Indole In Solution Research Articles

A novel bio-photocatalytic system for efficient degradation of indole by Bi2WO6-Ni-DA@HRP photoperoxidase microspheres

The photoperoxidase microspheres Bi2WO6-Ni-DA@HRP were prepared by covalent binding under the action of electrostatic adsorption for the first time. It was achieved that horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized on the Bi2WO6via the self-polymerization of dopamine (DA). In this bio-photocatalytic system, the free radicals produced in situ on the surface of Bi2WO6 can activate HRP and induce the photo-enzyme synergistic catalysis function. The interfacial binding force between HRP and the photocatalyst significantly enhanced the electron conduction effect, which improved the separation efficiency and mobility of photogenerated electron-holes, and thus the catalytic effect was improved successfully. Compared with Bi2WO6 and free HRP, Bi2WO6-Ni-DA@HRP under no-added H2O2 have exhibited excellent catalytic activity for indole. The degradation efficiency reached 99.9 % for 20 mg·L−1 indole solution treated with Bi2WO6-Ni-DA@HRP for 210 min under visible light initiation. The free radical trapping experiment showed that holes (h+) and ·OH were the main active substances in the catalytic process. The photoperoxidase catalyst constructed in this study proposed a novel practical approach for the degradation of indole in water and significantly improved the application of HRP in water treatment.

Design and fabrication of a new sol-gel based sensor for the visual detection of oxalate and investigation of the effect of boiling on the oxalate content of some foods

Sol–gel chemistry is a unique method for constructing high-performance flexible sensors. Sol-gel silica matrices doped with a controlled amount of sensing agent (dopant) lead to the fabrication of suitable sensors. According to this knowledge, we decided to describe the development and performance characteristics of the sol-gel glasses with a nanoporous structure as the novel naked eye sensor for fast detection of oxalate based on the incorporation of indole inside pores of the silica matrix obtained by sol–gel technology. Several sols were made with different water: alkoxide ratios and pHs to design a highly sensitive and selective thin film without dopant leaching. The Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) technique was employed to evaluate the surface morphology and porosity growth. Also, the sol–gel films were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The optimum performance in terms of sensitivity, leaching, and response time was achieved using water: alkoxide ratio of 4:1, water acidity (HCl concentration) of 0.01 M, and ethanolic solution of Indole 0.01 mol L-1. The calibration plot was obtained within 0.01–6.00 μg mL−1 of oxalate with a detection limit value of 0.005 μg mL−1. Meanwhile, the prepared sensor exhibited excellent and acceptable RSDs for both inter-day and intra-day precision. The present sensor was used to measure oxalate in various samples and investigate the effects of the celeryʼs cooking time and the brewing duration of tea on oxalate content.

Preparation and application of Ag-CuFe2O4 semiconductors rich in oxygen vacancies

Ag metal particles were introduced into spinel CuFe2O4, while propanetriol solution was used to increase the oxygen vacancies (OVs) concentration of the material. 1% Ag-CuFe2O4, 3% Ag-CuFe2O4, and 1% Ag-CuFe2O4-OVs were prepared by gel-sol method. These materials were characterized and tested, and the results showed that Ag particles were successfully introduced into CuFe2O4, and the oxygen vacancy concentration was significantly enhanced. Among them, 3% Ag-CuFe2O4 and 1% Ag-CuFe2O4-OVs achieved the best results in all aspects of the performance tests. The degradation rates of 91.81% and 99.31% were achieved after 180 min in 30 mg/L indole solution at pH 7.0 using 30 mg of catalyst. The effects of catalyst dosage and initial concentration of the solution on the catalytic effect were investigated by selecting a 1% Ag-CuFe2O4-OVs catalyst. Among them, the highest degradation efficiency was achieved at a catalyst dosage of 40 mg, but the degradation efficiency gradually weakened with the increase in catalyst dosage. The catalytic effect decreased to 89.13% after 5 cycles of experiments using a 30 mg catalyst, which proved that the catalyst had good reusability.

Unveiling the Excited State Dynamics of Indole in Solution.

