Soluble Sugar Fraction Research Articles

Optimizing Planting Density, Irrigation, and Nitrogen Application Can Improve Rapeseed Yield in Xinjiang’s Aksu by Reducing the Lodging Rate

This study aimed to investigate the effects of planting density, irrigation volume, and nitrogen application on the resistance of rapeseed to lodging and yield and to provide technical support for achieving high yield and lodging resistance. We employed an L9 (34) orthogonal array, different planting densities, irrigation levels, and nitrogen applications to investigate their impact on rapeseed lodging and yield. The results showed the following: (1) Irrigation had the greatest effect on rapeseed lodging. This effect was most pronounced for the combination (A3B3C2), which exhibited the most severe lodging phenomenon (90%). Planting density had the greatest effect on yield, and the optimal combination was A2B2C3, which reached 3744 kg/hm2 in 2023 and 3420 kg/hm2 in 2024. (2) The agronomic practices increased the content of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, crude fiber, pectin, and soluble sugar fractions in the stalks by enhancing their flexural, puncture, and stress resistance. This led to the highest yield while reducing the rate of lodging. This emphasizes the importance of agricultural practices for rapeseed lodging and yield, providing critical insights into rapeseed cultivation in the Aksu region of Xinjiang.

New sustainable bioconversion concept of date by-products (Phoenix dactylifera L.) to biohydrogen, biogas and date-syrup

The dates production is usually accompanied by considerable loss of fruit byproducts. The chemical analysis showed that ‘Deglet Nour’ discarded flesh is rich in soluble sugars (79.8% ± 0.8%) and fibers (12.3% ± 0.4%). A processing approach was implemented to permit the production of biohydrogen from the flesh and biogas from the crude fiber fraction after soluble sugars extraction. This approach showed interesting results since the obtained biochemical hydrogen potential and the maximum methane yield were 292 mL H2/gVS initial and 235 mL CH4/gVS fibers respectively. Parallelly, the “hot water” soluble sugar fraction (date syrup) was of interest for agro-alimentary applications and showed a high sucrose, glucose and fructose content of 33.5%, 11.8% and 13.17% respectively. This study presents a proof of concept allowing an efficient sustainable energetic conversion of the date by-products biomass to biohydrogen via dark fermentation or to soluble sugars fraction and biogas via a biorefinery approach.

When the Mediterranean becomes harsh: Heat pulses strongly affect C allocation in plant-soil-atmosphere continuum in Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Mediterranean vegetation is frequently subjected to the heat waves with temperature peaks exceeding 45 °C. While the effects of drought on assimilates allocation are deeply studied, little information is available regarding the effects of the acute heat stress on this aspect of the plant physiology. We evaluated the effects of acute heat pulses on plant C internal allocation in Eucalyptus camaldulensis saplings and its transfer into the soil. Shoots of Eucalyptus were subjected to an increase of the air temperatures up to 45 °C. Allocation of C was inferred after pulse labelling of heated and non-heated shoots with 13CO2. Heat pulse lowered the photosynthesis and almost tripled the C losses from shoots through respiration. Assimilated 13C was preferentially allocated to leaf soluble sugar fractions rather than to starch. Heat pulse interrupted 13C allocation to the trunk, roots and soil. 13C allocation to new non labelled leaves was detected in some replicate plants, independently of treatment, suggesting that this process is sink-driven. Although, shoots subjected to the heat pulse modified allocation strategy, “saving” assimilated 13C at a leaf level, the rate of 13C involvement in shoot respiration was restricted by photosynthetic rates measured during the labelling. The results suggest that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs may be constrained to rely on C reserves under elevated temperatures with further negative consequences for C balance in case the duration and frequency of the heat waves will increase as projected by climate change.

The <i>mtlD</i> Gene-overexpressed Transgenic Wheat Tolerates Salt Stress Through Accumulation of Mannitol and Sugars

