Sorbitol Solution Research Articles

Относительное содержание воды и выход электролитов в листьях косточковых культур после воздействия осмотического стресса

Absract. One of the modern tasks of breeding today is the search for promising vrieties of fruit crops characterized by high adaptation and production potential. Studies of perennial woody plants are complicated by a long life cycle of tree and labor intensity of setting up model experiments. This work presents the results of assessing the physiological state of cherry (Hodosa, Krasnodarskaya sladkaya, Tamaris, Timati) and plum (Milena, Podruga, Jo-jo) vaireties under controlled conditions of osmotic stress simulating artificial drought. A 15 % solution of sorbitol and a 5 % solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used as osmotically active compounds. In the selected leaf samples, under and without stress conditions, the relative water content (RWC) and the level of electrolyte leakage (EL) were determined during the summer period of 2023-2024 in the hottest summer months – July and August. It was found that the most optimal variant of the model experiment was short-term using of PEG. Plum varieties were more susceptible to this stress factor, with maximum EL values about ~65 %. For cherry, the EL values did not exceed 44 %. The RWC values decreased on average after stress by 8–25 % for cherry plants and by 3–23 % for plums. During the two years of the study, plum varieties Podruga and Milena had a lower adaptive potential to osmotic stress, which physiological parameters changing by 1.3–5.3 times. Cherry varieties were characterized by a smaller difference between the control and stress variants, among them, the Krasnodarskaya sladkaya variety was more resistant, with the maximum variability of parameters not exceeding 2.5 times. Thus, the use of the experimental model makes it possible to quickly assess fruit varieties for drought resistance. Key words: cherry, plum, osmotic stress, relative water content, electrolyte leakage.

Comparison of Various Methods and Detectors to Determine Isotherms Using Self‐Packed Columns

AbstractThe study aims to determine adsorption isotherms through dynamic methods, including elution by characteristic point (ECP) and frontal analysis (FA), using a model system of beta zeolite and an aqueous sorbitol solution. The investigation specifically focuses on self‐packed fixed‐bed columns with a low number of theoretical plates Nt. It details the packing method optimization for these columns and identifies key challenges. Ultraviolet‐visible (UV/Vis) and refractive index (RI) detectors, including parameters such as rise time trise and wavelength λ, are thoroughly compared in this study. Various models are assessed for their appropriateness in predicting the isotherms. The study's practical implications have the potential to enhance research and industrial applications in the field of adsorption, particularly with regard to the optimization of adsorbent materials and detection methods.

Minimizing the risk of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol poisoning in medications: A regulatory and pharmacopoeial response

Pharmaceutical and personal care products, including syrups and toothpastes, extensively use glycerin, sorbitol, and propylene glycol. However, past incidents of ethylene glycol (EG) and diethylene glycol (DEG) contamination in these products have raised serious health concerns. Recently, several child deaths linked to contaminated cough syrup consumption have heightened concerns regarding the safety of Indian pharmaceuticals. In response, Indian drug regulatory authorities and the Indian Pharmacopoeia have implemented several measures to enhance the quality, safety, and efficacy of pharmaceuticals manufactured in India. These measures encompass risk-based inspections of manufacturing facilities, rigorous quality control checks of medicinal products intended for export, and increased transparency in the supply chain of excipients prone to EG and DEG contamination. Further, the Indian Pharmacopoeia has updated monographs for five high-risk excipients: glycerin, propylene glycol, sorbitol solution (70%, both crystallizing and non-crystallizing), and liquid maltitol. These efforts are consistent with global regulatory standards and aim to ensure the overall quality and safety of pharmaceuticals produced in India.

Clinical Evaluation of the Effect of Nanohydroxyapatite Lozenge on the pH of Dental Plaque.