In this paper, we reconstruct in detail the dynamics of the emitting electronic excited state of aqueous indole, investigating its relaxation mechanism and kinetics to be related to the time-dependent fluorescence signal. Taking advantage of the results shown in a very recent paper, we were able to model the relaxation process in solution in terms of the transitions between two gas-phase singlet electronic states (1La and 1Lb), subsequently irreversibly relaxing to the gas-phase singlet dark state (1πσ*). A comparison of the results with the available experimental data shows that the relaxation mechanism we obtain by our theoretical-computational model is reliable, reproducing rather accurately all the experimental observables.

Green One-Pot Syntheses of 2-Sulfoximidoyl-3,6-dibromo Indoles Using N-Br Sulfoximines as Both Brominating and Sulfoximinating Reagents.

A green one-pot 2,3,6-trifunctionalization of N-alkyl/aryl indoles was achieved by adding three equivalents of N-Br sulfoximine to the indole solution. A variety of 2-sulfoximidoyl-3,6-dibromo indoles were prepared with 38-94% yields using N-Br sulfoximines as both brominating and sulfoximinating reagents. Based on the results of controlled experiments, we propose that a radical substitution involving 3,6-dibromination and 2-sulfoximination occurs in the reaction process. This is first time that 2,3,6-trifunctionalization of indole in one pot has been achieved.

Dip-and-Read, Organic Solvent-Compatible, Paper-Based Analytical Devices Equipped with Chromatographic Separation for Indole Analysis in Shrimp.

We developed an organic solvent-compatible paper-based analytical device (PAD) for the quantitative analysis of indole, which is an indicator of shrimp freshness. Although indole is insoluble in water, ethyl acetate is a suitable solvent to dissolve and extract indole from shrimp. The PADs are fabricated using a cutting method that allows the use of an organic solvent because no hydrophobic barrier is needed to form fluidic channels. Ehrlich's reagent consists of 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and was deposited onto the reaction zone of the PAD followed by lamination to prevent evaporation of the ethyl acetate. Samples are introduced into the PAD via immersion in organic sample solutions. When the PAD is immersed into an indole solution of ethyl acetate in a closed bottle, the sample solution penetrates the channel of the PAD and successively flows into the detection zone to form a hydrophilic colored product. The PADs provide a linear relationship between the logarithm of the indole concentration and the color intensity within a range of 1.0-20 ppm with correlation coefficients of r2 > 0.99. The limits of detection and quantification are 0.36 and 0.71 ppm, respectively. Relative standard deviations for both the intraday (n = 2) and interday (n = 3) precision were less than 2.5%. In the indole analysis of shrimp, the PADs separated the interfering orange-colored astaxanthin in the extract from the colored product of indole via the paper chromatographic principle. We used the PADs to investigate the degradation of shrimp, and the results showed a rapid increase in the indole level after 7 days. High-performance liquid chromatography verified the accuracy of the PADs by showing good agreement with the obtained indole levels.

Detection of Bacterial Metabolic Volatile Indole Using a Graphene-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor.

The existence of bacteria is a great threat to food safety. Volatile compounds secreted by bacteria during their metabolic process can be dissected to evaluate bacterial contamination. Indole, as a major volatile molecule released by Escherichia coli (E. coli), was chosen to examine the presence of E. coli in this research. In this work, a graphene field-effect transistor (G-FET) was employed to detect the volatile molecule-indole based on a π-π stacking interaction between the indole and the graphene. The exposure of G-FET devices to the indole provokes a change in electrical signal, which is ascribed to the adsorption of the indole molecule onto the graphene surface via π-π stacking. The adsorption of the indole causes a charge rearrangement of the graphene-indole complex, which leads to changes in the electrical signal of G-FET biosensors with a different indole concentration. Currently, the indole biosensor can detect indole from 10 ppb to 250 ppb and reach a limit of detection of 10 ppb for indole solution detection. We believe that our detection strategy for detecting bacterial metabolic gas molecules will pave a way to developing an effective platform for bacteria detection in food safety monitoring.

Modeling solvation effects on absorption and fluorescence spectra of indole in aqueous solution.

