Sucrose Solution Research Articles

Agar (1.5%)–Sucrose (2%) Solution

Agar (1.5%)–Sucrose (2%) Solution

Liking for Sweet Taste, Sweet Food Intakes, and Sugar Intakes

Background/Objectives: Sweet taste preferences are currently targeted to aid with reducing free sugar intakes, but associations between sweet taste liking, sweet food intakes, and sugar intakes are not well established. Methods: UK consumers (n = 179) who were consuming >5% of total energy intakes from free sugars provided several laboratory measures of sweet taste liking, laboratory test meal measures of sweet food choice and sugar intakes, and 3-day food diary measures of free-living free sugar and total sugar intakes. Liking measures included liking for a 1 M sucrose solution, and pleasantness, desire to eat, and sweet taste intensity ratings for seven foods of a range of sweet taste intensities in a taste test. Results: Wide individual differences in sweet taste liking, in liking for a high sweet taste intensity, and in the relationships between sweet taste intensity and sweet taste liking were found. The majority of participants confirmed high liking and increasing liking for increasingly sweet tastes, but differing patterns of responses were also found. Higher liking for sweet foods was associated with increased sweet food selection and consumption at the test meal, and to some degree with free sugar and total sugar consumption in this restricted scenario. However, we found no associations between sweet taste liking, regardless of measure, and either free-living free sugar or total sugar intakes. Conclusions: These findings cast doubt on assumptions that sweet taste preferences are high for all and that these high sweet taste preferences drive high free sugar intakes.

Integrating experimental and machine learning approaches for predictive analysis of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using Cu/g-C3N4

This study addresses environmental issues like global warming and wastewater generation by exploring waste-to-energy strategies that produce renewable hydrogen and treat wastewater simultaneously. Cu/g-C3N4 is used to evolve hydrogen from sucrose solution and the impact of reaction parameters such as pH (3, 5, and 7), Cu loading (5, 10, and 15 wt%), catalyst amount (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g/L), and oxidant (H2O2) concentration (0, 10, and 20 mM) on the evolved hydrogen amount is examined. Characterization study confirmed successful incorporation of Cu without significantly altering g-C3N4 properties. The highest hydrogen production (1979.25 μmol g−1·h−1) is achieved with 0.3 g/L catalyst, 20 mM H2O2, 5 % Cu loading, and pH 3. The experimental study concludes that Cu/g-C3N4 is an effective photocatalyst for renewable hydrogen production. In addition to the experimental investigations, various machine learning (ML) models, including Random Forest, Decision Tree, XGBoost, among others, are employed to analyze the impact of reaction parameters and forecast the quantities of produced hydrogen. Alongside these individual models, an ensemble approach is proposed and utilized. The R2 values of these ML models ranged from 0.9454 to 0.9955, indicating strong predictive performance across the board. Additionally, these models exhibited low error rates, further confirming their reliability in predicting hydrogen evolution.

Chitin Deacetylase 1 Gene as an Optimal RNAi-Based Target for Controlling the Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta

Chitin is a critical component of both the exoskeleton and internal structures of insects, which can protect insects from mechanical damage, dehydration and pathogen infection, and plays a significant role in the molting process. Chitin deacetylases (CDAs), key enzymes involved in chitin metabolism, are widely distributed among arthropods and microorganisms. In this study, we identified a CDA gene, TaCDA1, in the invasive insect species Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Sequence analysis demonstrated a high degree of similarity to CDAs in other insects, revealing the presence of three conserved domains. Quantitative analysis showed that the TaCDA1 gene exhibited peak expression during the pupal stage, particularly within the epidermis. The suppression of TaCDA1 expression through RNA interference in T. absoluta pupae significantly impacted the expression of genes associated with chitin metabolism, increasing mortality and developmental abnormalities during the pupa–adult transition and reducing the pupal weight. Furthermore, soaking gene-specific dsRNA resulted in elevated mortality rates during the larva–pupa transition, causing the inability to form new cuticles or undergo ecdysis, as confirmed by subsequent histological observations. The oral administration of dsTaCDA1 + sucrose solution did not significantly impact NtCDA1 expression or the mortality rate compared to the dsGFP + sucrose solution control in the non-target insect Nesidiocoris tenuis. This study demonstrated that TaCDA1 is a potential and safe target for pest control of T. absoluta.