This study investigated the influence of nanohydroxyapatite-containing (nanoHAP) lozenge on plaque pH following sucrose intake. Sixteen adult subjects were enrolled in this double-blind crossover study composed of four interventions: (1) 10% w/v sucrose solution, (2) 10% w/v sorbitol solution, (3) nanoHAP lozenge, and (4) 10% w/v sucrose solution challenge followed by nanoHAP lozenge. Following the determination of each subject's resting plaque pH, the pH was measured at different time intervals from 3 to 30 minutes from the start of intervention, with 7 days interval between the applications of different interventions. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α < 0.05). While sorbitol produces no change in plaque pH, nanoHAP-lozenge increased the plaque pH from a baseline of 7.0 ± 0.3 (mean ± sd) to 7.8 ± 0.2 (mean ± sd) within 30 minutes. Sucrose lowered the plaque pH from a baseline of 7.0 ± 0.4 (mean ± sd) to the lowest minimum of 5.1 ± 0.1 (mean ± sd) at the 7th minute, rising above the critical pH of enamel dissolution (5.5) at 12th minute and the baseline pH in more than 30 minutes. With lozenge intervention following sucrose challenge, plaque pH rose to 5.5 in 8 min, and to the baseline pH in 24 min. The cH area (Hydrogen ion concentration area) produced by sucrose (1.82 sq. units) was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than that produced when sucrose was challenged with lozenge (0.48 sq. units). Nanohydroxyapatite-containing lozenge increased plaque pH, reduced plaque pH drop in the presence of sucrose, and facilitated the rapid recovery of plaque pH after sucrose intake.

Processable, reversible, and reusable 100 % bio-based pressure sensitive adhesives using nanostarch

We developed a 100 % bio-based pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) possessing strong adhesion, as well as reusability, recyclability, and on-demand removability. The adhesive formulation is based on a colloidal mixture of starch (specifically amylopectin) nanoparticles and cellulose nanofibrils, combined with an aqueous solution of sorbitol and glycerol. Optimization of water supply and substitution of water with hygroscopic glycerol were implemented to address the challenges caused by the use of high water contents in hydrogels. By leveraging physical crosslinking through hydrogen bonding, we achieved high adhesion strength, reversibility, and reusability with 100 % bio-based materials. The optimal formulation demonstrates excellent rheological and adhesion properties, which are comparable to petrochemical-based adhesives in terms of tack, peel strength, and shear strength. While there are areas for further optimization, this work provides a foundational step towards a more sustainable adhesive industry.

A study of enhancing the solubility of streptomycin sulphate in sorbitol using volumetric, acoustic and viscometric properties

The various molecular interactions present between streptomycin sulphate and sorbitol were evaluated using density (ρ), speed of sound (u) and viscosity (η) studies. All these studies have been obtained at different temperatures (300.15, 305.15, 310.15 ad 315.15) K and at 0.1 MPa pressure. The values obtained from these studies have been utilized to calculate the various thermodynamic parameters such as apparent molar volume (ΦV), apparent molar isentropic compression (ΦK), partial molar volume (ΦVo), partial molar isentropic compression (ΦKo), partial molar expansibility (ΦEo) of solute for SMS in various solutions of sorbitol. The data obtained from viscosity studies have been utilized to determine Falkenhagen coefficient (A), Jones- Dole coefficient (B), dB/dT and viscosity B-coefficient of transfer (Btr). A complete discernment into the physicochemical interactions present in the studied system have been redeemed through the scrutiny of above calculated parameters.

Controlled Atmosphere Storage and Sorbitol Dipping Minimize Chilling Injuries in ‘Palmer’ Mangoes

Our previous studies have shown that ‘Palmer’ mangoes immersed in solutions containing 2.5% sorbitol and stored under a controlled atmosphere (CA) at 8 °C for 30 days had fewer symptoms of a chilling injury. However, there is no information regarding the effectiveness of sorbitol treatment in other atmospheres and/or in combination with lower temperatures. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of dipping ‘Palmer’ mangoes in 0.1% and 2.5% (w/v) sorbitol solutions and storing the fruit under a CA without atmosphere modification (21 kPa O2 + 0.03 kPa CO2) at 8 °C/95% relative humidity (RH) or with 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2 at 4 °C/95% RH for 28 days. The fruits were evaluated periodically for chilling injuries, quality, and oxidative metabolism. A chilling injury (CI) was correlated with increased fresh weight loss (FWL) and changes in the color of the epicarp (Lpeel, h°peel, and Cpeel) and mesocarp (L*pulp). Lipid peroxidation (LPpulp and LPpeel) and the hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2peel and H2O2pulp) were associated with the development of a CI, particularly after being transferred to ambient. The treatment with 2.5% sorbitol was more effective in minimizing the chilling injury symptoms and did not compromise the fruit quality, especially when it was stored at 4 °C in association with a CA containing 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2. This treatment reduced lipid peroxidation and increased the activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes in the epicarp and mesocarp, providing greater cold tolerance. The use of 2.5% sorbitol has been identified as the most efficacious approach for mitigating the adverse impacts of chilling injuries, preserving the fruit quality, and enhancing oxidative metabolism, even at lower temperatures. Thus, this treatment represents a viable alternative for managing chilling injuries in mangoes.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Sorbitol dan Variasi Tingkat Penyangraian Terhadak Karakteristik Fisikokimia dan Organoleptik Kopi Robusta Cililin

