Indole-3-butyric Acid Solution Research Articles

Vegetative Multiplication Of Psidium Guajava L. Through Stem Cutting

The experiment demonstrated the scope of vegetative multiplication of Psidium guajava L. through stem cutting accrued from three year age plants. Cuttings have been treated with five concentration of auxins viz., control (0%), 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% of IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) solution and rooted within the shade house. Rooted cuttings have been allowed to grow inside the black polybags with 3:1 ratio of soil and farm yard manure respectively for four months to see the surviving capability and initial rooting performance. The experiment showed that the mature stem cutting may be used to propagate the species. The highest root development (80.67%) was recorded within the cuttings treated with 0.6% IBA followed by using 0.8% IBA solution and the lowest in controlled treatment. The highest number root (36.6) was observed in the cuttings treated with 0.8% IBA solution followed by 0.6% IBA and the lowest in the cuttings without IBA treatment (controlled). The maximum survival percentage (74.33%) was recorded in the cuttings treated with 0.6% IBA solution and the minimum (32.33%) was recorded in the control treatment. There was considerable variation in rooting as well as growth of cuttings due to IBA treatment.

Use of KOH in IBA dissolution and substrate formulation in the rooting of Acer palmatum Thunb. cuttings

Acer palmatum is a species widely used in landscaping in southern Brazil. It has some limitations in propagation via seeds, therefore, cutting is a viable propagation method, especially when plant regulators and plant substrates are properly. The objective was to evaluate substrate and solvent compositions for indolebutyric acid (IBA) dissolution in the rooting of Acer palmatum cuttings. Apical herbaceous cuttings were used and inserted for five seconds in IBA solution (8 g L-1) diluted in hydroalcoholic solvents (50%) and potassium hydroxide (0.5 M KOH). Then, they were established in multicellular trays with substrates carbonized rice husk (CRH) and expanded clay (EXCL), isolates and in mixtures (1:1; 2:1 and 1:2, v/v). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 5 bifactorial scheme (forms of dissolution of IBA x substrates), in four replications of 10 cuttings. The results showed no interaction between the factors. However, the dissolution of IBA in KOH and the substrates CRH and EXCL (1:2 and 2:1, v/v) provided higher rooting and leaf retention. In addition, the substrates showed greater root dry mass and aerial part for cutting development. Therefore, vegetative propagation of Acer palmatum through cuttings is more appropriate with the dissolution of IBA with KOH solvent (66.84% rooting) and formulated substrates CRH and EXCL (1:2 and 2:1, v/v) (66.87% rooting).

Böğürtlen (Rubus fructicosus L.) Odun Çeliklerinde Çelik Çapı ve İndol Butirik Asit (IBA) Dozlarının Köklenmeye Etkisi

Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı çelik çapı ve indol butirik asit (IBA) dozunun ‘Chester’ böğürtlen (Rubus fructicosus L.) çeşidi odun çeliklerinin köklenmesi üzerine etkisini belirlemektir. Köklenme için odun çelikleri Sakarya ili Geyve ilçesinden 25 Şubat 2018 tarihinde sağlıklı bitkilerden (bir yıllık sürgünler) alındı. Çelikler aynı uzunlukta olacak şekilde (20 cm) 3 farklı çapta (4-6 mm, 7-11 mm ve 12-16 mm) hazırlandı. Daha sonra çeliklerin dip kısmı (1 cm), 10 saniye süreyle 0, 500, 1000, 1500 ve 2000 ppm IBA içeren sıvı çözeltiye (%50 etanol + %50 damıtılmış su) daldırıldı ve havada kurumaya bırakıldı. IBA uygulamasından sonra çelikler, ısıtmasız serada perlit ortamında 75 gün boyunca köklenmeye alındı. Çalışmada köklenme ve canlılık oranı, kök sayısı ve uzunluğu değerlendirildi. Araştırma sonucunda, canlılık oranı %30.0 ile %98.0 arasında, köklenme oranı %10.0 ile %80.0 arasında, kök sayısı 3.0 ile 23.2 arasında, kök uzunluğu ise 4 cm ile 15.4 cm arasında değişim göstermiştir. Bütün parametrelerde en yüksek sonuçlar 1000 ppm IBA uygulaması yapılan 7-11 mm çapındaki çeliklerden alınmıştır. Sonuçlar, 7-11 mm çapında hazırlanarak 1000 ppm IBA uygulaması yapılan çeliklerde kontrol ve diğer IBA uygulaması ve çelik çaplarına kıyasla köklenme oranı ve kök kalitesini arttırdığı ve oldukça etkili olduğunu göstermiştir.