Post-Flowering Photoperiod Sensitivity of Soybean in Pod-Setting Responses

The development of soybean (Glycine max) is regulated by the photoperiod, with genes related to photoperiod sensitivity primarily focused on the flowering time. However, their roles in post-flowering reproductive development and the mechanisms by which the photoperiod affects them are not yet determined. In this study, we found that pod formation is sensitive to the photoperiod. Long-day conditions tended to extend the time from flowering to pod formation, and the first wave of flowers tended to fall off. Additionally, the photoperiod affected the pistil morphology; under short-day conditions, the stigma had a curved hook-like structure that facilitated better interaction with the filaments when pollen was released, ultimately influencing the timing of pod formation. Photoperiod-insensitive mutants, lacking E1 family and Evening Complex (EC) genes, showed no difference in the pod formation time under long-day or short-day conditions. Hormone content analysis and transcriptome data analysis indicated that various hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst pathway signals, and the application of sucrose solution in vitro might influence floral organ abscission.

Optimization of Germination Conditions for Enriched γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Phenolic Compounds of Foxtail Millet Sprouts by Response Surface Methodology.

The optimum germination conditions for foxtail millet sprouts enriched with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and antioxidant polyphenols were investigated. From single-factor experimental results, both the GABA level and total phenolic content (TPC) were more significantly affected by soaking temperature and time, and concentration of sucrose culture solution. Response surface methodology (RSE) was used to optimize the germination conditions of foxtail millet sprouts, where the interaction between soaking temperature and sucrose concentration exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) effect on TPC, and the interaction between soaking time and sucrose concentration displayed a significant (p < 0.05) effect on GABA content. The optimal germination conditions for TPC and GABA enrichment of foxtail millet sprouts were soaking at 31 °C for 4.5 h and germinating at 35 °C with 4.5 g/L sucrose solution for 5 days. Under the optimized conditions, the TPC and GABA content of foxtail millet sprouts were 926.53 milligrams of ferulic acid equivalents per 100 g dry weight (mg FAE/100 g DW) and 259.13 mg/kg, separately, with less difference from the predicted values of 929.44 mg FAE/100 g DW and 263.60 mg/kg, respectively. Collectively, all the individual phenolic compounds increased significantly (p < 0.05) by optimization, except for cis-p-coumaric acid and cis-ferulic acid in bound. The results provide a practical technology for suitable germination conditions to improve the health components of foxtail millet sprouts and increase their added value.

Study on Mass Transfer and Physicochemical Properties of Avocado During Osmotic Dehydration