Cililin is one of the robusta coffee producing regions in Indonesia, but there are still many people who do not know robusta coffee from Cililin, so an effort is needed to improve its quality. Coffee that goes through heating stages such as drying or roasting will cause several other chemical ingredients to change. Coffee processing can affect the characteristics and taste of the coffee produced. Soaking with sorbitol solution can retain moisture (humectant) in food and in processing that undergoes high temperature treatment so that it will not cause browning reactions One of the stages carried out in coffee processing using high temperatures is the roasting process. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the effect of the difference in sorbitol concentration with roasting level on the characteristics of the Cililin robusta coffee products produced. This study consisted of two factors, namely sorbitol concentration (a1=10%, a2=15%, a3=20%) and roasting rate (b1 = Light Roast, b2 = Medium Roast, b3 = Dark Roast). Data processing using Two Way Anova on SPSS application version 26.0. The results showed that concentration had an effect on water content, color test and organoleptic response in color, aroma, and texture attributes, but did not affect the characteristics of caffeine levels, and pH. Roasting rate affects coffee characteristics, namely moisture content, caffeine content, pH, color test, and organoleptic response in color, aroma, and texture attributes. The interaction between sorbitol concentration and roasting rate affects the characteristics of robusta cililin coffee, namely moisture content and color test. However, it has no effect on the characteristics of caffeine levels, and pH. Keywords: Cililin Robusta Coffee, Sorbitol, Roasting Level

ДИНАМИКА НАКОПЛЕНИЯ САХАРОВ И ФЛАВОНОИДОВ В ЛИСТЬЯХ ГРУШИ ПРИ МОДЕЛИРОВАННОМ ОСМОТИЧЕСКОМ СТРЕССЕ

The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative assessment of three pear varieties in terms of the content of soluble sugars and flavonoids under simulated osmotic stress. The objects of the study are three varieties of pear Pyrus communis L.: two varieties Williams and Conference of European origin and one domestic variety Flamenco selected by the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture, and Winemaking. Drought was simulated in two ways. In the first case, the leaves were cut into leaf disks with a diameter of 1 cm, then immersed in a 20 % solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) for 2 hours at room temperature. Control is buffer solution not containing polyethylene glycol. The second method is to place pear shoots in a solution of 15 % sorbitol for a day at room temperature, where water was the control. Exposure to 15 % sorbitol caused more intense synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites compared to 20 % PEG solution. In July, an increase in the accumulation of sugars compared to the control was noted in the Conference variety (25.6 mg glucose equivalent/g fresh weight), in August this figure sharply increased in the Flamenco and Williams varieties to 24.3 and 25.7 mg equivalent. glucose/g wet weight, respectively. A significant increase in flavonoid content in response to sorbitol stress was detected in August for the Flamenco and Conference varieties, in which the average values changed from 2.1 and 2.5 to 3.6 and 4.2 mg/g fresh weight, respectively. Treatment of leaf disks with PEG did not initiate an increase in the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites. A more effective way to create osmotic stress in the tissues of pear leaves was treatment with a sorbitol solution.

