Barium Hydroxide Solution Research Articles

A comparative study between aqueous and methanol solutions of barium hydroxide: implications for applying barium protectants in gypsification calcareous relics

Gypsification is a common problem in weathered calcareous relics. In previous studies, the solutions of barium hydroxide in water and methanol were used as protectants for gypsification calcareous relics and showed significant differences in permeability. In this study, the underlying reasons for permeability differences between these two solutions were investigated using optical microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the phenolphthalein test and physical property characterizations. The results indicated that the permeability differences were primarily caused by the solutions’ reactivity. Specifically, owing to the high reactivity of barium hydroxide in water, it reacted rapidly with atmospheric CO2 and gypsum (the weathering product) to generate barium carbonate, barium sulfate and calcium hydroxide precipitates. These precipitates hindered the penetration of solution into weathered relics. In contrast, barium hydroxide in methanol did not react with atmospheric CO2 or weathered relics, which also kept the solution in a liquid state during the infiltration process. Therefore, the solution of barium hydroxide in methanol exhibited high permeability. Based on the above findings, this study is meaningful for applying barium protectants in the conservation of gypsification calcareous relics.

C-Banding of Plant Chromosomes.

C-banding visualizes regions of chromosomes containing constitutive heterochromatin. It creates distinct patterns along the chromosome length and allows precise chromosome identification if C-bands are present in sufficient numbers. It is performed on chromosome spreads generated from fixed material, usually root tips or anthers. While there are numerous lab-specific modifications, all methods share the same steps: acidic hydrolysis, DNA denaturation in strong bases (usually saturated aqueous solution of barium hydroxide), washes in saline solution, and staining in Giemsa-type stain in a phosphate buffer. The method can be used for a wide range of cytogenetic tasks, from karyotyping, meiotic chromosome pairing analyses, to large-scale screening and selection of specific chromosome constructs.

Microbial activity evaluation and aerobic transformation of deep water offshore synthetic drilling fluids in soil: A case study of ternary mixture of synthetic ethyl esters of plants oil (Seep mixture) synthetic drilling fluid in agbami (Niger delta) deep water field

Approval for offshore discharge of cuttings drilled with synthetic-based drilling Fluids (SBFs) by environmental regulatory and protection agencies usually require detailed laboratory biodegradation analysis of the base fluid chemicals among others. This concept of using biodegradation test as an environmental fluid-compliance criterion is that a fluid that degrades readily in the laboratory will not persist for an extensive period of time in the offshore environment.Hence, this research focuses on microbial activity measurement and aerobic biodegradation of a newly developed synthetic ester fluid named “ternary mixture of synthetic ethyl esters of plants oil (SEEPmixture)” and its’ comparison with already existing synthetic deep water fluids (SHBF and SEBF) in Agbami deep water field. The chemical composition and components of each drilling fluid sample was analyzed by a GC system combined with a high resolution accurate mass (HRAM) spectrometer while a Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy was used for functional group identification.The microbial activity of each soil sample that was contaminated with different base oils (drilling fluids) and that of the uncontaminated soil sample (control) was determined by trapping the carbon IV Oxide (CO2) evolved from each soil sample with a strong alkali solution of barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) as the microbial biomass actively decompose soil organic matter. The degradation of the drilling fluid chemicals was monitored under aerobic conditions.The soil contaminated with SEBF fluid chemical experienced a low microbial activity due to its low respiration (low amount of evolved carbon IV oxide per mg of soil) but a more pronounced adverse effect on microbial activity was experienced by soil contaminated with SHBF chemical. While microbial activities were not impaired with the SEEP mixture fluid chemical presence in the soil. Meanwhile, in regards to soil aerobic transformation, the SEEP mixture fluid took the shortest time of 13.6 days for it to decompose to half of its original concentration (5mg/kgsoil) from an initial concentration of 10 mg/kg soil. This implies that the fluid sample is readily and inherently biodegradable in soil. Whereas, the SHBF fluid sample required about 34.50 days for it to decompose to half of its original concentration. This indicates its non-readily biodegradable nature in soil. The half-life of the SEBF was 25 days and thus not readily biodegradable.

