for milk production) and increased milk production. The study indicates that CM can successfully, partially or fully, replace SBM in lactating dairy cow diets, with positive effects on animal productivity and the environment (i.e., less enteric CH4 emission and urinary N excreted). We conclude that compared with SBM, inclusion of CM meal in dairy cow diets can play a key role in reducing the environmental footprint of milk production.

Lactational performance, enteric gas emissions, and plasma amino acid profile of dairy cows fed diets with soybean or canola meals included on an equal protein basis

This study investigated the effects of feeding solvent-extracted canola meal (CM), extruded soybean meal (ESBM), or solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM) on an equivalent crude protein basis on performance, plasma AA profiles, enteric gas emissions, milk fatty acids, and nutrient digestibility in lactating dairy cows. Fifteen Holstein cows (95 ± 20 d in milk) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with 3 periods of 28 d each. Treatments were 3 diets containing 17.1% CM, 14.2% ESBM, or 13.6% SSBM (dry matter basis). Vegetable oil was added (canola oil for CM or soybean oil for SSBM) to equalize the ether extract concentration of the diets. Rumen-protected Met was supplemented targeting digestible Met supply of 2.2% of metabolizable protein in all diets. Canola meal increased dry matter intake (DMI) by 5.9 and 8.9% in comparison with ESBM and SSBM, respectively. Milk urea nitrogen was lowest in CM, followed by SSBM, and was highest for ESBM. No differences were observed in feed efficiency, energy-corrected milk yield, and milk composition or component yields among treatments. Cows fed CM emitted less enteric CH4 per kg of DMI compared with both ESBM and SSBM, but CH4 emission intensity (CH4 per kg of energy-corrected milk) was similar among treatments. In summary, replacement of ESBM or SSBM with CM, on an equal crude protein basis, in the diet of lactating dairy cows enhanced DMI, but yields of energy-corrected milk and milk components and feed efficiency were similar among treatments.

PSIX-16 Growth performance and blood immune parameters of nursery pigs fed canola meal-based diets

Abstract Effects of dietary solvent-extracted canola meal (SECM) on growth performance, blood thyroid hormones, and immune parameters of nursery pigs were investigated. A total of 200 weaned pigs (initial body weight = 7.00 kg) were obtained in 2 batches of 100 pigs each. Pigs in each batch were housed in 25 pens (4 pigs/pen) and fed 5 diets in a randomized complete block design. The 5 diets were corn-soybean meal-based diet with 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% SECM. The diets were fed in 3 phases; Phase 1: d 0 to 7, Phase 2: d 7 to 21, and Phase 3: d 21 to 42. Growth performance was determined by phase. Blood parameters were determined at the end of Phases 1 and 2. Increasing dietary SECM from 0 to 40% resulted in a quadratic increase (P=0.007) in overall (d 0-42) average daily gain (ADG) such that an increase in dietary level of SECM from 0 to 20% resulted in an increase (P&amp;lt; 0.05) in ADG by 14.1%, but an increase in level of SECM from 20 to 40% resulted in a decrease (P&amp;lt; 0.05) in ADG by 11.4 %. Dietary SECM tended to linearly reduce (P=0.05) Phase 2 serum tetraiodothyronine level. An increase in dietary level of SECM from 0 to 20% did not affect the serum IgA level, but an increase in level of dietary level of SECM from 20 to 40% resulted in a decrease (P&amp;lt; 0.05) in the serum IgA level. Serum IgG and TNF-α levels were unaffected by diet. In conclusion, increasing dietary SECM level from 0 to 20% increased growth performance of weaned pigs. However, increasing dietary SECM level from 20 to 40% reduced growth performance and increased immune response. Thus, SECM can be included in diets for nursery pigs at 20% to improve performance.