Modeling the optical spectra of molecules in solution presents a challenge, so it is important to understand which of the solvation effects (i.e., electrostatics, mutual polarization, and hydrogen bonding interactions between solute and solvent molecules) are crucial in reproducing the various features of the absorption and fluorescence spectra and to identify a sufficient theoretical model that accurately captures these effects with minimal computational cost. In this study, we use various implicit and explicit solvation models, such as molecular dynamics coupled with non-polarizable and polarizable force fields, as well as Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics, to model the absorption and fluorescence spectra of indole in aqueous solution. The excited states are computed using the equation of motion coupled cluster with single and double excitations combined with the effective fragment potential to represent water molecules, which we found to be a computationally efficient approach for modeling large solute-solvent clusters at a high level of quantum theory. We find that modeling mutual polarization, compared to other solvation effects, is a dominating factor for accurately reproducing the position of the peaks and spectral line shape of the absorption spectrum of indole in solution. We present an in-depth analysis of the influence that different solvation models have on the electronic excited states responsible for the features of the absorption spectra. Modeling fluorescence is more challenging since it is hard to reproduce even the correct emitting state, and force field parameters need to be re-evaluated.

A super-extractant for denitrogenation of liquid fuel: Phosphonium based zwitterionic liquid

Nitrogen compounds in liquid fuel are one of the major sources of air pollutants (NOX) that lead to the production of hazardous haze and acid rain. To prevent air pollution by NOX and their consequent harmful result, it is necessary to remove the nitrogen compounds from the fuel before consumption. 3-(tributylphosphonio) propane-1-sulfonate as phosphonium-based zwitterionic liquid (PZiL) is used as a new extractant agent to eliminate nitrogen compounds from model fuel by liquid/liquid extraction. Unlike most of the reported ionic liquids (ILs) which have been used with the extractant/fuel ratio of 1/1 to 1/10, the utilized PZiL can be used with a much lower ratio of 1/100 with the same removal efficiency of other ILs. Also with PZiL/fuel ratio of 1/1000 the extractant shows good removal efficiency. The introduced PZiL can be used several times for extraction without any treatment. Operating at room temperature and within several minutes can be considered as other advantages. Just by two cycles, deep denitrogenation of 500 ppm indole solution can be achieved with PZiL/fuel ratio of 1/100. Interestingly by increasing the concentration of N-compound up to 20,000 ppm, the amount of removed N-compound increases too. Because of the mentioned unique properties of PZiL for denitrogenation of liquid fuel, it can be introduced as a super-extractant for N-compounds from liquid fuel.

Chemical synthesis of polyindole

Polyindole is an important electroactive polymer that can be obtained by electrochemical or chemical oxidation of indole. Polyindole an important role in organic synthesis due to its catalytic properties, its use as a catalyst makes it possible to synthesize organic compounds and composites for various functional purposes. The aim of the work was to research the features of chemical polymerization of indole, as well as the structure and properties of the obtained polymer. In our work, the possibilities of chemical synthesis of polyindole by the interaction of 0.1 M indole solution with 0.1 M of oxidant (ammonium persulfate) in acetonitrile in an inert medium (Ar atmosphere) at a temperature of 0 ± 2 o C were investigated. The structure, optical and electrical properties of the obtained compounds have been studied. It is determined that during the chemical synthesis the relative yield of dark green polyindole powder is 71 %. According to electron microscopy in the polymerization process the formation of ordered structures of polyhedral type takes place, with nanosizes of 30–50 nm. When dissolving the polymer, a solvatochromic effect is observed – a change in the color of the solution and the absorption spectrum depending on the nature of the solvent in the range λ = 310…900 nm. In the optical spectra of polyindole solutions, absorption bands are observed at λ = 390 and 510 nm (dioxane), λ = 390, 440 and 510 nm (DMF) and λ = 400, 510 and 540 nm (tetrachlormethane). The color of the solutions is markedly different, the solution in chloroform is pale pink, in DMF is yellow, in dioxane is light green. The electrical conductivity of the obtained polymer was experimentally determined, which turned out to be at 5 *10 -3 S /сm. According to the temperature dependence of the resistivity (in the coordinates of the Arrhenius equation), the activation energy of conductivity E a = 0.087 eV is determined, which indicates the semiconductor properties of the synthesized polymer. Keywords : polyindole, chemical synthesis, structure, solvatochromic effect, electrical conductivity.

