Essential Oil Solution Research Articles

Toxicity and repellency of essential oils against the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky, 1855) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Usually, Sitophilus zeamais control is carried out through chemical fumigation, which is relatively effective, albeit highly toxic, potentially causing damage to the agroecosystem. In the search for alternative management methods, research on the use of essential oils has increased, as they contain compounds with insecticidal action. The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of some essential oils on S. zeamais. Glass jars were used as fumigation chambers, with a filter paper on the lid, where 20 µL of each essential oil were pipetted. The oils of Piper nigrum, Melaleuca alternifolia, Lavandula officinalis, and Foeniculum vulgare were used. After 24 hours, mortality assessment was conducted by counting the number of dead insects. The repellency test was executed through an arena system with 5 plastic containers arranged equidistantly in a circle. In the central container, 5 adult female S. zeamais were placed in each repetition, and in the others, 20 g of corn were placed in each, with two treated with a 2% essential oil solution in distilled water and Tween 80® and two treated only with distilled water and Tween 80®. After 72 hours, repellency evaluation was performed by counting the number of insects in each container and the percentage of damaged grains. It was observed that the essential oils showed moderate toxicity against S. zeamais; however, they exhibited repellency at the evaluated dose. It is concluded that the tested essential oils have repellent properties against S. zeamais and can be used as a control method.

Determination of Selected Biologically Active Substances on Lavender Grown in the Czech Republic

Lavender as a herb and the lavender essential oil have a wide range of biological effects. They have been used in cosmetics and medicinal products since the times of ancient Greece and Rome. Nowadays, there is a wide range of products containing lavender on the market, either as such (lavender tea or biscuits or other snacks with lavender flowers) or containing lavender essential oil or aqueous solutions of lavender (cosmetics, drugstore goods, food or pharmaceutical preparations). This work focuses on the determination of the essential oil content, the representation of volatile substances and the determination of total phenols and flavonoids in samples of medicinal lavender from the Levandulové údolí and bought in the Czech shops.

Ultrasonic Pretreatment Combined with Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Essential Oil from Melaleuca bracteata ‘Revolution Gold’ Leaves Scales Induced by Cellulase-Inorganic Salt and Its Anti-Fungal Activity

In order to further develop the commercial use of Melaleuca bracteata (F. Muell), this report studied the extraction of essential oil from Melaleuca bracteata (F. Muell) leaves using ultrasonic pretreatment, cellulase-inorganic salt soaked and combined with microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. To optimize the primary contributing parameters, the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied. The optimum yield of essential oil was 9.61 mL/kg DW at a microwave power of 510.77 W, lithium chloride dose of 63.56 μmol, and microwave irradiation period of 46.97 min. The essential oil included a total of 41 compounds, and methyl eugenol (76.53%) and methyl cinnamate (12.62%) were the main compounds. The inhibitory impact was notable when the essential oil concentration was 1.6 mg/mL. Therefore, it has the potential to replace chemical pesticides. When the concentration of the essential oil solution was 1.6 mg/mL, the three pathogenic species of fungus (Pseudocercospora psidii, Colletotrichum eriobotryae, and Colletotrichum siamense) were greatly affected; at this dose, the fungus was unable to develop and its growth diameter was 0 mm. Additionally, the fungus’s inhibition rate reached 100%.

ОПЫТ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ПОСЛЕРОДОВОГО ЭНДОМЕТРИТА У КОРОВ