139 Digestibility of phosphorus in heat-treated dry extruded-expelled soybean meal and solvent-extracted and expeller-extracted canola meal fed to growing pigs

Abstract Although heat treatment affects digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients, there is less information as to whether such an effect also applies to minerals. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of heat treatment on apparent (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM), solvent-extracted canola meal (SCM), and expeller-extracted canola meal (ECM) fed to growing pigs. A total of 36 pigs (19.0 ± 1.0 kg) were assigned to 1 of 6 diets in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per diet. Pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 12 d, including 7 d for adaptation and 5 d for total collection of feces. The experimental diets were formulated to contain non-heated or heat-treated DESBM, SCM, and ECM as the sole source of P. Pigs were offered their daily ration at 2.8 times their maintenance energy requirement. Data were analyzed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement using the PROC MIXED of SAS with ingredients, heat treatment, and their interaction; however, no interaction was observed for any variable. Pigs fed the DESBM diet had a higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ATTD and STTD of P than pigs fed SCM and ECM diets. The ATTD and STTD of P in heat treated samples were higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than in non-heated samples. In the heat-treated samples, the values of STTD of P were 49.4, 23.2, and 25.8% for DESBM, SCM, and ECM, respectively. Respective values for STTD of P in non-heated DESBM, SCM, and ECM were 48.5, 20.2, and 22.5%. The ATTD of Ca in non-heat-treated samples was lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) compared to the values for heat-treated samples. In conclusion, heat treatment increased ATTD and STTD of P in DESBM, SCM, and ECM fed to growing pigs.

Nutritional evaluation of canola meal as fish meal replacement for juvenile spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus): Effects on growth performance, hematological parameters, body composition, and nutrient digestibility

This study examined the nutritional value of solvent-extracted canola meal (CM) as a replacement for fish meal (FM) in practical diets for spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus). Four isonitrogenous (490 g/kg crude protein), isoenergetic (19.03 kJ/g) diets containing 0 g/kg (CM0), 150 g/kg (CM150), 300 g/kg (CM300), or 450 g/kg (CM450) of CM protein instead of FM protein were used. All CM diets were supplemented with phytase and protease enzymes; dl-methionine was supplemented to the CM450 diet. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 15 fish (average body weight 36.2 ± 0.03 g) per tank to apparent satiation three times a day for 70 days. A one-way ANOVA showed that the specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly lower when CM inclusion was 26.67 % or higher, replacing 450 g/kg of fish meal protein or more. There was a significant negative relationship between growth response and the level of FM protein replacement. Survival and dry feed intake (DFI) were unaffected by fish meal replacement. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was highest at the lowest CM inclusion level. Hematological parameters, including hematocrit, protein, hemoglobin, triglycerides, and cholesterol, did not vary between treatments. Juvenile fish fed the 450 g/kg CM diet showed the lowest protein content. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter and energy were significantly reduced by CM addition.Our results show that CM can be a suitable alternative protein source for spotted rose snapper juveniles heavier than 37 g. Under the experimental conditions tested in this study, up to 300 g/kg FM protein can be replaced by CM protein with no significant adverse effects on growth, feed utilization, hematological parameters, or body composition in this species.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in canola meal fed to gestating and lactating sows1.

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in solvent extracted canola meal (CM) fed to gestating and lactating sows without or with a multi-enzyme complex. Eight sows cannulated on day 40 of gestation were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The 4 diets included 2 cornstarch-based diets with 31.3% CM as the only source of AA, without or with a multi-enzyme complex, a casein-cornstarch diet to determine ileal endogenous AA losses, and a phosphorus-free diet (phosphorus digestibility data reported elsewhere). All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide. Gestating sows were fed 3.0 kg/d of the respective experimental diets, whereas, during lactation, sows had ad libitum access to experimental diets. Ileal digesta samples were collected in midgestation, late gestation, and lactation. In each period, after 6-d acclimation to the experimental diets, on days 7 and 8, ileal digesta samples were collected continuously for 12 h. Results indicated that sows in lactation had greater apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and all AA (P < 0.05) compared with sows in gestation. Enzyme supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the AID of histidine, lysine, methionine, valine, and alanine, and a tendency (P < 0.10) for improvement in AID was observed for arginine, isoleucine, tryptophan, and cysteine during lactation, but not during gestation. However, the SID of most AA was not affected by collection phase, but enzyme supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the SID of arginine, histidine, lysine, methionine, and valine during lactation. The SID of indispensable AA in CM fed to gestating and lactating sows were as follows: arginine, 89.2 and 91.3%; histidine, 93.1 and 94.0%; isoleucine, 85.9 and 87.0%; leucine, 89.2 and 89.2%; lysine, 87.0 and 87.7%; methionine, 92.2 and 93.2%; phenylalanine, 89.2 and 87.8%; threonine, 84.3 and 82.7%; tryptophan, 88.1 and 91.5%; valine, 85.9 and 84.3%. In conclusion, the SID of AA in CM fed to lactating sows may be improved if a mixture of carbohydrases is included in the diet, but under the conditions of this experiment, the carbohydrase mixture did not affect SID of AA in CM fed to gestating sows in midgestation or late gestation.