A novel approach to efficient degradation of indole using co-immobilized horseradish peroxidase-syringaldehyde as biocatalyst

Biocatalytic degradation technology has received a great deal of attention in water treatment because of its advantages of high efficiency, environmental friendliness, and no secondary pollution. Herein, for the first time, horseradish peroxidase and mediator syringaldehyde were co-immobilized into functionalized calcium alginate composite beads grafted with glycidyl methacrylate and dopamine. The resultant biocatalyst of the co-immobilized horseradish peroxidase-syringaldehyde system has displayed excellent catalytic performance to degrade indole in water. The degradation rate of 100% was achieved in the presence of hydrogen peroxide even if the indole concentration was changing from 25 mg/L to 500 mg/L. If only the free enzyme was used under the identical water treatment conditions, the degradation of indole could hardly be observed even when the concentration of indole is low at 25 mg/L. This was attributed to the effective co-immobilization of the enzyme and the mediator so that the catalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase and the synergistic catalytic action of syringaldehyde could be fully developed. Furthermore, while the spherical catalyst was operated in succession and reused for four cycles in 50 mg/L indole solution, the degradation rate remained 91.8% due to its considerable reusability. This research demonstrated and provided a novel biocatalytic approach to degrade indole in water by the co-immobilized horseradish peroxidase-syringaldehyde system as biocatalyst.

Red-edge excitation effect on the intersystem crossing of indole solution in ethanol at 77 K

Excitation-wavelength dependence of the luminescence spectra indole solution in ethanol at 77 K was measured. It was found that the ratio of the intensities of phosphorescence and fluorescence decreases at the red edge excitation. This decreasing is associated with a decrease in the ratio of the quantum yields of intersystem crossing and fluorescence φisc/φfl. Because of for the indole solution in ethanol at 77 K both singlet ππ* states of 1La and 1Lb are fluorescent, this result is explicated by increasing the contribution the 1La state to the processes of radiation and intersystem crossing at the red edge excitation.

Electrochemical polymerization of indolе on the surface of the tin (IV) oxide

Polyindole is an important electroactive polymer that can be obtained by electrochemical or chemical oxidation of indole. The indole polymer has the ability to change the spectrum and, accordingly, the color, under the action of the applied potential. For practical use of this polymer, it is advisable to obtain it in the form of a thin film on the surface of the optically transparent electrode. The purpose of the work was the study of the features of the electrochemical polymerization of indole on the surface of the tin oxide SnO 2 electrode. The conditions of obtaining thin layers of polyindole on the surface of SnO 2 electrode in organic medium were investigated by method of cyclic voltammetry. For research, we used an electrochemical 3-electrode cell in which the working electrode was a glass plate covered with a SnO 2 conductive layer, the comparison electrode – Pt wire, the counter electrode – platinum plate. The polymerization was carried out in 0.1 M indole solution in 0.05 M TBAP in acetonitrile that was used as the supporting electrolyte. It was established that the еlectrochemical polymerization of indole in the potential range E = – 0.2 ... 1.7 V is accompanied by the formation of an electroactive polymer layer, with the intensity of the peaks of oxidation – reduction currents increase with the number of sweep cycles. The absorption maximum at 390 nm, 500 nm and 860 nm are observed in the optical spectra of the polyindole film, which correspond to the electronic transitions in the conjugated polymer systems. On the basis of the obtained data, we proposed a possible scheme of initiation of electrochemical polymerization of indole. Keywords: polyindole, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical polymerization, spectroscopy, SnO 2 electrode.