The mtlD gene-contained transgenic wheat has established the role of mannitol and sugars accumulation in alleviating the abiotic stresses, including salinity. This study was conducted to determine whether the 85 mM NaCl-salinity could be tolerated by wheat (genotype 235/3) plants of which seeds were transformed with mtlD gene (from Escherichia coli). The effects of mtlD gene transformation into wheat seeds on growth traits, physio-biochemical attributes, and yield and its quality of transgenic wheat genotype were investigated compared to non-transgenic wheat genotype under 85 mM NaCl-salinity. Results showed that mtlD gene-contained transgenic plants had improved salt tolerance over non-transgenics, showing by better growth traits (i.e., number of leaves and leaf area per plant, root system size and plant dry weights), physio-biochemical attributes (i.e., levels of leaf chlorophylls, shoot free proline, total soluble sugars, soluble sugar fractions and mannitol, activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and contents of nutrient elements), yield (i.e., number of spikes and grain weight per plant, and 1000-grain weight) and yield quality (i.e., grain contents of starch, protein and soluble sugars). The mtlD gene transformation into wheat seeds appears to a better strategy to increase salt tolerance of plants through increased performance of mannitol and sugar accumulation, showing more of their salt stress-protecting role. The best performing mtlD transgenics could be incorporated in a breeding program to accumulate transgenes for stress tolerance in elite wheat genotypes in a step to commercialize these transgenics with the proper level of salt tolerance.

Changes in nutrient composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of total mixed ration silage stored at different temperatures and periods.

Total mixed ration (TMR) is widely used for dairy cattle and needs to be prepared daily because it deteriorates rapidly. Ensiling TMR allows preservation and saves labour at the farm; however, silage fermentation may influence various nutritional components. The objectives of this study were to evaluate nutritional changes and in vitro rumen fermentation of TMR silage that was stored at different temperatures and durations on a laboratory scale in comparison with those of typical TMR before ensiling. No distinct changes in crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre and non-fibrous carbohydrate contents were observed during silage fermentation. However, clear changes were observed in the soluble CP and soluble sugar fractions; solubilisation of the CP fraction in TMR silage was enhanced by prolonged storage and higher storage temperatures, and most soluble sugars were lost during ensiling. Short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the in vitro rumen from TMRs before and after ensiling were not significantly different; however, throughout incubation, NH3 -N concentrations from TMR silages were significantly higher than those from TMR before ensiling. A higher ruminal NH3 -N concentration from TMR silage may be a result of a shortage of fermentable sugars and enhanced deamination of CP. Feeding TMR ensiled under a high temperature must be investigated to balance proteins and carbohydrates for rumen fermentation.

A holistic high-throughput screening framework for biofuel feedstock assessment that characterises variations in soluble sugars and cell wall composition in Sorghum bicolor

BackgroundA major hindrance to the development of high yielding biofuel feedstocks is the ability to rapidly assess large populations for fermentable sugar yields. Whilst recent advances have outlined methods for the rapid assessment of biomass saccharification efficiency, none take into account the total biomass, or the soluble sugar fraction of the plant. Here we present a holistic high-throughput methodology for assessing sweet Sorghum bicolor feedstocks at 10 days post-anthesis for total fermentable sugar yields including stalk biomass, soluble sugar concentrations, and cell wall saccharification efficiency.ResultsA mathematical method for assessing whole S. bicolor stalks using the fourth internode from the base of the plant proved to be an effective high-throughput strategy for assessing stalk biomass, soluble sugar concentrations, and cell wall composition and allowed calculation of total stalk fermentable sugars. A high-throughput method for measuring soluble sucrose, glucose, and fructose using partial least squares (PLS) modelling of juice Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra was developed. The PLS prediction was shown to be highly accurate with each sugar attaining a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 0.99 with a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 11.93, 5.52, and 3.23 mM for sucrose, glucose, and fructose, respectively, which constitutes an error of <4% in each case. The sugar PLS model correlated well with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and brix measures. Similarly, a high-throughput method for predicting enzymatic cell wall digestibility using PLS modelling of FTIR spectra obtained from S. bicolor bagasse was developed. The PLS prediction was shown to be accurate with an R 2 of 0.94 and RMSEP of 0.64 μg.mgDW-1.h-1.ConclusionsThis methodology has been demonstrated as an efficient and effective way to screen large biofuel feedstock populations for biomass, soluble sugar concentrations, and cell wall digestibility simultaneously allowing a total fermentable yield calculation. It unifies and simplifies previous screening methodologies to produce a holistic assessment of biofuel feedstock potential.

Thermal transitions of pulp and cuticle of blueberries

The thermal transitions of two blueberries cultivars (Duke and Briggitte) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry as part of comprehensive study of blueberry conservation. Thermal transitions and texture (hardness) were determined in fresh and frozen fruits freezed at 5°C/min and 40°C/min. Glass transition temperatures were successfully detected in pulp and cuticle, which was associated to the soluble sugar fraction present in the fruit. Transitions associated to water crystallization and melting showed differences between both cultivars, which were explained by their soluble solids concentration. An endothermic transition at 50°C was associated to the melting of epicuticular wax present in the cuticles. The cuticle was less affected by ice formation, which is an important feature to fruit protection at low temperatures. Hardness showed that cooling rate had not a significant effect on this quality parameter. Despite the complexity in the structure of blueberries, thermal characterization by DSC was successful.