Energy values of solvent-extracted canola meal and expeller-derived canola meal for broiler chickens and growing pigs determined using the regression method1.

The energy values of solvent-extracted canola meal (SECM) and expeller-derived canola meal (EDCM) for broiler chickens and growing pigs were determined in 2 experiments using the regression method. Corn-soybean meal reference diet (RF) and 4 test diets were prepared. The test diets consisted of SECM or EDCM that partly replaced the energy sources in the RF at 100 or 200 g/kg, respectively. The ratios of all energy ingredients were kept similar across all experimental diets. In Exp. 1, a total of 300 birds were fed standard broiler starter diet from days 0 to 19 posthatching. On day 19, 240 birds (776 ± 79.3 g initial BW) were assigned into 5 experimental diets in a randomized complex block design with BW as a blocking factor. Excreta were collected from days 23 to 25 and ileal digesta were collected after birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation on day 26. In Exp. 2, 40 barrows (28.4 ± 1.6 kg initial BW) were allotted to 5 experimental diets according to the randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. After 5-d adaption period, the feces and urine samples were collected for 5 d by total collection method. The ileal digestible energy (IDE), apparent ME (AME), and nitrogen-corrected apparent ME (AMEn) in Exp. 1 and the DE, AME, and AMEn in Exp. 2 for experimental diets and canola meals were determined. In Exp. 1, the inclusion of canola meals to RF linearly decreased the IDE, AME, and AMEn for birds fed SECM diets (P < 0.01) and the AME and AMEn for birds fed EDCM diets (P < 0.01). Furthermore, quadratic effects were also found in the IDE, AME, and AMEn by the inclusion of EDCM to RF (P < 0.05). The IDE were 2,194 and 3,514 kcal/kg DM for SECM and EDCM in broiler chickens, respectively. The respective ME and MEn values were 1,919 and 1,695 kcal/kg DM for SECM and 3,134 and 2,937 kcal/kg DM for EDCM. In Exp. 2, the SECM or EDCM addition to RF linearly decreased the AME and AMEn for pigs (P < 0.01). The DE content was also decreased linearly with the increasing level of SECM (P < 0.01). The DE, ME, and MEn of SECM for pigs were 3,109, 2,891, and 2,655 kcal/kg DM, respectively. The EDCM contained 3,850 kcal of DE, 3,581 kcal of ME, and 3,491 kcal of MEn/kg DM for pigs. In conclusion, the energy values of EDCM are greater than those of SECM for broiler chickens and pigs, and pigs utilize more of the GE in SECM and EDCM than broiler chickens.

Effect of dietary fat supplementation on methane emissions from dairy cows fed wheat or corn

Diets that contain high proportions of either wheat or supplementary fat have been individually reported to reduce enteric methane production. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of dietary fat supplementation on methane emissions and milk yield from cows fed diets containing either corn or wheat grains. It was hypothesized that cows fed a diet containing wheat would produce less methane and have lower methane yield (methane per kg of dry matter intake; MY) than cows fed a diet containing corn and that methane mitigation from fat supplementation would occur irrespective of the type of grain in the basal diet. The experiment involved 32 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 8) and individually fed different diets restricted to approximately 90% of their mean ad libitum intake measured during a covariate period. All animals were offered 11.5 kg of dry matter/d of alfalfa hay, 1.8 kg of dry matter/d of solvent-extracted canola meal, and 1 of 4 dietary supplements. Dietary supplements were 8 kg of dry matter/d of either corn or wheat, or these same treatments with the addition of 0.8 kg of canola oil. In this 5-wk experiment, d 1 to 7 served as the covariate period, d 8 to 14 as the transition period, d 15 to 28 as the adaptation period, and d 29 to 35 as the experimental period. Cows were fed their full treatment diets from d 15 to 35 during which time milk production and feed intake were measured daily. During d 29 to 35, methane production was measured for individual cows daily using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer method. The resulting averages for milk production and feed intake were analyzed by analysis of covariance with factorial grain by fat as treatment structure, animal as the unit within blocks, and the corresponding milk production or feed intake covariate averages as principal covariate. Data on milk fatty acids, ruminal fluid data on pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acids, protozoa, and methane were analyzed by ANOVA using the same treatment and blocking structures excluding the principal covariate. Cows fed a diet containing wheat had greater MY than cows fed a diet containing corn. Irrespective of the type of grain in the diet, increasing the fat concentration from 2 to 6% dry matter reduced MY. It is concluded that the grain component in the basal diet does not affect the mitigating effects of dietary fat supplements on MY.