Effect of indole-butyric acid (IBA) and wounding on rooting ability and vegetative characteristics of apple rootstock cuttings under Nepal conditions

Use of seedling rootstocks is widespread in Jumla and research on the evaluation of clonal rootstocks for propagation has still not started. Study on the concentration of IBA and wounding effect in cuttings is also deficit. Therefore, this investigation was carried out in the Hi-tech Greenhouse of Kalika nursery in Jumla, Nepal from February to July, 2018 to investigate the rooting response of MM111 apple rootstock to wounding (with or without) and various Indole-Butyric Acid (IBA) concentrations (0, 2000, 2500 and 3000 ppm). The experiment was laid out in a factorial Complete Randomized Design by preparing cuttings of 20 cm length and 5 to 10 mm diameter and planting them in rooting media made by mixing perlite, cocopeat, forest soil and vermicompost in 1:1:1:1 ratio after 15 second of quick dip in IBA solution. All the rooting and vegetative parameters were significantly affected by different concentration of IBA solution and wounding. The results revealed minimum number of days to first sprouting (15.50), highest rooting percentage (68.52%), highest number of roots per cutting (23.11), highest length of the longest root (22.83 cm), maximum diameter of main sprout (2.92 mm), maximum number of leaves at 86 DAT(20.06), 93 DAT(22.50) and 100 DAT(30.17) in the cuttings treated with IBA 2000 ppm. Increasing the IBA concentration beyond 2000 ppm produced negative effects. Similarly, wounding resulted in better root and shoot parameters of cuttings than with no wounding. The rooting percentage (57.4%), number of roots per cutting (21.83), length of the longest root (20.96 cm), diameter of the main sprout (2.66 mm) were significantly higher in wounded cuttings which also recorded the lower days for first sprouting. The interaction effect was significant (p<0.01) only on the rooting percentage while all other parameters were non-significant. The results indicated that 2000 ppm IBA with basal wounding perform better than other treatments.

Farklı IBA (İndol-3-Bütirik Asit) Dozları ve Köklendirme Ortamlarının Bazı Tıbbi Bitkilerin Köklenmesi Üzerine Etkileri

Bu çalışma; yağ gülü (Rosa damascena Mill.), kadıntuzluğu (Berberis thunbergii DC.), biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalisL.) ve lavanta (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) bitkilerine ait çeliklerde, farklı köklendirme ortamları [torf, perlit, torf-perlit(1:1) ve kokopit] ve indol-3-bütirik asit (IBA) dozlarının (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 ppm) köklenmeye etkilerinisaptamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çelikler, sera ortamında farklı IBA çözeltilerine maruz tutularak dört farklı ortamda dikimleriyapılmıştır. Yaklaşık 80 gün köklendirmeye bırakılan çeliklerde köklenme oranları, kök uzunlukları ve kök sayılarıbelirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, köklendirme ortamları ve farklı dozlardaki IBA uygulamalarının yağ gülü, kadıntuzluğu,biberiye ve lavanta çeliklerinde köklenmeye etkisi anlamlı bulunmuştur. Yağ gülü, kadıntuzluğu, biberiye ve lavantabitkilerinde en yüksek köklenme oranları sırasıyla % 95.00, % 81.67, % 88.33 ve % 82.50; kök sayıları sırasıyla 19.28, 13.44,26.12 ve 17.38 adet bitki-1 ve kök uzunlukları sırasıyla 18.89, 14.32, 25.58 ve 17.26 cm ile perlit köklendirme ortamında ve4000-5000 ppm IBA çözeltisinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bitki çeliklerinin köklendirme ortamı olarak perlit ortamından, IBAdozu olarak ise adventif köklenmeyi teşvik eden 4000 ppm uygulamasından en iyi sonuçlar alınmıştır.