Conservation of surface gypsification stone relics using methanol solution of barium hydroxide as a novel treating agent

Conservation of surface gypsification stone relics using methanol solution of barium hydroxide as a novel treating agent

Synthesis of ternary nanoparticles using the complexation-reduction method and their catalytic activities for hydrogen generation from formic acid

A complex-reduction method was used for the synthesis of glycine-capped copper nanoparticles (Gly-CuNPs). Glycine-Cu2+ was prepared at room temperature, and the resulting complex was treated with NaBH4. Gly-Cu/Ag and Gly-Cu/Ag/MnO2 were prepared by using the stepwise metal displacement plating method. Gly-Cu, Gly-Cu/Ag and Gly-Cu/Ag/MnO2 were employed as catalysts for hydrogen generation from the decomposition of formic acid. The alkaline barium hydroxide solution was employed to trap CO2 formation, and pseudo-first-order rate constants were calculated by using the kobs = 2.303/t log(Aα-A0/Aα-At) relation. Hydrogen generation followed fractional order kinetics with formic acid, and various kinetic parameters were calculated for various concentrations of promoter (sodium format), catalyst and temperature. The catalytic activity was found to increase with an increasing number of incorporated metals, and the order of reactivity was as follows: Gly-Cu/Ag/MnO2 > Gly-Cu/Ag > Gly-Cu. For Gly-Cu/Ag/MnO2, the values of activation parameters (Ea = 56 kJ/mol, ∆H# = 53 kJ/mol, ∆S# = − 68 J/K/mol) were determined with the Arrhenius and Eyring equations, which show higher catalytic efficiency than that of Gly-Cu/Ag (Ea = 69 kJ/mol, ∆H# = 66 kJ/mol, ∆S# = − 25 J/K/mol) due to the synergistic effect and strong interactions between the three metals. The catalytic stability and recyclability were excellent for five consecutive cycles, but the stability and recyclability decreased due to the higher reactivity of MnO2 NPs.

CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF PEROMYSCUS GRATUS (CRICETIDAE) OF TECAMACHALCO, PUEBLA, MEXICO

<p>The description was made of the karyotype of <em>Peromyscus gratus</em> (Cricetidae) in the municipality of Tecamachalco, Puebla. Performing the technique of bone marrow extraction, in the obtention of chromosome, G bands was used Trypsin and for C bands a Barium Hydroxide solution was employed. <em>P</em>. <em>gratus</em> presents a diploid number of 2n = 48 and a fundamental number of NF = 54, the autosomes correspond to one metacentric, one submetacentric, two subtelocentric and 19 pairs telocentric from large to small. The sex chromosome X was subtelocentric and the Y was submetacentric unlike other populations of the species. The chromosomal banding pattern G was obtained. As for chromosome C banding, it was found that the constitutive heterochromatin was in the centromeric regions of the chromosomes.</p>

ВИСОКОЕФЕКТИВНА ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ЗНЕШКОДЖЕННЯ Cr (VI)-ВМІСНИХ ПРОМИВНИХ ВОД ЕЛЕКТРОХІМІЧНИХ ВИРОБНИЦТВ

The protection of aquatic environment from pollutions, the most dangerous of which is wastewater containing heavy and non-ferrous metals is one of the most important environmental issues. The processes of electrochemical chromium plating are accompanied by the formation of sewage and washwater containing compounds of highly toxic Cr6 +. However, chromium is of great value in industrial wastewater, and its extraction and reuse in manufacturing can have a significant economic impact. The discharge of such water into surface water bodies without prior purification to the maximum permissible concentrations is prohibited. At present, there are no universal methods of cleaning industrial wastewater from chromium. Various methods, such as: reagent, electro- and galvano-coagulation, ion-exchange, electrodialysis, sorption, membrane separation, biological ones, etc. are used for wastewater treatment. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. The analysis of existing methods for the neutralization of chrome-containing spent solutions is described. The work is devoted to the development of technology for the neutralization of Cr (VI)-containing washwater of electrochemical plants. Aqueous solution of barium (II) hydroxide as a precipitating reagent is proposed to be used. The temperature of the purification process and the excess reagent-precipitator to obtain a residual concentration of Cr (VI) in purified water at the level of MPC and the maximum rate of delamination of the suspension are experimentally substantiated. Considering that the highest rates of suspension separation are observed in the temperature range 30÷50 °С, the temperature 25÷35 °С and the excess of precipitant 40÷50 % should be considered the most optimal regime for the process of purification of solutions from Cr6+ compounds.