The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the therapeutic effectiveness of a local antiseptic drug based on tea tree essential oil for acute postpartum catarrhal endometritis in cows. The study was conducted at the Department of VNB, Obstetrics and Physiology of Farm Animals of the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, on the basis of the dairy farm of the Balakhta District of the Krasnoyarsk Region. The object of the study is red-motley cows. Research methods: obstetric and gynecological medical examination of breeding stock; the diagnosis of acute postpartum catarrhal-purulent endometritis was established during a clinical and gynecological examination of fresh cows, which inclu-ded thermometry, rectal and vaginal examination. The diagnosis was considered confirmed when pathological discharge of a catarrhal nature appeared from the uterus during rectal massage. Two experimental groups of fresh cows were formed according to the principle of analogues (based on live weight, age, lactation, clinical manifestation of the form of acute endometritis). In the 1st experimental group, scheme № 1 was used: a 25 % oil solution of tea tree essential oil was administered intrauterinely in a dose of 20 ml daily once a day until clinical recovery; eleovit 8 ml was administered intramuscularly on the 1st and 5th days of treatment; uteroton 10 ml was administered intramuscularly daily once a day for 3 days; 0.05 % chlorhexidine solution 200 ml – intravaginally; rectal massage of the uterus once a day. In the 2nd experimental group, treatment regimen № 2 was used, which differed from regimen № 1 by using a 50 % oil solution of tea tree essential oil in a similar dosage. The best therapeutic effect in the treatment of acute catarrhal endometritis was obtained using scheme № 2 using a 50 % oil solution of tea tree essential oil. Du¬ring the seven-day course of treatment, therapeutic effectiveness was obtained in 60.0 % of cases; prolongation of the course of therapy led to the recovery of all animals in this experimental group. The ave¬rage duration of treatment for the group was 8.0 days.

Essential oils from Mediterranean aromatic plants Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia absinthium and Mentha longifolia to improve blueberry shelf life

The Mediterranean Basin is particularly rich in aromatic plants with essential oils whose composition and properties are still to be investigated. The aims of this work were to: investigate the chemical composition of essential oils from three typical Spanish aromatic species: Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia absinthium and Mentha longifolia; evaluate the antifungal potential of essential oils against seven plant pathogenic and postharvest fungi; analyse the effectiveness of the Mentha longifolia essential oil in extending the blueberry fruit shelf life. The main compounds for the Artemisia herba-alba essential oil were camphor (29.8%), trans-thujone (22%), 1,8-cineole (14.5%) and cis-thujone (10.8%). In the A. absithium essential oil, they were cis-cryshanthemyl acetate (35.4%), cis-β-epoxiocimene (36%) and trans-β-epoxiocimene (10.4%). α-Terpineol acetate (32.6%), pulegone (14.2%) and 8-acetoxy carvotanacetone (10.3%) were the most important molecules in the obtained composition of the Mentha longifolia essential oil. Different bioassays were performed at the 300 μg/mL and 600 μg/mL doses using the distinct essential oils in potato dextrose agar culture medium. The Artemisia herba-alba and Artemisia absinthium essential oils at 300 μg/mL were not very effective. The Mentha longifolia essential oil strongly inhibited mycelial growth at the two tested doses, but it totally inhibited the growth of Curvularia hawaiiensis, Fusarium nygamai and Verticilliun dahliae at 600 μg/mL. The blueberries coated with the Mentha longifolia essential oil solution obtained a statistically higher percentage of healthy fruit than the control. They could be considered an ecofriendly alternative for postharvest treatment, and for maintaining the quality and turgidity of these berries during storage.

Efficacy of Lemon Myrtle Essential Oil as a Bio-Fungicide in Inhibiting Citrus Green Mould.

The effectiveness of lemon myrtle (LM) (Backhousia citriodora) essential oil (EO) was investigated to combat Penicillium digitatum by in vitro agar diffusion and vapour assay and in artificially infected oranges. The main constituent of LM EO was revealed as citral when analysed in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pure citral was also included in the experiment for comparison. The in vitro fungal growth was significantly inhibited by LM EO at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 μL per disc while complete growth inhibition by both the pure citral and LM EO occurred at 4 and 5 μL per disc. Inoculated fruits treated by dipping in 1000 μL L-1 LM EO solutions for 5, 10, 15, 30 and 120 s showed significantly lower fungal wounds compared to control. While longer dipping times led to some rind injuries, fruits with a 5 and 10 s dip were found free from any injury. The evaluation after dipping and storage confirmed that the fruits maintained the sensory attributes and were not compromised by the incorporation of the essential oil. The results of this study indicate that LM EO can be a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides for preserving the quality of citrus fruits during storage.