Propagation of white mulberry Morus alba L. fruitless cultivar using different cutting times and IBA.

The white mulberry Morus alba L. is an interesting tree that widely planted throughout the world for various uses. The effort was made in this study to propagate the fruitless cultivar of Morus alba L. by hardwood cuttings; comparing different cuttings collection time with using various concentrations of IBA (Indole-3-Butyric Acid) solution. Results showed that taking and planting cuttings on March 1st, gave the best survival percentage of rooted seedlings, which was (20.83%) compared to February 8th (16.33%) and March 22nd (12.5%).Cuttings treated with different concentrations of IBA significantly increased success percentage; 58.33, 66.67, 50.00 and 20.83% for 2000, 1500, 1000 and 0ppm respectively. Furthermore, the combination effect of previous factors had positive effects on studied characters; the heighest values of success rate of rooting (66.67%) from cuttings taken on March 1st and immersed in 1500ppm of IBA solution (T7), while success rate of rooting (58.33%) and all other qualitative parameters of shoots height (70cm), vegetation fresh weight (74.9g), vegetation dry weight (24.06g), root length (41.17cm) roots fresh weight (5.26g), roots dry weights (1.5g), number of leaves per plant (32.33), and leaf area (84.32cm2) were obtained from cuttings taken on the same time but treated with 2000ppm. The results recommend taking cuttings on March 1st, and using 2000ppm of IBA directly before planting to enhance cuttings survival percentage and seedlings quality.

Propagation of Scabiosa hymettia (Boiss. & Spruner) by stem cuttings

Scabiosa hymettia Boiss. & Spruner (syn. Lomelosia hymettia, fam. Dipsacaceae) is an endemic xerophyte of central and southern Greece, and of the northern Aegean region. It is a small shrub of the macchia zone, very attractive from May to mid-July when it bears blue-purple flowers on elongated flower peduncles. In the present study its vegetative propagation by stem cuttings was investigated, in order to introduce the species as an ornamental plant in urban and suburban areas and historical Mediterranean landscapes. Cuttings derived from the apical part of shoots, 15 cm long, bearing two to four lateral shoots, were collected from a wild population at mount Parnitha (prefecture of Attiki, Greece), in spring (March), summer (August), autumn (October) and winter (January) for two consecutive years. The base of the cuttings was immersed either in powder indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for herbaceous/softwood or for hardwood cuttings, or in IBA ethanol-water (1:1, v/v) solutions, at four different concentrations: 0 (control), 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg L(‑1), for two dipping times, 1 or 5 min, and were put for rooting on a mix of 1 peat:1 perlite (v/v) in a mist system for two weeks and then on a heated-glasshouse bench for further six weeks. Almost all cuttings (92.5-100%) collected in autumn and winter rooted when treated with powder IBA for hardwood cuttings, or with 1000 mg L(‑1) IBA ethanol-water solution for 1 min, while the controls rooted at 45-65%. In spring and particularly in summer, cuttings rooted at lower rates compared to autumn and winter. Best response in spring was achieved with the use of powder IBA for hardwood cuttings (50% rooting), or with 5 min dipping in IBA solutions (50-67.5% rooting). In summer highest rooting was induced either with powder IBA for hardwood cuttings (45.0%) or with 1000 mg L(‑1) IBA for 1 min dipping time (37.5%).