Solvothermal growth of BaTiO3 thin films on Ti foils at T ≤ 200 °C with ferroelectric behavior

Polycrystalline BaTiO3 thin films were grown solvothermaly on titanium foil by introducing barium hydroxide solution in a Teflon line and allowed to react with the foil during the autoclave process. Different molar concentration of Ba(OH)2 were investigated: 0.5, 1 and 2 mol·L−1 with three heating temperatures: 150, 175 and 200 °C. The films were characterized by XRD and revealed characteristic peaks of BTO with a slight preferential orientation along the [00l] directions. The SEM characterizations showed dense thin films with spherical grains. The relative permittivity is about 400 and dielectric losses below 0.05 in the frequency range 102 to 107 Hz.

A convenient identification of carbamate-derived drug substances.

The "second identification" of drugs in pharmacies and hospital pharmacies affords the availability of easy to perform and robust tests. Besides determination of melting points and simple chromatography (TLC), reliable color and precipitation reactions are common techniques for this purpose. Preferentially, these reactions allow for the identification of typical functional groups in the drugs. Here we present a reaction for identification of carbamate-type drugs, based on the precipitation of barium carbonate upon treating the analytes with barium hydroxide solution at 80 °C. This method works well for carbamate drugs with noteworthy water solubility like carbachol, neostigmine bromide, and pyridostigmine bromide, and could be considered as a method for second identification of these drugs in pharmacopoeias and in Deutscher Arzneimittel-Codex/Neues Rezeptur-Formularium (DAC-NRF).

BaCO3 targets produced from dissolved carbonate in groundwater for direct AMS measurement

This paper describes a technique of making carbonate by rapid CO2 capture from groundwater for direct measurement of the 14C content by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The DIC in groundwater was extracted from acidified water in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2), and transferred into saturated barium hydroxide solution to form barium carbonate (BaCO3). After the BaCO3 precipitate was freeze-dried, it was mixed with a metal powder and pressed into an AMS target for measurement. The behaviors of Si, Al, Fe and Ta powder as the binder with carbonate were evaluated. The C3+ currents from carbonate targets mixed with Fe or Ta were found generally larger than those with Si or Al by a factor of two. The baked Ta was shown to produce fewer contaminating 14C counts than all the others, with or without baking. The CaCO3/Ta and BaCO3/Ta mass mixing ratios in the range from 1:2 to 1:4 and in 1:1.5, respectively, produced optimized currents. The precision and accuracy of the measurement by direct CaCO3 or BaCO3 sputtering using Ta as the binder, were evaluated in comparison to a selected reference material. The agreement was reasonably good between the direct carbonate measurement and the high precision measurement through combustion and graphitization. These findings support the further development of a rapid assessment method directly from field work to measurement.

Study on improving the heat storage property of Ba(OH)2·8H2O with paraffin

Barium hydroxide octahydrate is the crystalline hydration salt with the highest latent heat density within the phase change temperature interval of 0–120 °C and it has a broad application prospect as a phase-change material (PCM). Firstly, red copper test tube was used for the melting—solidification heat cycle experiment in this paper, which was verified by the corrosion experiment of barium hydroxide solution. After the thermogravimetric analysis, it is found that paraffin can effectively reduce the evaporation escape of barium hydroxide octahydrate crystal water within 100 °C. Repeated heat cycle experiments indicated that the paraffin with larger coverage mass fraction can reduce the inhibiting effect of barium hydroxide octahydrate crystal water more obviously. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the phase composition of the barium hydroxide octahydrate sample covered with 50 wt% paraffin nearly had no change, while the sample not covered with paraffin has the weight loss ratio of 34.67% and reacted with CO2 in the air, generating BaCO3. In summary, paraffin can not only inhibit the evaporation of crystal water, but also effectively isolate the air to prevent barium hydroxide octahydrate from denaturation. This greatly improved the practicability of barium hydroxide octahydrate as a PCM, laying a good foundation for the further application of barium hydroxide octahydrate.

A Simple Method for Monitoring Eight N-Nitrosamines in Beef Jerkys by Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry with One-Step Treatment Coupled to Active Carbon Solid-Phase Extraction

A simple method was developed for monitoring eight N-nitrosamines (N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomethylethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodipropylamine, N-nitrosomorpholine, N-nitrosopiperidine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, and N-nitrosodibutylamine) in beef jerkys by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with one-step treatment coupled to active carbon solid-phase extraction. Sample was first treated with barium hydroxide solution, and then the sample solution is cleaned and concentrated using a Sep-Pak AC-2 cartridge. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a DB-1701 capillary column, and mass spectrometry was performed with electron-impact ionization and multiple reaction monitoring. Good linear ranges were obtained for eight analytes in the range of 1–200 ng mL−1 with the coefficient (R 2) higher than 0.999. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were in ranges of 0.05–0.10 and 0.10–0.30 ng g−1, respectively; at 0.3, 3.0, and 10 ng g−1 spiking levels, the recoveries were 70.1–121.5% with the relative standard deviations at 3.4–17.8%. Comparing with the traditional methods, the merits of the new method are simple, relative procedure and environment-friendly, easy to use, and suitable for routine screening or analyzing samples in batch.