Quality assessment of beef burgers packaged in active paper with cinnamon essential oil

The aim of this study was to evaluate a new packaging system in which the paper was covered with a solution of sodium alginate and cinnamon essential oil (CEO) that was used as packaging for burger beef. The papers were characterized for their physical, optical, mechanical, and sorption properties. In addition, the burgers were evaluated for their antioxidant activity, lipid oxidation, and color difference. In total, four treatments were developed: Con: paper without coating; Pad: paper with alginate coating; Pco 0.1: paper with alginate coating added with 0.1% CEO; and Pco 0.05: paper with alginate coating added with 0.05% CEO. The analysis of the thickness showed the effectiveness in the formation of the film coating, which was confirmed by the analysis of morphology. The results indicated that the coating had no improvement in mechanical properties nor in water vapor permeability (WVP); however, color changes were noted (P<0.002). The sorption isotherms showed that the equilibrium was not modified for the coated papers. All samples showed an increase in the value of malonaldehyde during storage (P<0.003) and a decrease in antioxidant activity (P<0.001). However, in papers containing CEO, these modifications were lower when compared to Pad and Con. In addition, the samples containing CEO presented a lower color difference (P<0.002).

The activity of spiked pepper fruit essential oil against fall armyworm larvae

Spiked pepper (Piper aduncum) essential oil has the potency to develop as a botanical insecticide in controlling fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). This study aimed to determine the activity of spiked pepper fruit essential oils against fall armyworm larvae. This study was held from November 2020 to March 2021 at the Insect Bioecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, West Sumatera, Indonesia. The experiment used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), including preliminary and advanced tests. The preliminary test was conducted using three concentration levels (0%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) and consisted of 4 replications. The advanced test was conducted using 5 concentration levels and control (0%, 0.05%, 0.07%, 0.11%, 0.17% and 0.25%) and consisted of 5 replications. The test ran with the leaf-dipped method, with parameters observed were larval mortality, feeding inhibition activity (antifeedant), and larval development time. The observation data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and if there were any significant differences, it continued with a further test using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at a 5% level. LC50 and LC95 values were analyzed using the POLO PC software. The result showed that spiked pepper fruit essential oil could cause larval mortality, inhibit feeding activity, and inhibit Fall armyworm larval growth. The treatment with a concentration of 0.17% showed the best result, which could lead to 98.67% larvae mortality, inhibit feeding activity by 91.23% and inhibit larvae growth from reaching the sixth instar around 3.26 days compared to the control. The LC50 and LC95 value of spiked pepper fruit essential oil solution was 0.068% and 0.151%, respectively. Overall, spiked pepper essential oil has insecticidal activity against fall armyworm larvae.

The Effect of Ethanol Extracts and Essential Oils Obtained from Different Varieties of Mint on Wood Molding

This paper presents the results of research on the effect of essential oils and ethanol extracts on the growth of mold fungi on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood. The analysis of fungal growth on the microbial medium showed that the degree of inhibition of microorganism growth depends on the amount of the extract added to the medium. At the same time, it was found that the highest dose of the extract, amounting to 5.0 cm3, almost completely inhibited the growth of fungi. In addition, it was found that mint ethanol extracts, the application of which in the wood is at least 40 g/m2, have a fungistatic effect at the initial stage of fungal development. Solutions of essential oils turned out to be more active against fungi, although also in this case the desired biocidal effect was not achieved. Essential oils significantly slowed down the growth of the fungus Ch. globosum, with the strongest fungistatic effect found for ‘Morocco’ spearmint oil (Mentha spicata L.). Despite the fact that in tests on agar-maltose medium, the strongest biocidal activity against Ch. globosum was found for spearmint ‘Crispa’ (Mentha spicata L.) oil, the effect of growth inhibition was not so clearly visible in studies on wood. Essential oils applied to the surface of the wood slowed down the growth of T. viride fungus, but not to the extent that it was found in the case of Ch. globosum. The qualitative and quantitative composition of substances belonging to the group of terpenes and their derivatives was characterized using the GCMS technique. It was shown that the ethanol extracts of mints were dominated by substances belonging to the oxygen-containing monoterpenoid and monoterpene groups. In terms of quality, the composition of essential oils turned out to be richer.

Deleterious Effects of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Essential Oil on Life Cycle and Midgut of the Natural Predator Ceraeochrysa claveri (Navás, 1911) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).