Effect of Indolebutyric Acid Immersion Period on the Rhizogenic Process of Guava Cuttings (Psidium guajava L.) Cultivar Século XXI

In the rhizogenic process, the immersion time of the base of the cuttings to be propagated in plant regulators depends on the concentration of the solutions, the cultivar to be used and the type of cutting required. Therefore, this research work has as objective to investigate which immersion time, in solution with indolebutyric acid promotes a greater rooting in herbaceous cuttings of guava cultivar Século XXI. The experiment was distributed in the completely randomized design, being defined as treatments the immersion times (5, 10, 15 and 20 seconds) of the base of the cuttings in the solution of indolebutyric acid - IBA at the concentration of 2000 mg L-1, with three replicates and 10 cuttings per plot. In relation the variable dry mass of the aerial part, this presents a favorable response to the different immersion times in indolebutyric acid. Diverging of the variables cuttings rooted, live without root, number of roots, root length, callus, sprout, leaf retention and mortality which were not influenced by the different immersion times of the base of the cuttings in the plant regulator. Concluding that the different times of immersion of the base of the cuttings do not influence in the rhizogenic process of herbaceous cuttings of guava cultivar Século XXI. For the variable dry mass of aerial part, the immersion time of 5 seconds in the concentration of 2000 mg L-1 in AIB, present the better results when compared to the other concentrations.

Influence of indole butyric acid (IBA) concentrations on air layerage in guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Sufeda

Abstract Air layering is the expedient way to get more number of plants however, root initiation in cuttings is a key success in case of Guava. Indolebutyric acid (IBA) hormone induces rooting but its appropriate concentration and response of guava cv. Sufeda was unknown. This experiment was carried out at Horticultural Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during 2016. One year old healthy branches of guava were selected and wounded by complete removal of 2 inches bark just below the bud for rooting. These wounds were covered with soil media containing different concentrations of IBA hormone, wrapped with plastic and tied at both ends. The air layered plants detached after rooting were shifted to polythene bags and were kept in plastic tunnel to maintain its humidity. Different concentrations of IBA i-e T1 (50 ppm), T2 (100 ppm), T3 (150 ppm), T4 (200 ppm) and control (T0) were applied. According to data analysis layers treated with 150 ppm of IBA (T3) was successful. Data recorded in control was minimum as compared to other treatments. We concluded that, the Guava cv. Sufeda air layered during monsoon season treated with 150 ppm IBA solution gives best results. Keywords: Air layerage; Growth; Guava; IBA concentrations; Rooting http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700194

Rooting and acclimatization of grapevine hybridsVitis labrusca×Vitis rotundifolia

Rhizogenesis is an important step in micropropagation and root quality is essential for plant survival during acclimatization. Vitis rotundifolia hybrids show low rooting rate and auxin application is important for cutting propagation. This study was aimed at evaluating different concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 µM, in in vitro rooting and different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA), 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mM, in ex vitro rooting of grapevine hybrids and their survival rates after acclimatization. Hybrids between V. labrusca × V. rotundifolia used were: IBCA125 (‘Isabel’ × ‘Carlos’), IBBT481 (‘Isabel’ × ‘Bountiful’), and IBMG628 (‘Isabel’ × ‘Magnolia’). Explants were nodal segments from in vitro plants after the tenth subculture in medium MS/2 without growth regulators. For in vitro rooting after 30 days of cultivation at different NAA concentrations, pre-acclimatization of explants was carried out with gradual opening of bottles. After evaluations on the 34th day plants were transferred to tubes containing vermiculite and left in intermittent mist for 21 days. For ex vitro rooting, shoots were standardized in microcuttings with two leaves and treated with different IBA solutions. Microcuttings were planted in tubes with vermiculite under intermittent mist for 30 days. There was 100% rooting in all treatments for the hybrids tested. For in vitro rooting, survival was high for all hybrids, except for IBBT481, for which the highest survival rate observed was 42.1% in the treatment without NAA. For IBCA125 the survival rate decreased gradually with the increasing NAA concentration and the lowest rate observed was 0.8 µM. For ex vitro rooting, the highest survival rate was observed in the control and in the treatment with 2.5 mM of IBA for IBMG628. Survival of hybrid IBCA125 was not affected by IBA. Hybrids between V. labrusca × V. rotundifolia can easily root both in vitro and ex vitro without exogenous auxins.