Consolidation of lime mortars with ethyl silicate, nanolime and barium hydroxide. Effectiveness assessment with microdrilling data

Abstract Two lime mortars were treated under laboratory conditions to assess the potential effectiveness of three consolidation treatments performed with: an ethyl silicate, a nanolime and a solution of barium hydroxide. The consolidation products were applied by direct contact capillarity. The duration and number of applications were adapted to the specific requirements of each product. Compressive and bending strength and drilling resistance were used to assess the potential effectiveness of the three treatments. The mortar made with a larger amount of a coarser aggregate showed lower porosity but a higher proportion of large pores, which was responsible for the observed higher increments in the resistance of the consolidated specimens. Compressive and bending resistance provided information on the consolidation action as a whole, while the drilling resistance measurements allowed also the identification of the consolidated thickness. The ethyl silicate was able to consolidate about 16 mm in thickness, while for nanolime this value only reached a maximum of 5 mm. The treatment with barium hydroxide showed a very distinct behaviour in both mortars reaching a larger consolidated thickness in the coarser mortar, while keeping the resistance increment ratio in a moderate value. The drilling data before and after treatment were interpreted in two ways; (i) with all the tests drilled in a same condition averaged and compared; (ii) after proceeding with a segmentation methodology addressed to identify the binding matrix and to detect the consolidation directly on it. The two methods proved to be complementary ways to characterise lime mortars and to study their consolidation.

2 価の塩基の 2 段階電離に関する研究 I : 水酸化バリウム水溶液の塩酸による中和滴定実験から

2 価の塩基の 2 段階電離に関する研究 I : 水酸化バリウム水溶液の塩酸による中和滴定実験から

Reactive Hydrothermal Liquid‐Phase Densification (rHLPD) of Ceramics – A Study of the BaTiO3[TiO2] Composite System

A densification process called reactive hydrothermal liquid‐phase densification (rHLPD), based on principles of hydrothermal reaction, infiltration, reactive crystallization, and liquid‐phase sintering, is presented. rHLPD can be used to form monolithic ceramic components at low temperatures. The densification of barium titanate–titania composite monoliths was studied to demonstrate proof of concept for this densification model. Permeable, green titania (anatase) compacts were infiltrated with aqueous barium hydroxide solutions and reacted under hydrothermal conditions in the temperature range 90°C–240°C. The effects of reaction time and temperature on the conversion of titania (anatase) into barium titanate were studied. Utilizing a 72 h reaction at 240°C between l.0 M Ba(OH)2, an anatase (TiO2) powder compact, and a corresponding Ba/Ti ratio of 1.5, it was possible to crystallize a composite 95 wt% (88 mol%) BaTiO3 and 5 wt% (12 mol%) TiO2. The composite had a relative density of ~90% with a compressive strength of 172 ± 21 MPa and a flexural strength of 49 ± 4 MPa.

Consolidation of weak lime mortars by means of saturated solution of calcium hydroxide or barium hydroxide

Abstract This paper presents research results on the effects of repeated treatments with saturated solutions of calcium hydroxide (lime water) or barium hydroxide (barium water) on consolidating a friable lime mortar. The influence of lime or barium water treatment on various mainly mechanical characteristics of consolidated lime mortar was studied in detail by means of tests on non-standard specimens fabricated from a poor mortar of 1:9 vol. lime-to-sand ratio. The traditional lime water technology and barium hydroxide treatment were further compared with distilled water and lime water with added metakaolin. Lime water treatment of a specific lime mortar was shown to be effective after a sufficiently large number of applications (160 saturations) into a weak lime mortar. No consolidating effect of distilled water on the compressive strength of the tested mortar with a low lime content (1:9) was observed. The mechanical characteristics of the tested mortar were not improved by treatment with lime water with added metakaolin. Barium water treatment significantly increased mainly the tensile strength of the tested lime mortar.