A previous study found that mass transfer occurring during the osmotic dehydration (OD) process. This phenomena is possible causing modification in physicochemical properties; therefore, understanding the OD effect on quality attributes is important. This research aimed to study the impact of sucrose concentration and immersion time on the kinetics of mass transfer and the physicochemical properties of avocado (Persea americana var. Miki) during the OD process. The samples were immersed in a sucrose solution (45, 55 and 65 ° Brix) for up to 300 min, then the mass transfer parameter and physicochemical properties were evaluated. The results showed that the highest rate of water removal (WR) was –0.037 g.g–1.h–1 using the 55 ° Brix solution, which also led to an increase in the soluble solid gain (SSG) value to 0.0126 g.g–1.h–1, while the highest WR/SSG ratio was obtained after 180 min of immersion using 65 ° Brix (2.451). A 2nd-order polynomial model accurately describes avocado mass transfer kinetics and their relationship to physicochemical properties. The model showed the best adjustment for WR, SSG, and weight loss (WL), as pointed out by R2 = 0.9671, 0.8968 and 0.9573, respectively. WR has a negative effect on firmness (R2 = 0.9278), vitamin C (R2 = 0.9349), and total fat (R2 = 0.8954). The uptake of sucrose correlated with decrease of vitamin C (R2 = 0.9391), whereas WL also affected the loss of total fat (R2 = 0.8288). The OD process modified the chroma of the avocado by reducing lightness, increasing greenness and yellowness, and yet protecting the flesh from the browning effect. Overall, this study provides insights into the relationship between mass transfer and physicochemical properties, and it is useful to predict the final condition of the osmo-avocado before subsequent processes. HIGHLIGHTS Immersing the avocado in a 55 ° Brix solution resulted in the highest rate of water removal (WR) and soluble solid gain (SSG). The highest ratio of WR and soluble solid gain (WR/SSG) was obtained at 180 min of immersion using a 65 ° Brix solution. The 2nd-order polynomial model fits the mass transfer parameters (WR, SSG, and weight loss/WL). WR contributed to a softened texture, color contrast, degradation of vitamin C, and total fat content. The combination of mass transfer and physicochemical property models is useful for designing the OD process and predicting the final condition of osmo-avocado. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Investigating the existence of an osmotic barrier between xylem fibres and vessels in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) using microCT.

Sugar maples (Acer saccharum Marshall) develop elevated stem pressures in springtime through the compression and expansion of gas bubbles present within xylem fibres. The stability of this gas within the fibres is hypothesised to be due to the elevated sugar concentration of maple sap and the presence of an osmotic barrier between fibres and vessels. Without this osmotic barrier gas bubbles are predicted to dissolve rapidly. In this work we investigated the existence of this osmotic barrier. We quantified the fraction of the xylem occupied by gas-filled fibres using synchrotron based microCT. After imaging fresh stem segments we perfused them with either a 2% sucrose solution or water, imaging again following perfusion. In this way we directly observed how total gas present in the fibres changed when an osmotic pressure difference should be present, with the 2% sucrose solution, and when it is absent, with the water. Following a first round of perfusion we perfused stem segments with the other perfusate, repeating this multiple times to observe how switching perfusates affected gas-filled fibres. We found that perfusing stem segments with water resulted in a significant reduction in the xylem fibre gas, but perfusing stem segments with a sucrose solution did not significantly reduce the gas in the fibres. These results support the hypothesis that an osmotic barrier exists between fibres and vessels.

Sucrose, glucose, and fructose preference in honeybees and their effects on food digestibility

In bee diets, nectar is the primary source of carbohydrates. During scarcity of bee flora, such as in winter, beekeepers typically provide supplemental sugar syrup as a nectar substitute. We examined four types of sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose, and a mixture of fructose and glucose) on bee longevity, bee appetitive, and their impact on pollen digestion. The results showed that sucrose and glucose had extended the longevity in cages. Bees preferred sucrose at a 50% concentration since they consumed more than the other sugar types in cages and in the multiple-choice test experiment in apiary. Bees given sucrose solution consumed the most pollen. In contrast, the cages provided the fructose solution consumed the least amount of pollen, increasing body fat percentage, which can be considered evidence of a digestive disorder. Generally, the type of sugar affects bee’s benefits from nutrition. Finally, sucrose is the best type of sugar and is considered the ideal substitute for nectar.

Biofilm modulation and demineralization reduction after treatment with a new toothpaste formulation containing fluoride, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, and sodium trimetaphosphate: In situ study

