Soluble P-selectin In Patients Research Articles

Evaluation of Soluble P-selectin in Patients with Venous Thrombosis – An Observational Study

Background: Venous thrombosis is a common life-threatening disorder and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. This study aims to evaluate soluble P-selectin (sP-Sel) and to correlate with D-dimer and C-reactive protein (CRP) in venous thrombosis patients. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study includes 144 subjects, with cases (100) as duplex scan positive, Control A (22) includes age matched with no signs of inflammation, and Control B (22) with age matched with signs of inflammation and duplex scan negative. The severity of venous thrombosis is assessed by Well’s score. The statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel, GraphPad Prism version 9.4.1 (681), and MedCalC 20.114. Normality for all the variables in controls and cases was checked. The data were expressed as the median (interquartile range). Comparison between groups was made using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Post hoc analysis was conducted using Dunn’s multiple comparison tests. Quantitative correlation of data was done using Spearman rho test. Receiver operating characteristics curves were constructed to assess the diagnostic performance of sP-Sel, and cutoff value was established. Linear and logistic regression analyses were also performed to predict the disease outcome. Results: In the study, controls have more females, but cases turned out to be more in males may be due to additional risk factors such as smoking and alcohol associated with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The D-dimer (ng/mL) levels were compared in Control A, B, and cases, and the values were 67.5 (36–107), 135 (101–264), and 1309 (750–2390) ng/mL, respectively, and were statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The sP-Sel (ng/mL) were compared in Control A, B, and cases; the values were 7.59 (7.150–10.64), 7.84 (7.0–11.87), and 19.64 (12.95–33.29), respectively, and were statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Based on the Well’s score, the cases were categorized into having low disease probability, moderate probability, and high probability, and the sP-Sel is high in cases with high probability and is statistically significant. Based on CRP (mg/L) positive (>6 mg/L) or negative (<6 mg/L), the D-dimer was statistically significant with CRP positive group, i.e. 2900 (1643–4159). sP-Sel at a cutoff of >14.29 (ng/mL) showed a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 81.8% positively predicting the diagnosis of venous thrombosis and D-dimer at a cutoff of >367 ng/mL with a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 95.45% is positively predicting the diagnosis of venous thrombosis. When multilinear regression analysis was performed D-dimer (ng/mL) and Well’s score were positively associated with sP-Sel (ng/mL) in cases of venous thrombosis. Logistic regression analysis is applied sP-Sel (ng/mL), D-dimer (ng/mL), Well’s score, and smoking came out as the positive predictor for the occurrence of venous thrombosis. Conclusion: D-dimer and Well’s scores are positively associated with sP-Sel and help to diagnose venous thrombosis.

Effect of modified Buyang huanwu decoction on hemorheology, myocardial remodeling, serum soluble CD40 ligand and serum soluble P-selectin in patients with acute myocardial infarctionafter percutaneous coronary intervention

Purpose: To investigate the effect of modified Buyang Huanwu decoction on hemorheology and myocardial remodeling in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after conventional percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and its relationship with serum levels of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) and soluble P-selectin (sP-sel). 
 Methods: After PCI, 80 patients seen from February 2021 to February 2022 in Shijiazhuang Fourth Hospital, China with AMI were enrolled in the study. Subjects were assigned to study and control groups. Control group received standard conventional medical treatments, while study group received modified Buyang Huanwu decoction, in addition to the same standard treatment, orally twice a day (morning and night) for 3 months). The effect of modified Buyang Huanwu decoction was determined by comparing the post-treatment clinical outcomes and levels of hemorheology indices and myocardial remodeling-associated indices (myocardial injury markers) in both groups of patients. 
 Results: The clinical outcome in study group was significantly better, and the hemorheology indices were significantly improved when compared to control subjects (p < 0.05). Serum levels of myocardial injury markers (cardiac troponin (cTnI), cardiac markers (CRP), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)), and inflammatory markers (sCD40L and sP-sel) in study group were significantly decreased to varying degrees, relative to control group (p < 0.05). 
 Conclusion: Modified Buyang Huanwu decoction reduces inflammatory marker levels, cardiac inflammatory response and myocardial remodeling, and improves the prognosis of AMI in patients after PCI. Therefore, it may be beneficial to develop other methods for treating acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Platelet function and soluble P-selectin in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia

BackgroundThe bleeding phenotype in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is heterogeneous, but usually mild and only partly dependent on the severity of thrombocytopenia. Platelet reactivity has previously been suggested to underly the mild phenotype. MethodsPlatelet function was assessed as basal and agonist-induced surface expression of P-selectin and activation of GPIIb/IIIa via flow cytometry, and soluble (s)P-selectin levels were assessed in plasma of 77 patients with primary ITP, 19 hemato-oncologic thrombocytopenic controls (TC) and 20 healthy controls (HC). The association of platelet function with laboratory and clinical parameters such as bleeding manifestations at inclusion and previous thrombosis was analyzed. ResultsITP patients showed tendency towards increased surface P-selectin and elevated levels of activated GPIIb/IIIa. Platelet activation after stimulation with all agonists including TRAP-6, ADP, arachidonic acid and CRP was decreased compared to HC. Compared to TC, only GPIIb/IIIa activation but not surface P-selectin was higher in ITP. Levels of soluble (s)P-selectin were significantly higher in ITP patients compared to TC, but similar to HC. Higher sP-selectin levels were associated with blood group O and current therapy, with highest levels in TPO-RA treated patients. Platelet reactivity was not associated with platelet count or size, platelet antibodies, treatment regime, or blood group. No correlation between platelet activation with the bleeding phenotype or previous thrombotic events could be observed. ConclusionITP patients did not have hyper-reactive platelets compared to HC, but partly higher reactivity compared to TC. Further studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanism behind the bleeding and pro-thrombotic phenotype in ITP.250/250.

Plasma soluble L-selectin in medicated patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls.

Immune dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Leukocyte migration to the site of inflammation is a fundamental step of immune response which involves P-, E-, and L-selectins. Elevated selectin levels have been reported in un-medicated first-episode patients with schizophrenia but not in medicated patients with multi-episode schizophrenia. We measured fasting plasma soluble P-, E-, and L-selectin in 39 medicated patients with multi-episode schizophrenia and 19 healthy controls. In patients, psychotic symptom severity and cognitive function were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Test Battery respectively. C-reactive protein (CRP) and Body Mass Index (BMI) were measured in patients and controls. Comparison of selectin levels between patients and controls was done with t-tests and linear regression. Pearson correlation coefficients between plasma selectins and PANSS and cognitive measures were calculated. Geometric mean plasma soluble L-selectin level was lower in patients compared to controls from unadjusted (606.7 ± 1.2 ng/ml vs. 937.7 ± 1.15 ng/ml, p < 0.001) and adjusted analyses (β = 0.59; CI 0.41 to 0.88, p = 0.011). There was a trend towards higher plasma soluble P-selectin in patients compared to controls (90.4 ± 1.2ng/ml vs. 71.8 ± 1.2ng/ml, p = 0.059) in the unadjusted analysis. There was no association between the selectins and psychotic symptoms or cognitive function in the patients. In addition, the selectins were not significantly associated with CRP or BMI. The limitations of this study include small sample size and unavailability of information on medications and blood cell counts. The potential utility of soluble L-selectin as a biomarker of antipsychotic exposure in patients with schizophrenia and the concomitant change in immune response with the use of antipsychotics should be further evaluated.

Posttraumatic stress disorder and soluble cellular adhesion molecules at rest and in response to a trauma-specific interview in patients after myocardial infarction

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and circulating cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) predict cardiovascular risk. We hypothesized a positive relationship between PTSD caused by myocardial infarction (MI) and soluble CAMs. We enrolled 22 post-MI patients with interviewer-rated PTSD and 22 post-MI patients with no PTSD. At 32 ± 6 months after index MI, all patients were re-scheduled to undergo the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) interview and had blood collected to assess soluble CAMs at rest and after the CAPS interview. Relative to patients with no PTSD, those with PTSD had significantly higher levels of soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 at rest and, controlling for resting CAM levels, significantly higher sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 after the interview. Greater severity of PTSD predicted significantly higher resting levels of sVCAM-1 and soluble P-selectin in patients with PTSD. At follow-up, patients with persistent PTSD ( n = 15) and those who had remitted ( n = 7) did not significantly differ in CAM levels at rest and after the interview; however, both these groups had significantly higher sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 at rest and also after the interview compared to patients with no PTSD. Elevated levels of circulating CAMs might help explain the psychophysiologic link of PTSD with cardiovascular risk.