Milk production of cows grazing pasture supplemented by a partial mixed ration with or without canola meal

Milk production responses were measured in grazing cows offered mixed rations with or without canola meal. Experiments were conducted in spring (Experiment 1; early lactation) and autumn (Experiment 2; late lactation). The experiments used 140 (Experiment 1) or 96 (Experiment 2) Holstein-Friesian multiparous dairy cows that had calved in late winter/early spring. Each experiment lasted 28 days including a 14-day adjustment period and a 14-day measurement period during which intake and milk production was measured. In each experiment, there were two dietary treatments: PMR: cows grazed a restricted pasture allowance (10–15 kg DM/cow per day, measured to ground level) supplemented with a PMR comprising wheat grain (60%, DM basis), lucerne hay (21%) and maize grain (19%); and PMR+C: cows were fed the same as the PMR cows, but some wheat grain in the PMR was replaced with solvent-extracted canola meal so that it comprised wheat grain (39%, DM basis), lucerne hay (21%), maize grain (19%) and canola meal (21%). The two treatments were randomly allocated to half the cows in each experiment. Cows were then further allocated into 10 groups of 7 cows (Experiment 1) or 8 groups of 6 cows (Experiment 2). Two groups of cows were assigned to receive a different amount of each ration: 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16 kg DM total supplement/cow per day for Experiment 1 and 6, 8, 10 or 12 kg DM total supplement/cow per day for Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, yields of energy corrected milk (ECM), milk fat, and milk protein were greater for PMR+C cows than PMR cows when 12 kg/cow per day of supplement or more was offered. Milk protein concentration was greater in PMR+C cows than PMR cows but only when 16 kg DM supplement/cow per day was offered. These changes in milk yield and composition were associated with increases in the intakes of pasture, supplement and total DM intake in the PMR+C cows compared with the PMR cows. In Experiment 2 there were no differences in milk yield or composition between PMR and PMR+C cows at any amount of supplement offered, nor were there any differences in intakes of pasture, supplement or total DM intake. It is concluded that replacing some of the wheat in a well-formulated PMR with canola meal can stimulate DMI and increase per-cow production of ECM when high amounts of supplement are fed in early lactation, but not late lactation.

Effect of canola meal inclusion as a major protein source in gestation and lactation sow diets with or without enzymes on reproductive performance, milk composition, fecal bacterial profile and nutrient digestibility

The aim was to determine the effects of high canola meal (CM) inclusion in gestation and lactation diets on reproductive performance, milk composition, fecal bacterial profile and nutrient and energy digestibility of sows. Forty-five sows were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments consisting of a corn-soybean meal control diet, control diet containing 300 g/kg solvent-extracted CM with or without multi-enzyme complex (MC). Sows were individually housed and offered the experimental diets from day 60 of gestation until weaning on day 21. Sows were weighed and backfat thickness measured on days 60 and 111 of gestation, and on days 0 and 21 post-farrowing. Litters were weighed on days 0 and 21. Weaning to estrus interval in sows was recorded. Blood and milk samples were collected 2 h post-feeding from sows on days 0 and 21 to determine the plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) content and milk composition. Fecal samples were collected from sows during lactation to determine energy and nutrient digestibility, and during gestation and lactation to determine the fecal bacterial profile. There were no dietary effects on lactation feed intake, sow backfat loss, weaning to estrus interval and milk fat, protein and lactose composition, and suckling piglet performance except for sow body weight (BW) loss during lactation, wherein sows fed CM-containing diets with MC had lower (P < 0.05) BW loss than those fed the control diet. Sows fed diets containing CM (with and without MC) had lower (P < 0.05) PUN values compared with those fed the control diet on day 21 post-farrowing. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients showed no dietary effect except for ATTD of phosphorus (P), wherein sows fed CM-containing diets with MC showed higher (P < 0.05) P digestibility compared to those fed CM-containing diets without MC. Sows fed CM-containing diets with or without MC had greater (P < 0.05) abundances of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus and lower (P < 0.05) abundances of Firmicutes when compared to those fed the control diet on day 90 of gestation. In conclusion, inclusion of up to 300 g/kg CM in gestation and lactation diet can support satisfactory sow and suckling piglet performance without affecting energy and nutrient digestibility, along with an increase in the abundance of gut lactic acid bacteria in sows. Moreover, enzyme supplementation reduced the sow BW loss and improved P digestibility in CM diets.