Effects of the Temperature Lowered in the Daytime and Night-time on Sugar Accumulation in Sugarcane

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a major crop grown for sucrose production. In Japan, its sucrose concentration is highest in winter. We examined the effects of the temperature lowered in the daytime and night-time (LDT and LNT, respectively) on sugar assimilation. Since photosynthetic and respiration rates change with temperature, we assumed that plants under LNT (LNT plants) would have low respiration rates and thus high sugar yields, whereas those under LDT (LDT plants) would have low rates of photosynthesis and thus low sugar yields. However, because of their acclimatisation to the reduced temperatures, LNT and LDT plants had sugar yields that were similar, or superior, to those of control plants. Sugar yield depends on biomass and sugar concentration; the stems of LNT and LDT plants did not grow as tall as those of the controls, but the sucrose concentrations in their stems were higher than in the controls. 13C analysis revealed no difference in the partitioning of photosynthates to the soluble sugar fraction between control plants and those treated with low temperature. Control plants had higher glucose concentrations in the stem than treated plants, in which new photosynthates appeared to be partitioned preferentially into sucrose. Low temperature enhanced the sucrose concentration in the sugarcane stem not by improving the carbon budget, but by promoting the partitioning of carbon to stored sucrose.

Effect of domestic processes and water hardness on soluble sugars content of chickpeas ( Cicer arietinum L.)

An HPLC method for sugar analysis on legumes has been applied to three different Spanish cultivars of chickpeas, to evaluate changes on the soluble sugar fraction (with special attention to α-galactosides) during domestic processing (soaking and cooking) using two types of water with different hardness. Processing liquids were also analysed. Ciceritol, was the main sugar in all the samples. Raffinose and stachyose concentrations were from 1.312 to 1.947 g/100 g in raw samples. Soaking liquids extracted less than 4.86% of the α-galactosides of raw seeds with no considerable amounts of flatogenic sugars. Decreases of raffinose + stachyose after processing were between 24.7 and 42.6%. Cooking liquid contents of α-galactosides ranged from 0.282 to 0.565 g/100 ml, (0.119–0.302 g/100 ml of flatogenic sugars). Statistical tests (ANOVA) showed that water hardness has no significant effect ( p⩽0.05) on flatogenic sugar contents of final processed chickpeas.

Mobilization of 14C-carbohydrate reserves in relation to vegetative growth and inflorescence development in June bearing strawberry plants

SummarySingle leaves of June-bearing strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananasso Duch. cv. Donner) were exposed to l4CO2 at four growth stages from 6 September to 17 January and the mobilization of 14C-labelled reserves in relation to the plant growth after forcing was analysed. The dry mass of roots increased continuously from late summer (6 September) to the onset of forcing (24 January). Under forcing conditions, the dry mass of roots, soluble sugar and starch contents per roots decreased by 33%, 53% and 96%, respectively to full bloom stage (21 February) with a concomitant increase in the dry mass of inflorescences and new leaves. These results suggest that carbohydrate reserves, especially starch, accumulated in the previous growing season in the roots of June-bearing strawberry plants are mainly utilized for the initial vegetative growth and flowering. The accumulation rate of non-structural carbohydrates per roots was greater between 6 September and 12 October (17.5 mg per day) than between 25 November and 24 January (11.0 mg per day). However, when plants were exposed to 14CO2 on 6 September and 12 October, the percentage distribution of 14C in each plant part changed little under forcing conditions and 14C distribution to non-structural carbohydrate fractions in the roots was minimal. On the other hand, when plants were exposed to 14CO2 on 25 November and 24 January, 14C distribution to the roots decreased until full bloom under forcing conditions with a concomitant increase to the inflorescences and new leaves. Moreover, l4C distribution to the soluble sugar fractions in the roots also decreased. These results suggest that soluble sugars accumulated in the roots during late autumn to winter are mainly remobilized and utilized for the early growth of inflorescences and new leaves.