ObjectiveThis in situ study aimed to evaluate a new toothpaste formulation containing fluoride (F), casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on the process of dental demineralization and biofilm composition. MethodsThis crossover double-blind study consisted of five phases, in which 10 volunteers wore intraoral appliances containing four bovine enamel specimens. The cariogenic challenge was performed using 30 % sucrose solution. Blocks were treated 3 ×/day with the following toothpastes: 1) Placebo (No F-TMP-CPP-ACP), 2) 1100 ppm F (1100F), 3) 1100F + 3 %TMP (1100F-TMP), 4) 1100F + 10 %CPP-ACP (1100F-CPP-ACP) and 5) 1100F-CPP-ACP-TMP. After 7 days, the percentage loss of surface hardness (%SH), integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN), F, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentration in the enamel was determined. The concentration of F, Ca, P and insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) in the biofilm were analyzed. ResultsThe addition of CPP-ACP-TMP to 1100F reduced %SH by 42 % and 39 % when compared to the 1100F and 1100F-CPP-ACP (p < 0.001); in addition, to a reduction in lesion body (ΔKHN) by 36 % for the same treatments. The treatment with 1100F-CPP-ACP-TMP led to a significant increase in the concentration of F, P and Ca in the enamel and biofilm, and reduced the concentration of EPS (p < 0.001). SignificanceToothpaste formulation containing 1100F-CPP-ACP-TMP prevented the reduction of enamel hardness and significantly influenced the ionic biochemical composition and insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) in biofilm formed in situ. These results are promising and provide valuable insights for the design of further clinical trials.

A test method for assessing chronic oral toxicity of a pesticide to solitary nesting orchard bees, Osmia spp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).

Orchard bees of the genus Osmia Panzerare important pollinators of fruit trees in various regions of the world, with some species commercially available in the United States and Europe. In addition to their pollination services, Osmia lignaria, Osmia cornifrons, Osmia bicornis, and Osmia cornuta have been identified as potential model species for solitary bees in pesticide risk assessment and have been used for the development of new methods to test acute lethal effects via contact and oral routes of exposure. Our goal was to expand the available methodology to characterize the toxicity of pesticides for these solitary bees through a chronic oral test for adult bees. Chronic oral toxicity of pesticides to orchard bees has been reported, but methods differ among research groups. In our study, O. lignaria, O. cornifrons, O. bicornis, and O. cornuta female bees had access to sucrose solution ad libitum in separate, species-specific 10-day tests. Mean body mass, mean daily consumption, and survival differed among the studied bee species. The dose-response test design was validated with dimethoate, a reference toxic compound, and chronic toxicity endpoints were estimated for the 4 Osmia species. The median lethal daily doses normalized by weight for O. lignaria, O. bicornis, O. cornuta, and O. cornifrons were within the same order of magnitude at 0.23, 0.26, 0.49, and 0.61 µg dimethoate/g bee/day, respectively. The methodology described here was aligned as much as possible with the available honey bee and bumble bee standard methods to facilitate the comparison of chronic toxicity profiles among bee species.

Difference in sucrose concentration between scion and rootstock influences the incompatibility of cucumber/pumpkin grafted plants

Grafting is widely used in cucumbers to enhance their tolerance to environmental stress. Compatibility is a key factor for successful grafting, however, the physiological mechanisms that affect grafting compatibility are not clear. This study aimed to investigate the physiological mechanism underlying cucumber/pumpkin grafting compatibility. Two pumpkin cultivars with significant differences in compatibility, Figleaf gourd (compatible rootstock, Cf) and Dongyangshenli (incompatible rootstock, Cmo), were used as rootstocks. Three cucumber cultivars with different growth rates were used as scions, including cucumber ‘Shenluchunsi’ (strong growth, V1), ‘Cuilü’ (weak growth, V2), and ‘Liangyoulüjian 102’ (medium growth, V3). Six grafting combinations (V1/Cf, V2/Cf, V3/Cf, V1/Cmo, V2/Cmo, and V3/Cmo) were used to analyze the effect of scion and rootstock varieties, as well as the chemical composition of the exudate from the stem cutting surface, on the compatibility of grafted plants. Here, we found that rootstock was closely correlated with the compatibility of cucumber/pumpkin grafted plants. The sucrose content in the exudate of the stem, enzyme activity, and the expression of genes related to sucrose biosynthesis in Cmo were significantly higher than those in Cf. Correlation analysis showed that the sucrose content difference between the exudate of rootstock and scion stems was negatively correlated with graft compatibility. Exogenous treatment with a 0.5% sucrose solution on the scions significantly reduced the difference in sucrose content between rootstock and scion and enhanced graft survival rate in the incompatible combination. The stem segment grafting experiment in vitro found that the high difference in sucrose concentration between the rootstock and scion decreased the grafting compatibility of cucumber/pumpkin by reducing the adhesion of the cutting surface. Taken together, the higher sucrose concentration difference between rootstock and scion decreased the adhesion of the cutting surface, resulting in the incompatibility of cucumber/pumpkin grafted plants.