Formulation and Evaluation of Extended Release Oral Suspension of Metformin Hydrochloride

The research scheme of formulation and evaluation of extended-release oral suspension of metformin hydrochloride with the objective to develop a stable, redispersible oral liquid suspension based on extended-release pellets to facilitate swallowing in patients with diabetes. Pellets were prepared by using Bed Coating During Sliding method with the Metformin hydrochloride used as antidiabetic drug and various polymers. Extended release was affected by the ethylcellulose coating of drug formulation used as coating agent, MCC, Lactose, PVP K-30 Prepared metformin hydrochloride pellets putted in to prepared sugar free syrup vehicle using polymers like Xanthan Gum as a suspending agent for uniform drug distribution, Sorbitol solution, Aspartame are artificial sweeteners, Sodium Citrate, Potassium sorbate, Methyl paraben. The formulation was optimized based on Design expert software and Central Composite Design was used for study. Drug and polymers were studied for compatibility and interaction study, carried out by FTIR and DSC and found to be compatible to each other. The Redispersibility, Sedimentation volume, Sedimentation rate, Rheological Study, Viscosity, Specific gravity, Particle Size, dissolution study and %Drug content of formulated batches was evaluated. All the results were within the acceptable pharmacopeial limits and were evaluated statistically by using one way ANOVA test for quadratic model. From the result, MET6 batch was observed optimized formulation because up to 8 hrs 85.25% drug was released. kinetic studies of the drug release for optimized formulation follows zero order kinetics.

Synthesis and Characterization of Sorbitol Membraneless Alkaline Fuel Cell Catalysts for Cathode and Anode, Utilizing AgV2O5/C, AgMnO2/C, and PdCeO2/C Catalysts

This study aimed to develop sorbitol fuel cell catalysts for cathode and anode fuels by synthesizing AgV2O5/C, AgMnO2/C, and PdCeO2/C catalysts. The physical characteristics of the catalysts were analyzed using SEM and EDS. The results showed that the prepared catalysts were small, lumpy, and densely clustered on the carbon surface with small particles. The electrochemical characteristics of the oxidation of alkaline fuels using sorbitol as fuel were investigated by assessing sorbitol concentration ratios of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 per 0.1 M alkaline KOH solution through cyclic voltammetry. The PdCeO2/C catalyst at a concentration of 0.1 M sorbitol solution exhibits the highest potential difference at the potential range of -0.5 to 0.5 V, resulting in a maximum current density of 0.2 mA/cm2. The AgV2O5/C and AgMnO2/C catalysts were tested in the reduction reaction, and the concentration ratios of sorbitol solution per 0.1 M alkaline KOH solution varied from 0.1 to 0.5 M. The results demonstrated a decrease in activity in the catalyst reduction reaction as the sorbitol solution concentration increased, indicating a potential correlation with enhanced oxidation resistance. HIGHLIGHTS In order to achieve the highest efficiency and suitability in an electric cell, it is essential for the AgV2O5/C and AgMnO2/C catalysts to possess excellent resistance to cathode oxidation The AgV2O5/C and AgMnO2/C catalysts function as cathode-side catalysts involved in reduction reactions. Consequently, it is imperative for these catalysts to exhibit exceptional resistance to oxidation at the cathode At a concentration of 0.1 M KOH solution, the PdCeO2/C catalyst exhibited a maximum oxidation current density of 0.2 mA/cm² GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Secagem por microondas a vácuo de Yacon pré-tratado por desidratação osmótica pulsada como alternativa de preservação de fruto-oligosacarídeos

ABSTRACT Yacon, a perennial plant from the Andean region, is particularly rich in fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin. However, these saccharides are rapidly hydrolyzed after harvest, affecting the functional characteristics of yacon. Therefore, a preservation technology such as drying is warranted to preserve the FOS content of yacon products during the off-season. To this end, we dried yacon slices, either untreated or pretreated with pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration (PVOD), in a microwave vacuum (MWV). PVOD was performed using a sorbitol solution (38 °Brix, 35 °C, and 681 mmHg during the first 10 min). A three-level experimental design with three initial power densities (PDs) of 3.6, 6.3, and 9.9 W.g−1 and three vacuum pressures (VPs) of 0, 300, and 600 mmHg was employed to perform the MWV drying experiments. FOS content, drying kinetics, diffusivity, shrinkage, yacon temperature, and rehydration were investigated. We observed that during PVOD, as microwave PD increased, the drying time, moisture, and water activity decreased. Moreover, an increase in PD positively affected FOS retention, diffusivity, temperature, and shrinkage. Furthermore, VP significantly affected FOS retention in pretreated samples and facilitated drying. In addition, microwaves with a higher PD increased the effective diffusivity and facilitated FOS retention. VP also affected the drying and FOS retention of pretreated samples. In general, yacon browning was observed under all treatment conditions, independent of pretreatment. For osmotically dehydrated samples, processing conditions with a PD of 9.9 W.g−1 and vacuum pressure of 600 mmHg are ideal for drying yacon slices via microwave vacuum, thereby increasing the FOS content by approximately 40%.