Cymbopogon nardus (citronella) essential oil (EO) has been widely used in the cosmetic and food industry due to its repellent and fumigant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate its effects on the life cycle and midgut morphology of the natural predator Ceraeochrysa claveri. Larvae were fed on sugarcane borer eggs (Diatraea saccharalis) pretreated with citronella EO solutions (1-100 µg/mL in methanol, 5 s) or solvent and air-dried at room temperature for 30 min. Larval and pupal stage duration, the percentage of emergence of the insect, and malformed insects were recorded. One day after adults emerged from their cocoons, adult insects were used to obtain their midgut and analyzed using light microscopy. The chemical composition of C. nardus EO revealed that citronellal (25.3%), citronellol (17.9%), geraniol (11.6%), elemol (6.5%), δ-cadinone (3.6%), and germacrene D (3.4%) were the predominant compounds. Exposure to the EO produced a significant change in development duration for third instar and prepupa of the insect. The observed alterations in the lifecycle included prepupae with no cocoon formation, dead pupa inside the cocoon, and malformed adults. Several injuries in the midgut epithelium of exposed adults were registered, such as detachment of columnar cells leaving only swollen regenerative cells fixed on the basement membrane, and the formation of epithelial folds. In summary, these data suggest that C. nardus oil has adverse effects on the life cycle and midgut morphology of a beneficial predator.

A Comprehensive Investigation on Ho Wood Essential Oil Solution or Gel Using Pickering Systems

A Comprehensive Investigation on Ho Wood Essential Oil Solution or Gel Using Pickering Systems

Essential Oil Trunk Injection Into Orchard Trees: Consequences on the Performance and Preference of Hemipteran Pests.

Apples and pears are among the most widely cultivated fruit species in the world. Pesticides are commonly applied using ground sprayers in conventional orchards; however, most of it will not reach the target plant, increasing the contamination of nontarget organisms such as natural predators, pollinators, and decomposers. Trunk injection is an alternative method of pesticide application that could reduce risks to beneficials and workers. Essential oils represent a 'green' alternative to pesticides due to their reported insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, nematicidal, and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the impact that the injection of a cinnamon essential oil solution into the trunk of apple and pear trees could have on their respective pests, Dysaphis plantaginea and Cacopsylla pyri, respectively. The feeding behavior (preference), the life history traits (performance), and the timing of this effect were measured. The injection of an essential oil emulsion in trees impacted hemipteran host-plant colonization, as for both species a modification of their preference and of their performance was observed. The feeding behavior of D. plantaginea was altered as a significantly lower proportion of aphids ingested phloem sap on injected trees, suggesting that the aphids starved to death. On the contrary, the feeding behavior of the psyllids was little changed compared to the control condition, implying that the observed mortality was due to intoxication. The results presented here could theoretically be used to control these two orchard hemipteran pests, although the effectiveness in real conditions still has to be demonstrated.

Allelopathic Effect of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. and Thymus serpyllum L. Essential Oils on Five Selected Plant Species

In this study allelopathic effects of essential oils from English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and creeping thyme (Thymus serpyllum) on seed germination and seedling growth of mint (Mentha spicata), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and black locust seeds (Robinia pseudoacacia) was evaluated. The assessment of the allelopathic effect of essential oils was examined in a laboratory biological test. Working solutions of essential oils were prepared in three concentrations (10, 20 and 30 mg/mL). Both oils exhibited allelopathic effects, however, the concentrations that exhibited suppressing effects were different among the plants. It was noticed that English lavender and creeping thyme oils reduced the germination and growth of mint and black locust seeds and significantly suppressed tomato seed germination at higher concentrations (20 and 30 mg/mL), while it increased the lemon balm seed germination.

The Aromatic Scents of Four Plants in Learning and Memory of Drosophila melanogaster.

Folkloric claims have surrounded essential oils, including their enhancement of learning and memory through inhalational exposure. Few studies in humans have shown a benefit in cognition, albeit incremental. However, this benefit may not be entirely attributable to the essential oil aroma but may be confounded by psychological associations. We investigated rosemary, peppermint, lemon, and coffee aromas in a learning and memory model of Drosophila melanogaster to eliminate this confounder. We screened for concentrations of the four treatments that are non-stimulatory for altered locomotory behavior in the flies. At these concentrations, we determined if they were chemoneutral (i.e., neither chemoattractant nor chemorepellent) to the flies. Learning and memory of the flies exposed to these aromas were determined using an Aversive Phototaxis Suppression (APS) assay. The aromas of rosemary, peppermint, and lemon that did not elicit altered mobility in the flies were from dilute essential oil solutions that ranged from 0.2 to 0.5% v/v; whereas for the aroma in coffee, it was at a higher concentration of 7.5% m/v. At these concentrations, the aromas used were found to be chemoneutral towards the flies. We observed no improvement in both learning and memory in the four aromas tested. While a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in learning was observed when flies were treated with the aromas of rosemary, peppermint, and coffee, a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in memory was only observed in the peppermint aroma treatment. This study demonstrated that in the absence of psychological association, the four aromas do not enhance learning and memory.

Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Mücadelesinde Laurus nobilis (Lauraceae) Yağlarının Etkinliğinin Belirlenmesi

In this study efficacy of essential and fixed oil of Laurus nobilis L., on controlling Aphis fabae Scopoli that grows on Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae) has been studied by experiments set up in the laboratories of Çukurova University Biology and Plant Protection Departments in 2016-2017. Fixed oils had previously been found to be effective on aphids according to death rate and Abbott test values, but they had also phytotoxic effects on plants. Therefore, the essential oils were preferred in the present study. In essential oil solution applications (prepared with hexane and glycerol monostearate), 100 µL mL-1 and overdoses caused significant phytotoxicity and according to the results hexane significantly caused the death of aphids, therefore, the study was continued without the use of hexane. The effects of hexane-free solutions prepared with glycerol monostearate were found statistically differences (p

Study on Adsorption of Essential Oils on Polylactic Acid Microparticles

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer that is widely used in medical devices, drug delivery systems, fibers for packaging containers and textiles. However, given that interactions between the polymer and the materials in contact with it affect its applications, it is important to study its adsorption and diffusion properties. The adsorption capacity of different polylactic acid particles regarding different additives, e.g. essential oils (Thymus vulgaris, Melissa officinalis and Foeniculum vulgare), was investigated. PLA microparticles of various sizes were prepared by a solvent emulsification evaporation method. In this study, the specific adsorption of essential oils on PLA microparticles was also investigated, which is related to the solubility parameters of essential oils. The experiments were performed using three different solutions of essential oils and ethanol as a solvent. Two sets of PLA microparticles were prepared with different solvents using three different particle sizes. PLA microparticles exhibited different adsorption properties depending on the solvent that was used for their production. Samples of particles prepared using the solvent dichloromethane had a higher essential oil uptake than those prepared with chloroform. The uptake of essential oil solution did not change significantly (∼60%) by varying either the type of solvent used for PLA preparation or PLA particle size. The solubility of the essential oils affects the specific adsorption of essential oils on the microparticles. Among the components of the Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs), the polarity of essential oils is strongly related to adsorption.

Development of Basil Essential Oil (BEO) as a Novel Alternative to Prolong the Storage of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.)

Antimicrobial compounds used as post-harvest treatment of fruit and vegetables can extend their shelf life by reducing the rate of microbial growth. Essential oils extracted from herbs or spices can also enhance shelf life due to their antimicrobial nature. Tomatoes harvested at consumption maturity were treated by spraying with aqueous solutions of basil essential oil (BEO) and glycerol in different concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 ppm) and stored by refrigeration at 8 ∘C and 85% relative humidity. The BEO used was obtained by extraction from indigenous crops of Ocimum basilicum and was analyzed by GC-MS for discerning of the constituents present in it. The main components identified in BEO were: eucalyptol, linalool, estragol, eugenol methyl-cinamate, trans-α-bergamotene, germacrene D, γ-cadinene and T-cadinol. During storage, in order to highlight the effect of the applied treatment, the following were determined: dry matter (DM), total soluble content (TSS), total phenols content (TP), antioxidant activity (AOA), color, weight loss and total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) during storage. It has been shown that spraying the fruit with solutions of different concentrations of BEO has significant effects on weight loss, DM, TSS, TP, AOA, color and TAMB, during storage. The lowest TP value was found in the control and the variant treated only with 2.5% aqueous glycerol solution (52.18 mg/100 g fw GAE) and the highest value in the variants treated with concentrations of 200, 250 and 300 ppm BEO (54.37, 55.00 and 57.81 mg GAE/100 g fw). The highest AOA values were found in the 300 ppm BEO-treated variant (119.23 μmol TE/100 g fw). Spraying tomatoes with aqueous solutions of glycerol 2.5% and BEO at a dose of 250 ppm prolongs their storage while maintaining their quality for fresh consumption.