EFEITO DE DIFERENTES CONCENTRAÇÕES DE AIB E PROCEDÊNCIAS GEOGRÁFICAS NO ENRAIZAMENTO DE ESTACAS DE PARICÁ

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência da procedência e da concentração do ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas provenientes de mudas de paricá. As procedências testadas foram: Belém-PA, Tucuruí-PA e Sinop-MT das quais foram obtidas sementes e produzidas mudas para obtenção de estacas. As estacas foram imersas em solução de AIB nas concentrações de 0, 2.000 e 3.000 ppm durante 10 segundos e plantadas em bandejas plásticas contendo vermiculita e fibra de coco como substrato (1:1 v/v). O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 (procedências x concentração de AIB) com quatro repetições e dez estacas por parcela. Após 45 dias foram obtidos dados de percentagem de estacas enraizadas, número médio de raízes, comprimento da maior raiz, percentagem de estacas vivas sem formação de raiz, percentagem de estacas mortas e percentagem de estacas que emitiram brotos. A análise de variância indicou que não houve diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as procedências, porém, para a concentração verificou-se que as soluções a 2.000 e 3.000 ppm foram mais eficientes para enraizamento e desenvolvimento de raiz. A interação indicou comportamento diferencial entre procedências devido à procedência Sinop-MT ter apresentado comportamento inferior na ausência do AIB, contudo, com uma resposta superior às demais procedências quando da aplicação da solução de AIB. Nesse sentido, faz-se necessário definir concentrações mais adequadas para o enraizamento de estacas obtidas de diferentes procedências geográficas.

Regeneration of Blueberry Cultivars through Indirect Shoot Organogenesis

Leaf explants derived from in vitro–grown shoots of blueberry cultivars Bluejay, Pink Lemonade, Sunshine Blue, and Top Hat were cultured on woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 9.12 μm 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enylamino) purine or zeatin (ZT) in combination with 1.23, 2.46, or 4.92 μm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Calluses were induced from the explants and adventitious shoots were regenerated. ‘Sunshine Blue’ and ‘Top Hat’ produced more than four shoots per explant but shoot numbers were less than one for each ‘Pink Lemonade’ explant and about 0.2 per ‘Bluejay’ explant. The results indicate that there is significant difference among cultivars in indirect shoot organogenesis. The differences may be related to their diverse genetic background as they are polyploid hybrids. Microcuttings derived from adventitious shoots of ‘Sunshine Blue’ rooted in vitro in WPM medium supplemented with 9.84 μm IBA and also rooted ex vitro in a peat-based substrate after cuttings were dipped or not dipped in IBA solutions. Direct rooting of microcuttings in the peat-based substrate was effective, suggesting that in vitro rooting may not be necessarily needed. Survival rate of ex vitro–rooted plants in a shaded greenhouse was high, more than 90%. The established shoot regeneration protocols could be used for rapid propagation of ‘Sunshine Blue’ and ‘Top Hat’ and for cultivar improvement through genetic transformation.

Development of an effective propagation protocol for <i>Osbeckia octandra</i> (L.) DC. (Heen Bovitiya)

Effective multiplication technique for mass propagation of Osbeckia octandra (L.) DC, an endemic species to Sri Lanka with potential values as an ornamental flowering plant was investigated. Production of planting materials was evaluated using seeds, conventional vegetative propagation and tissue culture techniques. Effect of substrate on in-vivo seed germination and effect of Gibberellic acid (GA3) on seed germination under in-vivo and in- vitro conditions were investigated. Survival rates of in-vitro germinated seedlings were tested with three different acclimatization environments. Rooting performances of cuttings were evaluated by using both softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings treated with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Effect of shoot multiplication of plant under in-vitro conditions was investigated by establishing nodal cultures. The substrate containing sand: soil at 1:1 ratio was found as the best for seed germination. There was no effect of GA3 on seed germination and a higher (P<0.05) number of seedlings (61.27%) could be obtained by the seeds under in-vitro conditions. Use of non-sterilized growing medium (sand : soil - 1:1) in a polythene sleeve arranged as a single propagator was the most cost effective way of acclimatizing in-vitro grown plants, and use of semi-hardwood cuttings with an initial dip in 500 mg L-1 IBA solution for 10 minutes was the most effective method for rapid plant multiplication. A successful shoot production was achieved by culturing single nodes on full strength Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L-1 Benzyl-aminopurine under in-vitro conditions.