Approach to assessing the drought resistance of grapes on model intact leaves

On the one hand, water scarcity poses challenges to the growth, development, longevity and resistance of grapes to diseases and low temperatures, on the other hand, however, it is necessary to obtain a high-quality harvest. Under the conditions of increasing continentality of the climate, it is of great importance to breed the cultivars characterised by effective fruiting without damaging the grape plant under drought conditions. Identifying characteristics of drought resistance in grapes is a challenging task, given the size of the plants, the extended development period, the absence of a specific criterion for drought resistance and the labour-intensive and time-consuming nature of the exploratory analysis. This study proposes the use of intact leaves from a specific grape variety placed in controlled environmental conditions as a model system. The paper assesses the applicability of intact grape leaves as a reliable model for evaluating drought resistance in the cultivar. It compares variations in physiological parameters—electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll stability index, and malonyldialdehyde content—observed in intact leaves under the influence of sorbitol and in leaf discs under the influence of polyethylene glycol with different concentrations and exposure times. The variations of physiological parameters in grape leaves subjected to controlled soil drought were used as a reference standard. In two independent experiments in 2022-2023, exposure to simulated intense soil drought for three weeks revealed cultivar differences in the ratio of electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll stability index in the test and control cultivars. Similar results were obtained in an experiment on intact grape leaves placed in a 10 % sorbitol solution for 3 hours. It was established that the cultivars ‘Morozko’, ‘Kutuzovsky’ and ‘Dostoiny’ exhibit higher drought resistance compared to the V. vinifera varieties ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Barkhatny’. This approach can be used as a preliminary method for determining the drought resistance of grape cultivars, independently or in combination with fi eld studies.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Chewable Gels Containing Jatuphalathika Extract

Jatuphalathika (JP) is composed of the fruits of four herbal plants, Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia bellirica Roxb., Terminalia arjuna Wight and Arn., and Phyllanthus emblica L. JP formula is traditionally used for fever, as a carminative, for detoxification, and as an anti-hyperlipidaemic. However, consumption of JP is restricted due to its unpleasant flavours, which include sour, bitter, and astringent notes. The purpose of the current study was to formulate chewable gels with JP extract and evaluate their stability. Different types and concentrations of gelling agents and flavouring agents were used in the formulation. The finished products without or with a package (foil-wrapped or vacuum-sealed) were stored at room temperature (30 ± 2°C), in a refrigerator (2–8 °C) for 1 month, and under thermal cycling between 2–8 °C for 48 h and 45 °C for 48 h for 4 cycles. Stability testing of the chewable gels was carried out. Among six formulations, JP chewable gel containing gelatin, stevioside syrup, sorbitol solution, and paraben concentrate without (F5) or with menthol (F6) gave the best results. Both formulations maintained the same texture when stored in vacuum-sealed packaging: F5 at room temperature or in the refrigerator, and F6 at room temperature. Under these storage conditions, they were physically, chemically, and microbiologically stable with acceptable taste and scent. It may be concluded that chewable gels F5 and F6 are easy-to-use formulations which could improve patient or customer compliance when using JP. Keywords: Gallic acid, Gelatin, Obesity, Phytoconstituents, Stability, Stevia

EWOD Chip with Micro-Barrier Electrode for Simultaneous Enhanced Mixing during Transportation.