Indole and Derivatives Modulate Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Tolerance of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Intercellular communication is a crucial process for the multicellular community in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Indole has been recognized as a new member of the signal molecules which enables the regulated control of various bacterial phenotypes. To elucidate the inter-species relationship among enteric microorganisms via indole signaling, Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) culture was treated with indole solution and examined for the pathogenicity by using various phenotypic tests. Both synthetic and naturally-produced indole preparations had no deteriorating effect on growth and autoaggregative capacity of KP. The results showed that biofilm formation of carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae (KP-S) was clearly induced by indole exposure (≈ 2-10 folds), whereas no significant difference was observed in the resistant counterpart. In addition, the tolerance to β-lactam antibiotics of KP was altered upon exposure to indole and/or derivatives assessed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. Taken together, our finding indicates the functional role of indole in changing or modulating pathogenic behaviors of other bacteria.

Introducing allosteric regulation into homing endonucleases via tryptophan modification

Homing endonucleases (HEGs) are DNA cleaving enzymes present in microbial genomes that recognize unusually long DNA target sites (20–22 bp). Given their high specificity for DNA targets, these enzymes may be extremely useful genome editing reagents. Introducing allosteric control into these enzymes would enable them to have a broader applicability in genome editing approaches. Previous studies have shown that tryptophan residues near the active site of enzymes can play an important role in enzyme activity. Mutating these residues to glycine results in loss of enzymatic activity and can be rescued by the addition of indole in solution. However, this approach hasn't been demonstrated with DNA cleaving enzymes. The goal of this study is to test whether this approach can be used to introduce allosteric regulation into HEGs. We generated tryptophan to glycine single point mutations in I‐SmaMI, a homing endonuclease of the LAGLIDADG family, based on the structure of I‐SmaMI bound to DNA. We are expressing these proteins in bacteria and utilizing an in vitro cleavage assay to assess the level of activity of the mutants in the presence and absence of indole. These studies may have important genome editing applications and are likely to provide insight into the mechanism by which HEGs bind and cleave DNA.Support or Funding InformationMurdock Charitable TrustThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Electro-chemical mineralization of recalcitrant indole by platinum-coated titanium electrode: multi-response optimization, mechanistic and sludge disposal study

Indole is a highly recalcitrant aromatic heterocyclic organic compound consisting of a five-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring fused to a six-membered benzene ring. This study presents the results of the electro-chemical mineralization of indole in an aqueous solution using platinum-coated titanium (Pt/Ti) electrode. A central composite design was used to investigate the effect of four parameters namely initial pH (pHo), current density (j), conductivity (k) and treatment time (t) at 5 levels. Multiple responses namely chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (Y 1) and specific energy consumption (Y 2) were simultaneously maximized and minimized, respectively, by optimizing the parameters affecting the mineralization of indole by using the desirability function approach. At the operating conditions of pH 8.6, j = 161 A/m2, k = 6.7 mS/cm and t = 150 min, 83.8% COD removal with specific energy consumption of 36.3 kWh/kg of COD removed was observed. Ultra performance liquid chromatography, UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry of the indole solution were performed at the optimum condition of the treatment so as to report a plausible mechanism of indole degradation. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis of electrodes before and after treatment was performed for determining the changes on anode surface during the treatment. Thermal analysis of the solid residue (scum) obtained was also performed for exploring its disposal prospects. Present study shows that electro-chemical oxidation can be used for mineralization of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds such as indole.

One-Pot, Catalyst-Free, Facile, and Efficient Sulfenylation of Electron-Rich Substrates with a Mild Sulfenium Carrier Azobenzene-2-sulfenyl Bromide

One-pot, catalyst-free, facile, and efficient sulfenylations of resorcinol, 1,3-diaminobenzene, 2-naphthol, 2-aminonaphthalene, indole, pentane-2,4-dione, etc., in aqueous and ethanolic solution by a mild sulfenium carrier azobenzene-2-sulfenyl bromide are described. Efficient sulfenylating reagent, mild reaction conditions, and excellent yields make this method quite simple, convenient, and practical. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® to view the free supplemental file.