Production of microneedle patches coated with polyvinyl-alcohol/sucrose/gentamicin sulfate for skin treatment

In this study, resin-based microneedle (MN) patches were fabricated using a digital light processing (DLP) printer. The needles were coated with gentamicin sulfate (GEN)-loaded with 13.3 % PVA/25 % sucrose solution by immersion. The SEM results showed that the coating was homogeneous and uniformly conical. Analysing the in vitro release profiles of GEN, it was found that it was ultimately released within 312 h. The compression test results demonstrated that GEN addition increased the compression strength to the value of 2.17 ± 0.01 N/mm2.

Feeding Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid during Suckling and Weaning Contributes to Oral Tolerance Development by Beneficially Modulating the Intestinal Cytokine and Immunoglobulin Levels in an Allergy-Prone Brown Norway Rat Model

BackgroundSuckling and weaning arachidonic acid (ARA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation promoted oral tolerance (OT) development in pups, however, the effect of it on the intestine to promote OT development remains unknown. ObjectiveWe aimed to explore the impact of this supplementation on intestinal fatty acid composition, structure, and indicators that are supportive of OT development. MethodsAllergy-prone Brown Norway dams were randomly assigned to a control (0% ARA, 0% DHA) or ARA + DHA diet (0.45% ARA, 0.8% DHA) during suckling (0–3 wk). At weaning (3–8 wk), offspring were randomly assigned to a control (0% ARA, 0% DHA) or ARA + DHA diet (0.5% ARA, 0.5% DHA). At 3 wk, offspring in each group received an oral gavage of sucrose or ovalbumin (OVA) solution for five consecutive days. At 7 wk, all offspring received an intraperitoneal OVA injection. At 8 wk, offspring were terminated to evaluate jejunum morphology and measure mucosal food allergy-related secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and cytokines, ileum phospholipid and triglyceride fatty acid compositions, and fecal calprotectin. ResultsWeaning ARA + DHA resulted in a higher percentage of DHA in ileum phospholipids and triglycerides (both P < 0.001), without affecting the percentage of ARA. Despite no lasting effect of suckling ARA + DHA on the DHA content in ileum phospholipids, a programming effect was found on the allergy-related intestinal immune profile [higher concentrations of mucosal IL-2 (P = 0.049) and sIgA (P = 0.033)]. OVA treatment resulted in a lower concentration of mucosal IL-6 (P = 0.026) regardless of dietary interventions. Offspring fed ARA + DHA during suckling and/or weaning had a higher concentration of mucosal transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) after OVA treatment but this was not observed in offspring fed control diets during suckling and weaning (P = 0.04). ConclusionsEarly life dietary ARA + DHA supplementation to allergy-prone rats enhanced the DHA concentration in intestinal phospholipids (weaning period) and increased the mucosal sIgA, IL-2, and TGF-β levels (suckling and weaning period), indicating its ability to create a tolerogenic intestinal environment to support OT development.

Investigating intermittent immersion during osmotic dehydration of mango (Mangifera indica L. Moench). Part B mathematical modeling of D2I and D3I kinetics in mango (Mangifera indica L. Moench) slices