Digital microfluidic platforms have been extensively studied in biology. However, achieving efficient mixing of macromolecules in microscale, low Reynolds number fluids remains a major challenge. To address this challenge, this study presents a novel design solution based on dielectric electro-wetting (EWOD) by optimizing the geometry of the transport electrode. The new design integrates micro-barriers on the electrodes to generate vortex currents that promote mixing during droplet transport. This design solution requires only two activation signals, minimizing the number of pins required. The mixing performance of the new design was evaluated by analyzing the degree of mixing inside the droplet and quantifying the motion of the internal particles. In addition, the rapid mixing capability of the new platform was demonstrated by successfully mixing the sorbitol solution with the detection solution and detecting the resulting reaction products. The experimental results show that the transfer electrode with a micro-barrier enables rapid mixing of liquids with a six-fold increase in mixing efficiency, making it ideal for the development of EWOD devices.

Pharmacokinetic Study of 14C-Radiolabeled p-Boronophenylalanine (BPA) in Sorbitol Solution and the Treatment Outcome of BPA-Based Boron Neutron Capture Therapy on a Tumor-Bearing Mouse Model.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary cancer treatment that combines boron administration and neutron irradiation. The tumor cells take up the boron compound and the subsequent neutron irradiation results in a nuclear fission reaction caused by the neutron capture reaction of the boron nuclei. This produces highly cytocidal heavy particles, leading to the destruction of tumor cells. p-boronophenylalanine (BPA) is widely used in BNCT but is insoluble in water and requires reducing sugar or sugar alcohol as a dissolvent to create an aqueous solution for administration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of 14C-radiolabeled BPA using sorbitol as a dissolvent, which has not been reported before, and confirm whether neutron irradiation with a sorbitol solution of BPA can produce an antitumor effect of BNCT. In this study, we evaluated the sugar alcohol, sorbitol, as a novel dissolution aid and examined the consequent stability of the BPA for long-term storage. U-87 MG and SAS tumor cell lines were used for invitro and invivo experiments. We examined the pharmacokinetics of 14C-radiolabeled BPA in sorbitol solution, administered either intravenously or subcutaneously to a mouse tumor model. Neutron irradiation was performed in conjunction with the administration of BPA in sorbitol solution using the same tumor cell lines both invitro and invivo. We found that BPA in sorbitol solution maintains stability for longer than in fructose solution, and can therefore be stored for a longer period. Pharmacokinetic studies with 14C-radiolabeled BPA confirmed that the sorbitol solution of BPA distributed through tumors in much the same way as BPA in fructose. Neutron irradiation was found to produce dose-dependent antitumor effects, both invitro and invivo, after the administration of BPA in sorbitol solution. In this report, we demonstrate the efficacy of BPA in sorbitol solution as the boron source in BNCT.

The Effect of Exposure to Dried Fruits on the Surface Micro-Hardness of Dental Enamel

Background: This study investigated the effect of exposure of enamel surfaces to dried fruit suspension including dates, raisins, and dried apricot on their micro-hardness changes.&#x0D; Methods: In this in vitro study, fifty enamel sections of bovine incisor teeth were mounted inside the acrylic resin so that the enamel surface would not be exposed to the acrylic. After surface polishing, the initial micro-hardness was measured by a Vickers hardness-testing machine. The samples were randomly placed into five different solutions including apricot, raisin and date suspension, citric acid (positive control) or sorbitol (negative control), 5 times a day, each time for 5 minutes, and then in artificial saliva for 60 minutes. This process was repeated for 20 days. Eventually, the final micro-hardness of the samples was measured. Micro-hardness changes between groups were compared through ANOVA and TUKEY test using SPSS 23 software with a significance level of P&lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results: After exposure, the micro-hardness of the teeth was significantly reduced in all three suspensions prepared from dried fruit (P&lt;0.05). Apricot and date had the highest and lowest effects on reducing the micro-hardness of teeth, respectively. Sorbitol solution did not have a significant effect on changing the micro-hardness of teeth (P=0.13).&#x0D; Conclusion: The suspension of studied fruits (apricot, raisin, date) causes a significant reduction in micro-hardness of the dental enamel surface, indicating the negative effect of frequent consumption of dried fruits over long periods of time on dental health.