Plasma level of soluble P-selectin in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm undergoing percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty

To determine whether plasma level of soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) increases in rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS) patients with sinus rhythm, who have scheduled for percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV), and to examine the effect of PMBV on sP-selectin level. Twenty-six patients with MS and sinus rhythm (study group, 20 female, mean age 33 +/- 8 years) and a well-matched control group composed of 21 healthy volunteers (15 female, mean age 35 +/- 6 years) were enrolled in the study. In each patient left atrial (LA) thrombus was excluded by transesophageal echocardiography. sP-selectin levels were compared between study patients and controls, and between peripheral and LA blood. Changes in sP-selectin level 24 h and 4 weeks after PMBV were also analyzed. A significantly higher basal sP-selectin level was noted in study group. After PMBV, the mitral valve area (MVA) increased and the transmitral mean gradient decreased significantly. At 24th hour after PMBV, sP-selectin level decreased from 1080.38 +/- 143.87 ng/ml to 960.00 +/- 103.26 ng/ml (p < 0.0001) and at 4th-week follow-up it was decreased from 960.00 +/- 103.26 ng/ml to 879.61 +/- 98.16 ng/ml (p < 0.0001). No significant difference was found between peripheral and LA blood regarding the sP-selectin level. Correlation analysis between the difference in MVA measured 24-hour after and before PMBV and the difference in sP-selectin level measured 24-hour after and before PMBV showed a significant direct relationship between these variables. This study suggests that in patients with MS and sinus rhythm sP-selectin level increases probably due to turbulent flow across the stenotic valve. After PMBV sP-selectin shows a progessive decline, which is directly correlated with the increase in MVA.

The relative study on the level of mental health and serum soluble P-selectin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

目的 了解类风湿关节炎患者的心理健康水平以及与其血清可溶性P-选择素的相关性,为类风湿关节炎患者的康复治疗提供理论依据.方法 (1)将来本院就诊和治疗的类风湿关节炎患者110名作为本次的研究对象,其他健康志愿者80名作为对照组.(2)分别进行症状自评量表(SCL-90)的测查.(3)利用酶联免疫吸附分析方法检测研究组血清sP-选择素水平.结果 (1)类风湿关节炎患者心理问题检出率在29%左右,研究组SCL-90总分[(141.3±57)分、阳性项目数(35.1±20.5)分以及躯体化(1.78±0.57)分、焦虑(1.91±0.61)分、人际敏感(1.92±0.65)分和抑郁(1.93±0.63)分]四个因子分高于对照组[(114.9±31)分、(25.7±13.3)分、(1.69±0.49)分、(1.74±0.59)分、(1.78±0.74)分、(1.83±0.65)分],且存在显著性差异(P＜0.01).(2)SCL-90各因子(躯体化、强迫、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖性、偏执、精神病)与sP-选择素水平呈一定程度的正相关(r分别为0.553,0.673,0.457,0.750,0.698,0.333,0.509,0.312,0.331).(3)心理问题检出组sP-选择素水平[(5018±1536)pg/ml]与相对正常组间sP-选择素水平[(3059±1091)pg/ml]差异存在显著性(P＜0.01).结论 RA患者存在一定程度的心理问题,RA患者的病情及心理健康状况与其sP-选择素水平呈一定程度的相关。

Serum Levels of Soluble P‐Selectin Are Increased and Associated With Disease Activity in Patients With Behçet′s Syndrome

Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a relapsing, chronic, inflammatory disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction, atherothromboembogenesis, and leukocytoclastic vasculitis with complex immunologic molecular interactions. Generalized derangements of the lymphocyte and neutrophil populations, activated monocytes, and increased PMNLs motility with upregulated cell surface molecules such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin, which are found on the endothelial cells, leukocytes, and platelets, have all been demonstrated during the course of BS. Our aim is to investigate the association of serum concentrations of soluble P-selectin in patients with BS, and to evaluate whether disease activity has an effect on their blood levels. This multicenter study included 31 patients with BS (15 men and 16 women) and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy control volunteers (11 men and nine women). Neutrophil count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and acute-phase reactants as well as soluble P-selectin levels were determined. The mean age and sex distributions were similar (P > .05) between BS patients (35 years) and control volunteers (36 years). Serum levels of soluble P-selectin in patients with BS (399 ± 72 ng/mL) were significantly (P < .001) higher when compared with control subjects (164 ± 40 ng/mL). In addition, active BS patients (453 ± 37 ng/mL) had significantly (P < .001) elevated levels of soluble P-selectin than those in inactive period (341 ± 52 ng/mL). This study clearly demonstrated that serum soluble P-selectin levels are increased in BS patients when compared with control subjects, suggesting a modulator role for soluble P-selectin during the course of platelet activation and therefore, atherothrombogenesis formation in BS, especially in active disease.

A Useful Clinical Model to Predict Pulmonary Embolism among Patients with Acute Dyspnea

Previous studies have demonstrated that platelet activation occurs in peripheral blood of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS). However, in patients with MS, the plasma level of soluble P-selectin (a marker of platelet activation) remains unsettled. A total of 20 patients with symptomatic MS undergoing percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty (PTMV) were studied (group 1; 16 patients in permanent atrial fibrillation, and 4 patients in sinus rhythm). The plasma levels of soluble P-selectin in the femoral vein and artery, and right and left atria before PTMV and those in the peripheral venous blood at the 1-week and 4-week follow-ups after PTMV were determined by solid-phase, sandwich, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mitral valve area was calculated by means of the Doppler pressure half-time method. In addition, we measured plasma concentrations of soluble P-selectin in the peripheral venous blood samples obtained from 22 control patients (including 14 healthy volunteers in sinus rhythm [group 2] and 8 patients in permanent lone atrial fibrillation [group 3]). The plasma levels of soluble P-selectin were significantly elevated in group 1 patients (49.78 +/- 37.72 ng/mL) [mean +/- SD] compared with group 2 (25.52 +/- 15.38 ng/mL) and group 3 patients (32.17 +/- 14.18 ng/mL) [p < 0.005]. In group 1 patients, the plasma levels of soluble P-selectin in the left atrium did not significantly differ from those in the right atrium, femoral vein, or femoral artery (p = 0.05). The area of mitral valve increased significantly after PTMV (1.06 +/- 0.17 cm(2) vs 1.48 +/- 0.32 cm(2), p < 0.0001). The mean left atrial pressure fell significantly and immediately after PTMV (23.0 +/- 5.1 mm Hg vs 17.6 +/- 5.9 mm Hg, p < 0.0001). The peripheral venous plasma levels of soluble P-selectin obtained before PTMV did not significantly fall after PTMV (before, 49.8 +/- 37.7 ng/mL; 10 min after, 39.8 +/- 19.1 ng/mL; 1 week after, 46.1 +/- 20.8 ng/mL; and 4 weeks after, 41.2 +/- 15.9 ng/mL; p = 0.145). The venous plasma levels of soluble P-selectin in patients with moderate-to-severe MS were significantly higher than those in healthy volunteers or patients with lone atrial fibrillation. In addition, in patients with MS, there was no difference in the plasma levels of soluble P-selectin between the left and right atrial blood and between peripheral and atrial blood. Moreover, there was no change in soluble P-selectin levels as a result of PTMV.

Increased Plasma Levels of Soluble P-Selectin in Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis

<h3>Background:</h3> Previous studies have demonstrated that platelet activation occurs in peripheral blood of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS). However, in patients with MS, the plasma level of soluble P-selectin (a marker of platelet activation) remains unsettled. <h3>Methods and results:</h3> A total of 20 patients with symptomatic MS undergoing percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty (PTMV) were studied (group 1; 16 patients in permanent atrial fibrillation, and 4 patients in sinus rhythm). The plasma levels of soluble P-selectin in the femoral vein and artery, and right and left atria before PTMV and those in the peripheral venous blood at the 1-week and 4-week follow-ups after PTMV were determined by solid-phase, sandwich, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mitral valve area was calculated by means of the Doppler pressure half-time method. In addition, we measured plasma concentrations of soluble P-selectin in the peripheral venous blood samples obtained from 22 control patients (including 14 healthy volunteers in sinus rhythm [group 2] and 8 patients in permanent lone atrial fibrillation [group 3]). The plasma levels of soluble P-selectin were significantly elevated in group 1 patients (49.78 ± 37.72 ng/mL) [mean ± SD] compared with group 2 (25.52 ± 15.38 ng/mL) and group 3 patients (32.17 ± 14.18 ng/mL) [p < 0.005]. In group 1 patients, the plasma levels of soluble P-selectin in the left atrium did not significantly differ from those in the right atrium, femoral vein, or femoral artery (p = 0.05). The area of mitral valve increased significantly after PTMV (1.06 ± 0.17 cm² vs 1.48 ± 0.32 cm², p < 0.0001). The mean left atrial pressure fell significantly and immediately after PTMV (23.0 ± 5.1 mm Hg vs 17.6 ± 5.9 mm Hg, p < 0.0001). The peripheral venous plasma levels of soluble P-selectin obtained before PTMV did not significantly fall after PTMV (before, 49.8 ± 37.7 ng/mL; 10 min after, 39.8 ± 19.1 ng/mL; 1 week after, 46.1 ± 20.8 ng/mL; and 4 weeks after, 41.2 ± 15.9 ng/mL; p=0.145). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> The venous plasma levels of soluble P-selectin in patients with moderate-to-severe MS were significantly higher than those in healthy volunteers or patients with lone atrial fibrillation. In addition, in patients with MS, there was no difference in the plasma levels of soluble P-selectin between the left and right atrial blood and between peripheral and atrial blood. Moreover, there was no change in soluble P-selectin levels as a result of PTMV.

The Effect of Blood Pressure on Plasma Levels of von Willebrand factor and Soluble P-Selectin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

The Effect of Blood Pressure on Plasma Levels of von Willebrand factor and Soluble P-Selectin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

P-25 Inverse relationship between plasma von Willebrand factor and soluble P-selectin in patients with type 1 but not type 2 von Willebrand disease

P-25 Inverse relationship between plasma von Willebrand factor and soluble P-selectin in patients with type 1 but not type 2 von Willebrand disease

Immediate and late effects of coronary angiography on soluble endothelial cell markers and P-selectin in patients with and without coronary artery disease.

Endothelial cell injury and platelet activation are considered primary events in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and are marked by plasma concentrations of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and soluble thrombomodulin, and by soluble P-selectin, respectively. Because both endothelial cells and platelets interact with contrast media, we aimed to detect immediate and 24-h changes in these markers following coronary angiography in patients with and without CAD. Sixteen patients with angiographically proven CAD and 14 patients without significant coronary stenosis were investigated. Blood samples were obtained from an antecubital vein before and 24 h after cardiac catheterization, and from the coronary sinus before and immediately after angiography. Concentrations of the markers were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In the coronary sinus samples, the only significant finding was an increase in levels of soluble P-selectin in the patients with CAD (P < 0.038). In the post-catheterization peripheral blood samples, concentrations of soluble P-selectin (P = 0.004), vWF (P = 0.0007) and soluble thrombomodulin (P = 0.0013) were all increased in patients with CAD. In contrast, patients without CAD demonstrated increased levels of vWF only (P = 0.0015) in peripheral blood samples obtained 24 h after angiography. We conclude that both immediate and 24-h changes take place in endothelial cells and platelet markers in response to cardiac catheterization, and that these changes are different in patients with angiographically proven CAD and in patients free of disease. These differences may reflect alterations in endothelial cell or platelet reactivity in patients with CAD.