Porcine in vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of canola co-products without or with fiber-degrading enzymes

An in vitro study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing solvent-extracted canola meal (SECM) and cold-pressed canola cake (CPCC) with fiber-degrading enzymes (multi-enzyme) on porcine in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics. Canola co-products without or with multi-enzyme (Superzyme-CS, Canadian Bio-Systems Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada) that supplied 24,000 U of xylanase, 3000 U of glucanase, 10,000 U of cellulase, 1200 U of mannanase, 14,000 U of invertase, 10,000 U of protease, 24,000 U of amylase and 8,500 U of pectinase/l of incubation medium were digested using porcine pepsin and pancreatin. Undigested residue was subjected to in vitro fermentation for 72 h. Accumulated gas production during microbial fermentation was recorded and modeled to estimate kinetics of gas production. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration per unit weight of DM of enzymatically unhydrolyzed residue incubated, and per unit weight of DM feedstuff that was enzymatically hydrolyzed and then fermented was also measured. On a DM basis, CPCC and SECM contained 318 and 451 g/kg CP, respectively. The in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM) for CPCC was greater (P < 0.05) than that for SECM (0.635 vs. 0.584, respectively). Multi-enzyme supplementation tended to improve (P = 0.060) the IVDDM regardless of canola co-product type. Total gas production for CPCC was less (P<0.05) than that for SECM (89.3 vs. 106.0 ml/g, respectively). Multi-enzyme reduced (P < 0.05) total gas production for CPCC and SECM. Total VFA production for CPCC was lower (P < 0.05) than that for SECM (2.89 vs. 4.43 mmol/g DM of enzymatically unhydrolyzed residue, respectively). Total VFA production for CPCC was also lower (P < 0.05) than that for SECM (1.07 vs. 1.82 mmol/g DM of feedstuff, respectively). Multi-enzyme did not affect total VFA concentration per unit weight of enzymatically unhydrolyzed for canola co-products but tended to reduce (P = 0.058) total VFA production per unit weight of feedstuff. In conclusion, CPCC was more digestible but less fermentable than SECM. Multi-enzyme supplementation improved the IVDDM and reduced total gas and VFA production for CPCC and SECM. Thus, multi-enzyme shifted the digestibility of CPCC and SECM from microbial fermentation towards enzymatic digestion, implying that the multi-enzyme improved efficiency of utilization of nutrients in the two canola co-products.

In vitro rumen fermentation and effect of protein fractions of canola meals on methane production

Canola provides oil for human consumption and a by-product from the extraction of its oil canola meal (CM), is used as a good quality protein and lipid supplement for ruminants. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and fermentation profile associated with the potential for methane production of three types of CM: solvent-extracted CM of Brassica napus (CMBN), B. juncea (CMBJ) and cold press-extracted CM from B. napus (CPCM) used to feed ruminants. The protein content of canola meal ranged from 36 to 41 %. The acid and neutral detergent insoluble in nitrogen ranged from 1 to 2 % and 4 to 5 %, respectively. The lipid content of canola meal samples ranged from 2 % (CMBN, CMBJ) to 14 % (CPCM). In vitro, dry matter disappearance of CMBJ was higher than that of other types of CM at 4 h, 24 h and 48 h. Gas production from CMBJ was greater than that of CPCM and CMBN at 24 h and 48 h of incubation. CPCM produced lower methane than CMBJ at 48 h of incubation. CPCM produced a higher (p < 0.05) molar proportion of propionate from 12 h to 48 h of incubation. In conclusion, this study found that CPCM could be a good source of protein (mainly PB2) and lipids in the feed of ruminants; it will decrease methane production and enhance propionate production. There was correlation between less methane production, and the content of lipids and PB2 in the three types of CM studied.