This work aims to investigate the dynamics of water loss (WL) and solute gain (SG) during dehydration impregnation by immersion (D2I) and intermittent immersion (D3I). WL and SG of mango slices, 4 × 1× 1 cm3 in size, during dehydration immersion impregnation (D2I) and dehydration impregnation by intermittent immersion (D3I) were determined at 35, 45 and 55 °C for 270 min. Mango slices were immersed in a hypertonic sucrose solution of (61.6 ± 0.2) °Brix at a ratio of 6 mL of hypertonic solution per gram of fruit. Five semi-empirical models, two of which have been modified, were used to study mass transfer during D2I and D3I, namely the Azura, Weibull, Crank, Modified Crank I, and Modified Crank II models. The equilibrium water loss (WL∞), the equilibrium solute gain (SG∞), the diffusion coefficient, and activation energy were determined using the Modified Crank II model which was the best of all the tested models. Equilibrium water loss during D2I decreased with increasing temperature, while during D3I it increased with temperature. The SG∞ during D2I and D3I increases with temperature but was higher in D2I than in D3I. The average water diffusion coefficients were (6.02 ± 2.62) × 10−8 m2 s−1 for D2I and (4.89 ± 0.55) × 10−8 m2 s−1 for D3I and the average solute diffusion coefficients were (4.45 ± 0.53) × 10−8 m2 s−1 for D2I and (8.33 ± 0.79) × 10−8 m2 s−1 for D3I. The activation energies for WL in D2I and D3I were respectively 38789 J mol−1 and 9503 J mol−1. The respective values for SG were 9037 J mol−1 and 7327 J mol−1. This work demonstrates that mass transfers in D3I are better than those in D2I, and it highlights that, unlike the D2I process, the D3I process is less sensitive to temperature variations, making it particularly advantageous for processing products with high nutritional value.

Optimal conditions for cryopreservation by vitrification of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) embryos

The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is one of the important freshwater aquaculture species in the world. However, due to limitations on introduction scale, high-density farming, inbreeding, and species hybridization, the germplasm resources of largemouth bass face threats such as degradation and susceptibility to diseases. Therefore, it is urgent to conduct research on the conservation of its original and good germplasm resources. We optimized the conditions of cryopreservation to vitrify and revive largemouth bass embryos, including the mixing ratio of cryoprotectants, embryo stage, equilibration step and temperature, and washing regent. The results showed that the least toxic single, binary, and ternary mixed permeating cryoprotectants were PG, PM (PG: MeOH = 2:1), and PMD (PM: DMSO = 3:1), respectively. The least toxic non-permeating cryoprotectant was 5 % glucose. The optimal vitrification solution selected was PMDG (30 % PMD + 5 % glucose) with an 80.67 % survival rate of embryos. Embryos at the heartbeat stage exhibited strong tolerance to the PMDG solution, which is the optimal embryo stage for cryopreservation. During the equilibration process, either the five-step equilibration method or pre-cooling the cryoprotectant to 4°C could reduce its toxicity. During the washing process, a 0.125 mol·L−1 sucrose solution yielded the best results. Based on the optimized conditions, 650 embryos at the heartbeat stage were subjected to cryopreservation by vitrification, resulting in a total of 350 intact transparent eggs, two of which hatched successfully. The results provide a reference for further improving the efficiency of cryopreservation by vitrification of largemouth bass and other fish species.

Investigating the modulatory effects of lactoferrin on depressed rats through 16S rDNA gene sequencing and LC-MS metabolomics analysis.

Lactoferrin is a natural multifunctional glycoprotein with potential antidepressant-like effects. However, the mechanism of its antidepressant effect has not been explored from the perspective of gut flora metabolism. Therefore, we employed both 16S rDNA gene sequencing and LC-MS metabolomics analysis to investigate the regulatory effects and mechanisms of lactoferrin in a rat model of depression. After one week of acclimatization, twenty-four 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally assigned into three groups: the control group, the model group, and the lactoferrin intervention group. The control group rats were housed under standard conditions, while the rats in the model and lactoferrin intervention groups were individually housed and exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress for 44days simultaneously. The lactoferrin intervention group was provided with water containing 2% lactoferrin (2g/100ml). Behavioural tests were conducted at week 7. Upon completion of the behavioral tests, the rats were anesthetized with isoflurane, humanely euthanized using a rat guillotine, and tissue samples were collected for further experiments. The results indicated that lactoferrin intervention led to an increase in sucrose solution consumption, horizontal movement distance, number of cross platforms, and residence time in the target quadrant. Additionally, it resulted in an increase in jejunal tight junction protein ZO-1 expression and a suppression of serum expression of inflammatory factors, Lipopolysaccharide and Diamine oxidase. In summary, lactoferrin can regulate the metabolic disorder of intestinal flora, reduce intestinal permeability, and further regulate the metabolic balance of hippocampal tissues through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This process ultimately alleviates the depression-like behavior in rats.