Time of treatment with IBA in Olive cultivars rooting

Abstract Phytoregulators such as indole butyric acid (IBA), have been used in the process of olive tree rooting in the form of concetrated hydroalcoholic solutions. The objective of this present study was to evaluate the efficiency of a low concentration of IBA (300 mg L-1), diluted in a solution of only 10% of alcohol 70 oGL, in the rooting of four olive tree cultivars (Arbequina, Arbosana, Frantoio and Koroneiki), treated in different times of base immersion (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours). The rooting was carried out in november 2015, in greenhouse with an irrigation system type intermittent mist chamber. The cuttings standard were 12 cm length and two pairs of leaves, planted in plastic tubings, containing carbonized rice husk as substrate. The experimental design was achieved in randomized blocks, in factorial arrangement of 4 x 5, with four replications and 12 cuttings per plot. After 70 days of rooting it was verified that the increase of treatment time affected the leaf retention, survival and rooting negativelly. Leaf retention presented positive relationship with survival and rooting. The treatment for one hour in a solution of IBA was effective in the cuttings rooting stimulus of cultivar Arbosana (66,7%). Cultivars Koroneiki and Arbequina presented low or null rooting whether or not the IBA was used.

Regeneration of mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth) plants through axillary bud culture

The use of conventional propagation strategies for Vaccinium floribundum Kunth has proven difficult, which has resulted in this species’ escape from formal cultivation, despite its importance as a gastronomic and nutraceutical fruit. The current report presents an efficient propagation methodology for V. floribundum using axillary bud growth. Axillary buds were cultured on modified Woody Plant medium (mWPM) supplemented with 3.0 mg L−1 N6-isopentenyladenine (2iP) or with 5.0 mg L−1 2iP plus 0.1 mg L−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The best results for plant propagation were obtained on mWPM with 2iP and NAA, where significantly higher numbers of shoots per bud were observed. In vitro-rooted plants were successfully acclimatized to a peat and vermiculite substrate, while unrooted plants could be efficiently grown after an ex vitro rooting treatment by submersion in an 0.5 g L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or potassium IBA (KIBA) solution. This is the first report of an efficient propagation methodology for V. floribundum using plant tissue culture protocols, and provides a tool for the implementation of conservation strategies for this species.

Effect of IBA concentration on the production of coratina olive plant

The effect of different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) at 4g/L and 0.12/31.2 ml hardwood and semi hardwood cuttings of coratina olive was observed. Cuttings were taken in the month of February from coratina plant and dipped for 10 seconds in the required IBA solutions. The highest survival percentage, shoot formation, number of roots formation was maximum in 4g/L treated hardwood cuttings. The maximum number of branches were observed in hardwood cuttings as compared to softwood cuttings. It was concluded that either type of olive cutting treated with IBA solution 4g/L showed best results to propagate coratina olive.

In vitro propagation and acclimatization of genipapo accessions

ABSTRACT Genipapo is a species with an intermediate seed storage behavior, and its germination is slow and asynchronous; therefore the tissue culture is an alternative strategy for the propagation in large-scale. This study aimed to evaluate three genipapo accessions at different micropropagation stages (adventitious shoot induction, in vitro rooting and acclimatization). Genipapo nodal segments from the Sabinópolis (AS), Cruz das Almas (CZA) and Núcleo Bandeirante (NB) accessions were used and inoculated in culture media with 0 and 1.0 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Different indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations were tested for in vitro rooting. Subsequently, the effect of two substrates on the seedling development of three genipapo accessions was assessed. The molecular characterization of accessions was performed using 15 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers, and genotype clustering was performed based on genetic dissimilarity using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). Culture media supplementation with 1.0 mg L-1 BAP favors the development of adventitious shoots and promotes a higher callogenesis percentage, leaf number and feasibility at 90 days of in vitro culture. The immersion of the basal portion of shoots for 20 seconds in all IBA solutions induces the rhizogenesis in the genipapo accessions at 90 days of in vitro culture. The substrates consisting of washed sand + dried coconut shell powder, at a 1:1 ratio by volume, and Topstrato HT(r) may be recommended for genipapo acclimatization. The NB accession is genetically different from the CZA and AS populations and shows superiority for most of the variables analyzed.