Effets de la sécheresse sur les réserves et l'activité cambiale del'Ailanthus glandulosaDesf. (Simarubacées)

Summary In 1-year-old Ailanthus seedlings, drought stress first induces hydrolisis of carbohydrates stored which are mainly accumulated in the taproot. After the outset of wilting (8–10 days after watering cessation), this phenomena is connected with an increase of soluble sugars in the root system and stem. During this period, proteins are less affected even increase significantly in the stem after leaf-fall. When the abscission of the terminal bud occurs (at the end of the experience), one note an important decrease in carbohydrate, lipid and protein contents of the tap—root and stem. On the contrary, the lateral roots are characterized by high soluble sugar level, starch synthesis, stability of proteins and lipid accumulation. In the nonstressed seedlings, the composition of the soluble sugar fraction of the different perennial parts is marked by the dominance of sucrose. During the stress treatment, fructose becomes the most important sugar in the stem and tap-root. In the lateral roots, the fructose ...

Acetaldehyde Stimulation of Net Gluconeogenic Carbon Movement from Applied Malic Acid in Tomato Fruit Pericarp Tissue

Applied acetaldehyde is known to lead to sugar accumulation in fruit including tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) (O Paz, HW Janes, BA Prevost, C Frenkel [1982] J Food Sci 47: 270-274) presumably due to stimulation of gluconeogenesis. This conjecture was examined using tomato fruit pericarp discs as a test system and applied i-[U-(14)C]malic acid as the source for gluconeogenic carbon mobilization. The label from malate was recovered in respiratory CO(2), in other organic acids, in ethanol insoluble material, and an appreciable amount in the ethanol soluble sugar fraction. In Rutgers tomatoes, the label recovery in the sugar fraction and an attendant label reduction in the organic acids fraction intensified with fruit ripening. In both Rutgers and in the nonripening tomato rin, these processes were markedly stimulated by 4000 ppm acetaldehyde. The onset of label apportioning from malic acids to sugars coincided with decreased levels of fructose-2,6-biphosphate, the gluconeogenesis inhibitor. In acetaldehyde-treated tissues, with enhanced label mobilization, this decline reached one-half to one third of the initial fructose-2,6-biphosphate levels. Application of 30 micromolar fructose-2,6-biphosphate or 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol in turn led to a precipitous reduction in the label flow to sugars presumably due to inhibition of fructose-1,6-biphosphatase by the compounds. We conclude that malic and perhaps other organic acids are carbon sources for gluconeogenesis occurring normally in ripening tomatoes. The process is stimulated by acetaldehyde apparently by attenuating the fructose-2,6-biphosphate levels. The mode of the acetaldehyde regulation of fructose-2,6-biphosphate metabolism awaits clarification.

Control of photosynthesis by the carbohydrate level in leaves of the C4 plant Amaranthus edulis L.

Photosynthesis was studied in relation to the carbohydrate status in intact leaves of the C4 plant Amaranthus edulis. The rate of leaf net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and intercellular partial pressure of CO2 remained constant or showed little decline towards the end of an 8-h period of illumination in ambient air (340 μbar CO2, 21% O2). When sucrose export from the leaf was inhibited by applying a 4-h cold-block treatment (1°C) to the petiole, the rate of photosynthesis rapidly decreased with time. After the removal of the cold block from the petiole, further reduction in photosynthetic rate occurred, and there was no recovery in the subsequent light period. Although stomatal conductance declined with time, intercellular CO2 partial pressure remained relatively constant, indicating that the inhibition of photosynthesis was not primarily caused by changes in stomatal aperture. Analysis of the leaf carbohydrate status showed a five- to sixfold increase in the soluble sugar fraction (mainly sucrose) in comparison with the untreated controls, whereas the starch content was the same. Leaf osmotic potential increased significantly with the accumulation of soluble sugars upon petiole chilling, and leaf water potential became slightly more negative. After 14 h recovery in the dark, photosynthesis returned to its initial maximum value within 1 h of illumination, and this was associated with a decline in leaf carbohydrate levels overnight. These data show that, in Amaranthus edulis, depression in photosynthesis when translocation is impaired is closely related to the accumulation of soluble sugars (sucrose) in source leaves, indicating feedback control of C4 photosynthesis. Possible mechanisms by which sucrose accumulation in the leaf may affect the rate of photosynthesis are discussed with regard to the leaf anatomy of C4 plants.