Physicochemical and Sensory Attributes of Robusta Coffee as Influenced by Sorbitol Concentration and Roasting Time

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Many studies have reported several methods to improve the quality of Robusta coffee such as fermentation, but it takes a relatively long time. In this study, a new processing method for Robusta coffee quality enhancement was investigated. Robusta coffee cherry was immersed using sorbitol solution under different concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%), then the green bean coffee was roasted with several roasting duration (1, 3, and 5 minutes after coffee beans cracking) to determine the characteristic of coffee produced. Characteristics examined were chemical responses consisted of water content, pH, caffeine content, and anti- oxidant activity (IC50); physical responses consisted of L* color attribute; and organoleptic responses consisted of color, aroma, taste, and aftertaste. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to examine the qualitative correlations between dependent variables. The results demonstrated that the concentration of sorbitol of 10% to 20% altered the organoleptic reaction but not the physical and chemical responses. The roasting time impacted the coffee’s water content, pH, antioxidant activity (IC50), color, flavor, and aftertaste, but not its caffeine content and aroma. The interaction between sorbitol concentration and roasting time influences the color, flavor, and aftertaste characteristics of coffee. This finding led to an improvement in the quality of Robusta coffee. Furthermore, PCA showed that IC50 value was positively correlated with pH value and was conversely correlated with water content and L*, and slightly correlated with caffeine. Sensory attributes had no correlation with variables of IC50, caffeine and pH, and L*.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

EFFECT OF MOLECULAR ENVIRONMENT ON PROTEIN RUBBER PROPERTIES

ABSTRACTMany natural organisms use “protein rubbers” to store and release an imposed strain energy with high efficiency to make motion easier. Protein rubbers exist in a complicated environment surrounded by water and other molecules such as sugars, implying that amino acid composition and its environment are important in protein rubber behavior. Gelatin, the hydrolysis product of animal collagen, is hydrated or “plasticized” with water, ethylene glycol, glycerol, corn syrup, and aqueous solutions of sorbitol, glucose, and fructose. The rubber formed is “dry”, that is, is not fully immersed in liquid, and has the appearance and feel of a soft rubber band. The mechanical and thermodynamic behavior of each rubber is characterized with low strain dynamic and high strain tensile experiments with good agreement between the two. Plasticized gelatin rubbers are incompressible and follow the neo-Hookean model for rubber elasticity up to moderate extension ratios. Higher molecular weight polyols with more hydrogen bond donors and acceptors create gelatin networks with lower crosslink density. Ethylene glycol–, glycerol-, sorbitol syrup–, and fructose syrup–plasticized gelatin rubbers have similar molecular relaxation mechanisms and are the most efficient rubbers when probed in the rubbery plateau region prior to approaching the glass transition. The other plasticizers have different molecular relaxation mechanisms that detract from the efficiency of energy storage and return that is not related to network formation but perhaps the individual solvation ability of each plasticizer.

Application of Calcium Alginate Hydrogels in Semisolid Extrusion 3D Printed for the Production of Easy‐to‐Swallow Tablets

To maximize the potential of 3D printing, several technological issues must be overcome, especially in the case of semisolid extrusion (SSE), where the 3D model is built up through the well‐defined extrusion of polymeric ink. Focusing on natural polymers, their physicochemical properties should be deeply investigated to evaluate 3D printability. This study aims to produce tablets easy to swallow, exploiting as 3D printing ink a crosslinked alginate hydrogel added of sorbitol, speculating that the plasticising action of sorbitol should allow to improve tablets’ swallowability. Three different amounts of 70% sorbitol solution (5%, 15%, 25% v/v) are evaluated to identify the best composition in terms of both printing and technological properties. The data obtained from the chemical, rheological, and mechanical evaluation of each ink are related to the printing performance, to reach the best manufacturing reproducibility. Linear regression fitting study (r 2 = 0.9982) confirms the predictable relationship between residual mass of final platforms and sorbitol amount loaded. To characterize the final products, all dried batches are subjected to technological evaluation highlighting differences in the matrix softability as well as in the swelling/erosion properties after the interaction with biological fluids.