Domestication of Cola anomala K. Schum. (Sterculiaceae): amenability to vegetative propagation

This study aimed at examining Colaanomala's potential for clonal propagation. Five auxin treatments, three leaf areas and two positions from which the cuttings were taken on the stem were investigated for their effects on the rooting ability of stem cuttings. Mortality rate was significantly influenced by cutting position (P = 0.02), leaf area (P < 0.001) and leaf area × cutting position interaction (P = 0.001). The lowest mortality rate (6.7 ± 4.2%) was recorded in cuttings from apex with either 40- or 80-cm2 leaf area. Although none of the auxins promoted rooting compared with control, the percentage of rooted cuttings was significantly influenced by the interaction between hormone treatment and leaf area (P = 0.04). No leafless cuttings rooted, and the highest percentage of rooted cuttings (41.7 ± 7.1%) was recorded either with 40-cm2 leaf area cuttings treated with 0.25% (w/v) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) powder, or with 80-cm2 leaf area cuttings treated with 5 μg μl− 1 IBA solution. The mean number of roots per rooted cutting increased with increasing leaf area. These results indicate that C. anomala is amenable to vegetative propagation through rooting of leafy stem cuttings.

Propagação vegetativa de Aloysia triphylla (L'Hér.) Britton em função da concentração de AIB e do comprimento das estacas

A Aloysia triphylla (L'Hér.) Britton é uma planta medicinal de porte arbustivo com folhas aromáticas que possuem óleo essencial rico em citral. A crescente demanda da indústria farmacêutica e cosmética pelo óleo essencial de A. triphylla promoveram grande interesse sobre o cultivo dessa espécie. A estaquia é um dos principais métodos de propagação devido à dificuldade em obter sementes, e também pela vantagem dos descendentes serem iguais à planta-matriz. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de AIB e do comprimento das estacas no enraizamento de estacas de A. triphylla. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido no período de Novembro de 2010 a Janeiro de 2011. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial onde os fatores foram cinco concentrações de ácido indol butírico (AIB) (mg L-1): 0, 250, 500, 1000 e 1500, e quatro comprimentos de estaca: 4, 6, 8 e 10 cm. As estacas tiveram a base imersa em solução de AIB e foram colocadas para enraizar em substrato comercial Mecplant®. As variáveis analisadas foram: comprimento do sistema radicular, percentagem de estacas enraizadas (%), número de brotações, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, e massa seca das raízes. Nas condições em que o estudo foi realizado os resultados mostraram que o comprimento das estacas e concentração de AIB afetam o desenvolvimento das estacas, apresentando ajuste quadrático e linear para as variáveis analisadas. As mudas obtidas a partir de estacas com 10 cm e concentração de 1500 mg L-1 de AIB apresentaram a maior percentagem de enraizamento e as maiores médias para o comprimento do sistema radicular, número de brotações, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea.

NURSERY PERFORMANCE OF GN22 AND GF677 ALMOND ROOTSTOCKS

Traditional almond production is done by seed rootstocks in Turkey. In recent years, GF677 and GN22 clonal rootstocks are used in almond orchards which are set under irrigated conditions. However, nursery performance of these rootstocks remains unclear for both farmers and nursery holders. This study was conducted under unheated greenhouse conditions in Gaziantep between the years 2009 and 2011. Nine hundred cuttings of both GF677 and GN22 were used as material in this study. Three doses of IBA (indole-3-butyric acid), 250, 500 and 1000 ppm, were prepared for each rootstock. Studies on the rooting of cuttings were done in wet perlite on 15th November 2009. The best rooting occurred in 500 ppm IBA solution for GF677 with 78% rooting ratio and in 250 ppm IBA solution for GN22 with 97% rooting ratio. Grafting was done in three periods. The most success was obtained in March, followed by October and the lowest grafting success was seen in July. The best results for GF677 rooting were obtained for dipping into 500 ppm solution and grafting in March or October and for GN22, dipping into 250 ppm and grafting in the same periods were the best.