Photoactivated Green Fluorescence Emission by Femtosecond Oscillator from Indole Solutions

We reported a novel femtosecond-laser-activated fluorescence emission from indole solutions upon excitation by the second harmonic wavelength of a femtosecond oscillator. A new absorption band around 400 nm and corresponding fluorescent band in the green domain were produced after the irradiation of femtosecond laser. This femtosecond-laser-activated luminescence process that allows the use of visible wavelength as a substitute for UV light to excite fluorescence from indole would extend applications based on indole chromophore. Furthermore, the photoactived emission can act as a fluorescence lifetime probe to measure the polarity in complex biological systems since it is polarity-sensitive. High performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLU) and high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis demonstrate that the origin of the photoactivated fluorescence is new molecular species that generated in indole solution upon femtosecond laser irradiation.

Questioning the photophysical model for the indole chromophore in the light of evidence obtained by controlling the non-specific effect of the medium with 1-chlorobutane as solvent

In this work, we substantiate the change in the emitting state of indole caused by the dipolarity increase in the solvent 1-chlorobutane, observed on lowering the temperature from 293 to 133 K, accompanied by no significant changes in the corresponding excitation and absorption spectra. No similar changes in indole emission were observed over the temperature range 293-133 K for solutions of indole in 2-methylbutane in the presence and absence of 0.5 M 1-chlorobutane. The solvatochromism of indole in 1-chlorobutane at temperatures from 293 to 133 K allowed us to estimate the dipole moment and polarizability of the emission state of the chromophore and to detect two states (S(1) and ): one, the S(1), involving no significant change and the other, the , exhibiting a substantial change in the dipole moment of the chromophore upon electronic excitation (viz. μ(S(1)) = 2.5 and vs. μ(S(0)) = 2.13 D). The former state, S(1), is the major contributor to the structured emission of indole at temperatures from 293 to 193 K, as is the latter, S'(1) , to its structureless, red-shifted emission over the range 193-133 K. Although the emission changes of indole, dissolved in 1-chlorobutane at temperatures from 293 to 133 K, are seemingly consistent with the widely accepted photophysical model for inversion of its (1)L(b) and (1)L(a) states as the polarity of the medium is increased, below 133 K the emission becomes structured and blue-shifted, two typical features of indole above 193 K. Also, below 123 K is not feasible to photo-select the (1)L(a) state in spite of this state being the first excited electronic state of indole under large dipolarity conditions. Therefore, the established photophysical model cannot hold under these conditions and a new one accounting for these experimental facts is proposed instead.

Monitoring intracellular melatonin levels in human prostate normal and cancer cells by HPLC

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a potent endogenous antioxidant and free radical scavenger that has attracted much attention as a consequence of its multiple biological functions. In addition to other physiological properties, it has clear antiproliferative activity in several types of cancer cell. The concentration of melatonin necessary to inhibit cell growth is much higher than its blood physiological concentrations in some tumor types. For years its indolic nature has impeded proper monitoring, by molecular or immunological techniques, of its uptake by cancer cells. In this work we developed a simple, rapid, and validated analytical method for detection and quantification of MEL inside normal and cancer cells. For this purpose we performed high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis after liquid-liquid extraction of the indole from biological samples. The method was validated, and the correlation coefficient for amounts from 0.125 to 1.25 microg was higher than 0.999, with a range of recovery near 100%. Precision was evaluated as repeatability, and for intermediate precision, the relative standard deviation was less than 5%. The method was used to study the stability of the indole in solution and to determine intracellular melatonin concentrations in normal (PNT1A) and several cancer (LNCaP, DU-145, PC-3) prostate cell lines. Intracellular LOQ/LOD were 7.23/2.83, 23.17/9.07, 4.03/1.83, and 6.51/2.53 nmol L(-1), or 1.82/4.66, 0.56/1.45, 3.26/8.34, and 2.02/5.17 attogram in each cell in PNT1A, LNCaP, DU145, and PC-3 cells, respectively. Because there was no information about intracellular levels of melatonin inside normal or tumor prostate cells after treatment with the indole, nor a relationship between its antiproliferative activity and its intracellular concentration, this is the first time that, by using an analytical method combined with measurement of cellular volume by flow cytometry, the intracellular concentration of MEL has been estimated. Also, data obtained here explain why the antiproliferative properties of MEL vary in different cell types. This is, moreover, the first time that by increasing the intracellular concentration of melatonin, its antitumor properties have been promoted in prostate cancer cells. This process can be monitored by the method developed here.