Usefulness of soluble and surface-bound P-selectin in detecting heightened platelet activity in patients with congestive heart failure

P-selectin is an important marker of platelet activation and may be up-regulated in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). We sought to prospectively compare simultaneously determined platelet and soluble P-selectin in patients with CHF and in healthy controls. Matched soluble levels by enzyme-linked immmunosorbent assay, and platelet-bound expression by whole blood flow cytometry of P-selectin were measured in 22 patients with CHF and compared with 14 healthy controls. Twelve patients were aspirin free and 10 patients were taking aspirin (81 to 500 mg/day). Patients with CHF had significantly elevated soluble P-selectin (186.6 ± 82.7 ng/ml, p = 0.017) and more than twofold increased expression of platelet-bound P-selectin (9.58 ± 7.16% of positive platelets, p = 0.021) compared with the P-selectin profile (102.6 ± 29.0 ng/ml of plasma, and 4.06 ± 1.21% of positive platelets, respectively) in controls. Aspirin therapy did not affect the P-selectin profile in patients with CHF. Despite antecedent aspirin therapy and interindividual variability of the P-selectin profile, soluble and platelet P-selectin were elevated in most patients with severe CHF, suggesting persistent platelet activation.

Elevated plasma levels of soluble P-selectin in patients with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina: An inverse link to lipoprotein(a)

P-selectin in platelets and endothelial cells mediates adhesive interactions between platelet, leukocyte and endothelium to form thrombi. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the plasma level of soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) in patients with coronary heart disease and the relationship between sP-selectin and plasma concentration of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. Levels of sP-selectin and Lp(a) were determined by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay on plasma taken from patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), old myocardial infarction (OMI), unstable angina (UA), stable angina (SA) and the controls. In patients with AMI and UA, sP-selectin levels (79.62±3.82 ng/ml, 43.75±2.97 ng/ml, respectively) were significantly higher ( P<0.01) than those in patients with OMI (15.92±1.34 ng/ml), SA (15.31±1.51 ng/ml), and the controls (14.93±1.33 ng/ml), but there was no difference between AMI and UA groups. Among all subjects studied, there was an inverse correlation between Lp(a) and sP-selectin ( r=−0.315 P<0.001). These findings indicate that plasma levels of sP-selectin are increased in patients with AMI and UA, and high levels of soluble P-selectin may play a role in the pathogenesis of acute coronary events.

Serial Changes in Plasma Levels of Soluble P-Selectin in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

The present study examines whether an acute inflammatory response occurs during acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by measuring soluble P-selectin levels. We examined plasma soluble P-selectin levels in 16 consecutive patients with AMI, in 15 patients with angina, and in 13 control subjects with chest pain but normal coronary arteries and no coronary spasm. In patients with AMI, blood samples were obtained immediately after admission and at 1, 4, 24, and 48 hours, and 1 week after initiation of reperfusion therapy. The plasma soluble P-selectin levels were significantly higher in the AMI group on admission than in the other 2 groups (83 ± 13 ng/ml, p <0.01). The plasma soluble P-selectin levels at baseline were not significantly different between the angina and control groups (28 ± 4 vs 24 ± 5 ng/ml, p = NS). Plasma soluble P-selectin levels reached their peak significantly at 4 hours after initiation of the reperfusion therapy in patients with AMI. The peak level was significantly higher than the level on admission (115 ± 17 vs 83 ± 13 ng/ml, p <0.05). The plasma soluble P-selectin levels were higher in the AMI group than in the angina and control groups over the time course (p <0.01). Our data indicate that the plasma soluble P-selectin levels are increased in patients with AMI, and that the levels are increases after reperfusion therapy more than before reperfusion. We suggest that the increase in the plasma soluble P-selectin levels may be caused by the activation of endothelial cells and platelets after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion during AMI.

Repeated Exercise Induces Release of Soluble P-Selectin in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Controversy exists as to whether exercise in patients with intermittent claudication causes a harmful biochemical effect associated with an ischaemia-reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle. We report on exercise-induced changes in neutrophil activation, soluble P-selectin and von Willebrand factor in 34 patients with intermittent claudication and 12 matched controls. Von Willebrand factor (vWF) showed a cyclical pattern of response to exercise in control subjects (rising from 103 +/- 8 to 119 +/- 7 U/dl); claudicants did not show this pattern but had higher levels of vWF throughout (p <0.03). There was no consistent pattern of response in neutrophil hydrogen peroxide production to exercise in either claudicants or control subjects. Soluble P-selectin levels increased after exercise, but this only reached statistical significance after repeated exercise in claudicants (rising from 320 +/- 28 to 357 +/- 28 ng/ml). This rise in soluble P-selectin after exercise may indicate progressive platelet activation which may contribute to the excess cardiovascular mortality that claudicants are prone to.