Controlled synthesis of ultra-long vertically aligned BaTiO3 nanowire arrays for sensing and energy harvesting applications

A novel approach for the synthesis of ultra-long (up to ∼45 μm) vertically aligned barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanowire (NW) arrays on an oxidized Ti substrate is developed. The fabrication method uses a two-step hydrothermal reaction that firstly, involves the growth of ultra-long aligned sodium titanate NW arrays and secondly, involves the transfer of these precursor sodium titanate NW arrays to BaTiO3 NW arrays while retaining the shape of the template nanowires. The ion-exchange during the second hydrothermal reaction in barium hydroxide solution results in the structural transformation from single-crystal sodium titanate NW arrays to BaTiO3 NW arrays. This synthesis approach is low-cost, scalable, and enables control over the morphology and aspect ratio of the resulting BaTiO3 NW arrays by tuning the hydrothermal reaction parameters. In addition to the synthesis methods reported here, the energy harvesting behavior of the BaTiO3 NW arrays is evaluated as a function of their aspect ratio and demonstrated to produce significant impact on the energy produced. The newly developed hydrothermal synthesis process for controlled growth of ultra-long, vertically aligned BaTiO3 NW arrays provides a promising method for their efficient utilization in nano-electromechanical system-based sensors, energy harvesters, and nano-scale electronic devices.

Hydrogenation of commercial polystyrene over Pd/BaSO4 catalysts: Effect of carrier structure

A variety of barium sulfate (BaSO4) carriers with or without mesopore structure were synthesized via precipitation reaction in aqueous solution of barium hydroxide and sulfuric acid with ethylene glycol as a modifying agent, and then calcined at various temperatures. The obtained BaSO4 was used as catalyst carriers for polystyrene (PS) hydrogenation, and BaSO4 supported palladium (Pd) catalysts with Pd content of 5wt% were prepared by using impregnation method. N2 physisorption, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and kinetics studies were used to investigate the effect of carrier structure on the dispersion and geometric location of active metal and their catalytic activities in PS hydrogenation. It was found that the pore structure of carrier played an important role in the dispersion and location of Pd grains. The activation energy values for all the Pd/BaSO4 catalysts were around 49.1 kJ/mol, while the pre-exponential factor for Pd/BSC-6H was much higher than others. The Pd/BSC-6H without mesopores had Pd grains deposited on the external surface of the carrier, and exhibited better activity than the mesoporous catalysts. It is indicated that the utilization of Pd/BSC-6H can reduce the pore diffusion of PS coils and enabled more active sites to participate in the PS hydrogenation.

Well-Established Biodegradation Tests Used Biogenously Evolved Carbon Dioxide as an Analytical Parameter to Determine the Ultimate Biodegradability of Metalworking Fluids Measured by the Change of Absorption Solution Conductivity

Nowadays, there exist a few standardized tests in poor soluble substances ready biodegradability measurement. There are possibilities in evaluate the degradation by the O2 consumption or by CO2 releasing. Tests for O2 consumption are very stringent in keep the constant temperature because of the pressure which is the main parameter in O2 consumption calculating. On the other hand CO2 releasing test are complicated and discontinue because of the measuring by the titration methods. In present there is a possibility to measure CO2 produced by microbial activity during the substance degradation by the gaseous sensors. We were realized preliminary studies in continual measuring of evolved CO2 in biodegradability test of metalworking fluid Syntilo 81 BF by the conductivity measurement of absorption solution of barium hydroxide as it was described in [3,5].

Arabinoxylan from finger millet (Eleusine coracana, v. Indaf 15) bran: Purification and characterization

Water unextractable portion from finger millet bran was sequentially extracted with saturated barium hydroxide (BE) and 1M potassium hydroxide (KE) solutions. They consisted preponderantly of arabinose and xylose in different ratios. Ferulic, caffeic, coumaric and vanillic acids were identified as major bound phenolic acids. BE and KE were purified on DEAE-cellulose column by eluting successively with different eluants. The major fractions (0.1M ammonium carbonate) were resolved into one (BE) and two subfractions (KE1 and KE2) respectively on Sephacryl S-400 gel filtration chromatography and their homogeneity was ascertained by gel filtration, cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis. The average molecular weight of BE, KE1 and KE2 were found to be 430, 1028 and 40kDa respectively. The structural elucidation of the purified polysaccharides by 1H and 13C NMR analysis indicated the backbone to be 1,4-β-d-linked xylan with substitution mainly at O-2 or O-3 and/or both by α-l-arabinose residues.