Study of the Effectiveness Ofessential Oils (Anise, Clove)Solution in Controlling Varroa Mites (varroa destructor) on Honey Bees apis mellifera

This study was conducted at the AL- Musayyib Technical College / Department of Biological-Control Techniques for the period from 1/10 /2021 to 1/4 /2022. The study aimed the effectiveness of essential oils (anise, clove)solution in controlling Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) on honey bees Apis mellifera. The results indicatd that there are significant differences between all treatments of the essential oil solution (cloves, anise) and the treatment of its Varroa mites in comparison with the control treatment and the natural shedding of Varroa mites after (24, 48) hours of treatment, except for the treatment of cloves and anise at concentration (10). mg/ml, where there were no significant differences between them in the average mortality of Varroa mites. The results also showed in table (1) that there were no significant differences between the treatments of the solution (cloves, anise) in all concentrations in the time periods after (72, 96, 144) hours of treatment.It also showed that there were no significant differences between the treatments of cloves and anise at a concentration of (10) mg/ml after (48) hours of treatment. The results showed that there are significant differences between the treatments of cloves and anise at the concentration (40) mg/ml and the control treatment in the average mortality of field honey bee workers.The treatment of the essential oil solution of cloves with a concentration of (10) mg/ml achieved the lowest average death rate for the workers, which amounted to (2.42) after (15) hours of treatment, while the treatment of the essential oil solution of cloves at a concentration of (40) mg/ml gave the highest average death. It reached (6.58) after (15) hours of treatment, but it differs significantly with all transactions in Table (2) after 15 hours of treatment. The results revealed showed that there were no significant differences between the two treatments (cloves and anise) in the concentrations (10, 20) mg/ml after (15) hours of treatment in the average mortality of worker bees. Through the results of the statistical analysis in Table (2), it was found that there were no significant differences between all treatments (cloves, aniseed) and the control treatment in the average death of workers in the time period after (40,64) hours of treatment. The results show that a solution of essential oils with concentration (40)mg/ml has a small effect on the worker bees compared to the great effect on Varroa.

Bioherbicide and anesthetic potential of Aniba canelilla essential oil, a contribution to the demands of the agricultural sector

In order to meet the agricultural sector growing demand for sustainable alternatives, this work was developed to explore the bioherbicide and anesthetic potential of Aniba Canelilla essential oil, a natural Amazon resource. Leaves and fine branches, collected in two seasons of the year, were subjected to hydrodistillation and the essential oils obtained were analyzed via GC-MS and GC-FID for chemical characterization of their components. At different concentrations (0.005; 0.01; 0.05; 0.1; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5%), the essential oil was tested in order to inhibit capim annoni seedlings germination and development. To perform the anesthesia test, the guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata), used as a sample, was treated with an essential oil solution at a 0.0001 v/v concentration. The A. canelilla leaves oil promoted a 90% inhibition of capim annoni germination in the treatment with 0.05% of the oil, reaching 100% inhibition in treatments above 0.1%. It also showed potential as fish anesthetic, inducing the animals to profound anesthesia with subsequent short recovery, causing no mortality. The promising effects observed in this work may be due to the essential oil major component characterized as 1-nitro-2-phenylethane, expanding the knowledge already recorded in the literature for A. canelilla and highlighting the oil's potential as a natural matrix candidate for obtaining a bioproduct.

Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties of Origanum vulgare essential oil, rich with β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide.

BackgroundEssential oils are of great interest for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to study the content of the essential oil of the Origanum vulgare of the Armenian highlands (OVA) in different periods of vegetation and to investigate its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in mice (in vivo) and cytotoxic action in cultured cells (in vitro). OVA essential oil was extracted from fresh plant material by hydro-distillation.MethodsFor OVA essential oil contents determination the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was used. Formalin and hot plate tests and analysis of cell viability using the methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay were used.ResultsThe maximal content of β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide in OVA essential oil was revealed in the period of blossoming (8.18% and 13.36%, correspondently). In the formalin test, 4% OVA essential oil solution (3.5 mg/mouse) exerts significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects (P = 0.003). MTT assay shows approximately 60% cytotoxicity in HeLa and Vero cells for 2.0 μL/mL OVA essential oil in media.ConclusionsThe wild oregano herb of Armenian highlands, harvested in the blossoming period, may be considered as a valuable source for developing pain-relieving preparations.