Effects of feeding canola meal or soy expeller at two dietary net energy levels on growth performance, dressing and carcass characteristics of barrows and gilts

Feeding solvent-extracted canola meal (CM) with relatively high-fibre content or extruded-expelled soybean cake (SE) with remaining oil content offers the opportunity to either reduce or increase dietary net energy (NE) level at low cost. In a 2×2×2 factorial design, 504 barrows and 504 gilts (33kg) were fed two NE densities (low [9.3–9.4MJ/kg for grower and finisher, respectively] or high [9.9–10.2MJ/kg]) and two supplemental protein sources (CM [250–200g/kg] or SE [150–125g/kg]). Pigs were housed by gender in 48 pens of 21 pigs each and were fed over 5 growth phases (Grower 1: d0-12, Grower 2: d13-33, Grower 3: d34-53, Finisher 1: d54-74, Finisher 2: d75-slaughter). Pen BW, feed added and orts were measured at d0, 12, 33, 53, 74, biweekly thereafter, and at slaughter weight (130kg). Warm carcasses were weighed and graded (Destron). For the overall trial (d0-74), pigs fed low NE consumed (P<0.001) 72g/d more feed than those fed high NE diets, but their NE intake was 1.17MJ/d less (P<0.001). Intake was 0.82MJ/d greater (P<0.001) for pigs fed SE that grew 37g/d faster (P<0.001) than those fed CM. Dietary NE level did not affect ADG. Feed efficiency (G:F) was 0.014kg/kg greater (P<0.001) for pigs fed high vs. low NE and 0.012kg/kg greater (P<0.001) for pigs fed SE vs. CM diets. Dressing was 6g/kg greater feeding high vs. low NE (P=0.001) or SE vs. CM diets (P<0.010). Carcass weight was 0.8kg greater (P<0.050) for pigs fed high vs. low NE; 1.4kg greater (P<0.001) for pigs fed SE vs. CM diets. Pigs fed SE averaged 2.3mm greater (P<0.001) loin depth than those fed CM. Dietary energy level or supplemental protein source had no effect on backfat depth, pork yield or carcass index. Pigs fed CM stayed 2.6 d longer (P<0.001) in the barn than those fed SE. In conclusion, feeding reduced NE diets to pigs did not result in major changes in growth performance. Abruptly introducing 250g/kg CM in the grower phase diets was a challenge to pigs. Pigs fed CM never caught up to those fed more palatable, lower fibre SE likely in part because we slightly overestimated the SID AA content of CM and slightly underestimated the NE content of SE.

Ileal and total tract apparent crude protein, dry matter, gross energy and amino acids digestibility of soybean meal, solvent-extracted canola meal, and corn distillers dried grain with solubles for growing pigs

The present study was conducted to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and apparent ilealdigestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), and amino acids (AA) in soybeanmeal (SBM), solvent-extracted canola meal (SECM) and corn distiller dried grain with solubles (corn-DDGS) forgrowing pigs. Three growing barrows (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, 33.37±1.11 kg of BW) fitted with a simpleT-cannula at the distal ileum were fed 31.61% SBM, 39.33% SECM, or 52.17% corn-DDGS as the sole proteinsource diets in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. The ATTD and AID for DM, CP, and GE inSBM were greater than in corn-DDGS. Similarly, the ATTD and AID of CP in SBM were greater than in SECM.SBM had greater AID for phenylalanine, cystine, proline, and tyrosine than corn-DDGS. SBM had greater AID forlysine, methionine, threonine, valine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine, total essential AA, total nonessential AA, and total AA than SECM and corn-DDGS. SECM had greater AID for lysine, aspartic acid, glycine,and tyrosine, but less glutamic acid than corn-DDGS. In conclusion, the results imply that SBM had greater ATTDand AID of DM and GE than corn-DDGS. The values of AID of N and the majority of AA were higher in SBM thanin SECM and corn-DDGS.

Effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal differing in rumen-undegradable protein content on ruminal fermentation and gas production kinetics using 2 in vitro systems

Previous research indicated that there were significant differences in rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) among canola meals (CM), which could influence the nutritional value of CM. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the effects of feeding CM with different RUP contents on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, and microbial growth using a dual-flow continuous culture system (experiment 1) and (2) evaluate ruminal gas production kinetics, in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility, and methane (CH4) production of soybean meal (SBM) and CM with low or high RUP in the diet or as a sole ingredient using a gas production system (experiments 2 and 3). In experiment 1, diets were randomly assigned to 6 fermentors in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square. The only ingredient that differed among diets was the protein supplement. The treatments were (1) solvent-extracted SBM, (2) low-RUP solvent-extracted CM (38% RUP as a percentage of crude protein), and (3) high-RUP solvent-extracted CM (50% RUP). Diets were prepared as 3 concentrate mixtures that were combined with 25% orchardgrass hay and 15% wheat straw (dry matter basis). Experiments 2 and 3 had the same design with 24 bottles incubated 3 times for 48 h each. During the 48-h incubation, the cumulative pressure was recorded to determine gas production kinetics, in vitro OM digestibility, and CH4 production. In experiment 1, N flow (g/d), efficiency of N use, efficiency of bacterial N synthesis, total volatile fatty acids (mM), and molar proportion of acetate, propionate, and isobutyrate were not affected by treatments. There were tendencies for a decrease in ruminal NH3-N and an increase in molar proportion of butyrate for the SBM diet compared with both CM diets. The molar proportion of valerate was greater in both CM diets, whereas the molar proportion of isovalerate and total branched-chain volatile fatty acids was lower for the CM diets compared with the SBM diet. In experiments 2 and 3, the SBM diet had a greater gas pool size than both CM diets. The SBM diet increased in vitro OM digestibility; however, it also tended to increase CH4 production (mM and g/kg of DM) compared with both CM diets. Based on the results of this study, CM with RUP varying from 38 to 50% of crude protein does not affect ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, and microbial growth when CM is included at up to 34% of the diet.

Effects of canola meal on growth, feed utilisation, plasma biochemistry, histology of digestive organs and hepatic gene expression of barramundi (Asian seabass; Lates calcarifer)

The serial replacement of fish meal (anchovetta) by canola meal (CM) (100, 200, 300gkg−1 as either solvent extracted (SE) CM or expeller extracted (EX) CM was undertaken to investigate the effects of increasing dietary CM levels on feed intake, growth, protein and energy retention, plasma biochemistry and the expression of a suite of hepatic genes in barramundi (Asian seabass; Lates calcarifer) over an eight week feeding trial. An additional diet using lupin kernel meal (LM) to replace the fish meal was also included as a comparative reference. Eight iso-digestible nitrogenous (423±29gkg−1) and iso-digestible energetic (14.6±8MJkg−1 DM) diets were formulated. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish in seawater tanks (600L), and each tank was stocked with 15 fish (53.4±7.0g). Fish were fed once daily (9:00–10:00) to apparent satiation, and uneaten feed was collected to determine feed consumption. The results showed that the survival, feed intake, growth, FCR, energy and protein retention of fish fed the diet containing SE CM were similar or even higher to those of fish fed the fish meal reference diet (FM) and the LM diet. Fish fed with the diet containing 300gkg−1 SE CM did not show any changes in biochemistry and gene expression in a suite of detoxification genes. However, the diet with 300gkg−1 EX CM depressed feed intake, growth performance and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR). Transcription of genes involving in fatty acid synthesis and the TCA cycle were not changed by different diets. The down regulation of gene expression in certain detoxification genes (Lc CYP1A1, Lc CYP3A, Lc CYP2N and Lc GST) was observed in fish fed with the diet containing 300gkg−1 EX CM compared to the FM control diet and other experimental diets. In general, the SE CM can be used up to 300gkg−1 diet without negative performance effects or signs of clinical plasma biochemistry. By contrast the maximum acceptable level of the EX CM for barramundi was only 200gkg−1. Higher inclusion level of the EX CM induced negative effects on growth performance, feed utilisation, plasma biochemistry and gene expression in relation to detoxification. Statement of relevancePrevious research has demonstrated that canola meal is a potential plant protein source for fish meal replacement in diets for many fish species. The present work is designed to be the first to assess both two types of Australian canola meal in regard to different processing methods (solvent extraction and expeller extraction) in use for barramundi (Asian seabass) diets. The research not only assesses effects of canola meal on growth performance and feed utilisation but also investigate effects of canola meal use on fish health status using broad approach including plasma chemistry, histology and gene expression analysis. The present findings provide practical information for barramundi's diet formulation using canola meal as an additional plant ingredient. These also provide implications of potential health effects relating to using canola meal for barramundi.