Induction of the Interdigitated Gel Phase of Hydrated Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Bilayers by the Artificial Sweetener Sucralose.

Recent research indicates that high doses of sucralose content can weaken the immune response in mice. To better understand the interaction between cell membranes and sucralose, we studied model biomembranes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers in a sucralose solution. Calorimetry measurements showed that the effect of sucralose on the phase behavior is biphasic. Pretransitions and main transitions are decreased at low sucralose concentrations, while the main transition is increased at high concentrations. Pretransitions cannot be detected above the concentration at which the direction of change in the main transition temperature reverses. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that sucralose at concentrations higher than 0.2 M induces the interdigitated gel (LβI) phase below the main transition temperature. Fluorescence Prodan measurements suggested that the sucralose solution is slightly more hydrophobic than the sucrose solution. This could be one reason why sucralose induces the LβI phase.

The effect of soursop as fermentable substrate in formulating flavoured water kefir beverage

Water kefir is a fermented sucrose solution from fruits or vegetable juices that produces acidic fermented beverages. This study aimed to explore the usage of soursop pulp as a fermentable substrate to formulate a non-dairy fermented beverage. In this study, fruit juice from soursop was fermented with water kefir grains for 48 hrs at 24°C. The first fermentation of sugary water with water kefir grains was carried out for four days and the second fermentation of the fermented water with soursop juice was carried out for two days at room temperature. The beverage formulations based on soursop concentrations were 25, 50, 75 and 100% (v/v). Results showed that the physicochemical analyses were in the range of (pH = 3.22 to 3.34, total soluble solid (TSS) = 4.59 to 10.42°Bx, and colour with lightness (L*) of 31.17 to 56.29, red and green intensity (a*) of -0.98 to -2.76 and yellow and blue intensity (b*) of -3.06 to 2.75). The alcohol content ranged from 0.43 to 0.62%. The total phenolic content decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) over time for each sample. Due to the process, it had heavily influenced the panellists during the sensory tests, in which favoured sample with 50% v/v soursop in the water kefir beverage. In conclusion, the utilization of soursop juice in the production of water kefir beverages can be introduced as a newly flavoured fermented drink using water kefir grains.

Boosting Fructosyl Transferase's Thermostability and Catalytic Performance for Highly Efficient Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) Production.

Achieving enzymatic food processing at high substrate concentrations can significantly enhance production efficiency; however, related studies are notably insufficient. This study focused on the enzymatic synthesis of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) at high temperature and high substrate concentration. Results revealed that increased viscosity and limited substrate solubility in high-concentration systems could be alleviated by raising the reaction temperature, provided it aligned with the enzyme's thermostability. Further analysis of enzyme thermostability in real sucrose solutions demonstrates that the enzyme's thermostability was remarkedly improved at higher sucrose concentrations, evidenced by a 10.3 °C increase in melting temperature (Tm) in an 800 g/L sucrose solution. Building upon these findings, we developed a novel method for enzymatic FOS synthesis at elevated temperatures and high sucrose concentrations. Compared to existing commercial methods, the initial transglycosylation rate and volumetric productivity for FOS synthesis increased by 155.9% and 113.5%, respectively, at 65 °C in an 800 g/L sucrose solution. This study underscores the pivotal role of substrate concentration, incubation temperature, and the enzyme's actual status in advancing enzyme-catalyzed processes and demonstrates the potential of enzymatic applications in enhancing food processing technologies, providing innovative strategies for the food industry.