The metabolism of galactose and the raffinose oligosaccharides by germinating bambarra groundnut seeds

Stachyose is present in the highest amount in the soluble sugar fraction of dry bambarra groundnut cotyledons, followed in descending order by raffinose, sucrose and verbascose. During germination in the dark, the stachyose and raffinose content decrease rapidly, but there is little change in the relatively small amount of verbascose present. The sucrose content increases rapidly during the first two weeks and decreases thereafter. Free glucose and fructose were present in the cotyledons after the 7th day and gradually increased in amount with time of germination. Free galactose and other galactose-containing oligosaccharides were not detected in either the dry or germinated bambarra seeds. During germination, galactose was the only identifiable sugar, aside from traces of sucrose, glucose and fructose, in the extracted soluble sugar fraction in the embryonic axes of all ages when the tissue was incubated with D-[1 14C] galactose. With the cotyledons, however, most of the radioactivity was in glucose and fructose during the early period of germination and in sucrose later. A small fraction of the radioactivity was lost as CO 2.

温州ミカンの浮皮に関する研究 (第4報)

Seasonal trends of soluble sugar fractions in satsuma mandarin peels from August to December were investigated in relation to fruit development and peel puffing.1. In the flavedo tissue, concentrations of sucrose as well as total and reducing sugars were relatively low from August to early September, followed by a rapid increase in October. At the harvest time, they were 22.7 per cent for reducing sugars, 11.4 per cent for non-reducing sugars and 34.1 per cent for total sugars, when expressed on a dry weight basis. The amount of non-reducing sugars augmented to a maximum in mid November and declined thereafter. On the other hand, soluble sugar concentrations of albedo tissues were 19.3 per cent for reducing sugars, 7.5 per cent for non-reducing sugars and 26.8 per cent for total sugars.As for the seasonal change in sugar content, there existed a certain similarity between flavedo and albedo tissues. The onset of sugar accumulation, however, was one or two months earlier in the albedo than in the flavedo. In the albedo tissues, the sugars gradually increased to a maximum in November.2. The beginning of sugar accumulation in Wase Satsuma peel was earliest, followed by Ikeda Satsuma and then by Natsudaidai and Iyo. A decline in sucrose content was observed at harvest time in all the varieties except Wase Satsuma.3. Based on the results of qualitative tests performed by gas-liquid chromatogra- phy, it was concluded that in the Ikeda Satsuma peel, reducing sugars consisted mainly of fructose and glucose whereas non-reducing sugars consisted principally of sucrose. Among these three sugars, any considerable differences in per cent of dry weight were not observed until mid November. At the harvest time, however, the sucrose content became lowest, glucose intermediate, and fructose highest in the flavedo tissues.4. The sugar contents of flavedo and albedo were both higher in puffy than in non-puffy fruit. Sugars were contained more abundantly in the tissue of stem end than in that of either stylar or equatorial portion.

温州ミカンの浮皮に関する研究 (第3報)

Seasonal trends of soluble sugar fractions in satsuma mandarin peels from August to December were investigated in relation to fruit development and peel puffing.1. In the flavedo tissue, concentrations of sucrose as well as total and reducing sugars were relatively low from August to early September, followed by a rapid increase in October. At the harvest time, they were 22.7 per cent for reducing sugars, 11.4 per cent for non-reducing sugars and 34.1 per cent for total sugars, when expressed on a dry weight basis. The amount of non-reducing sugars augmented to a maximum in mid November and declined thereafter. On the other hand, soluble sugar concentrations of albedo tissues were 19.3 per cent for reducing sugars, 7.5 per cent for non-reducing sugars and 26.8 per cent for total sugars.As for the seasonal change in sugar content, there existed a certain similarity between flavedo and albedo tissues. The onset of sugar accumulation, however, was one or two months earlier in the albedo than in the flavedo. In the albedo tissues, the sugars gradually increased to a maximum in November.2. The beginning of sugar accumulation in Wase Satsuma peel was earliest, followed by Ikeda Satsuma and then by Natsudaidai and Iyo. A decline in sucrose content was observed at harvest time in all the varieties except Wase Satsuma.3. Based on the results of qualitative tests performed by gas-liquid chromatogra- phy, it was concluded that in the Ikeda Satsuma peel, reducing sugars consisted mainly of fructose and glucose whereas non-reducing sugars consisted principally of sucrose. Among these three sugars, any considerable differences in per cent of dry weight were not observed until mid November. At the harvest time, however, the sucrose content became lowest, glucose intermediate, and fructose highest in the flavedo tissues.4. The sugar contents of flavedo and albedo were both higher in puffy than in non-puffy fruit. Sugars were contained more abundantly in the tissue of stem end than in that of either stylar or equatorial portion.