Soluble Dry Matter Research Articles

THE YIELD, QUALITY AND UTILIZATION OF SWEET CHERRIES

This article is a comparative analysis of the Kordia, Regina, Summit, Sharetta and Sweet Stefanny sweet cherry varieties, grafted on Gisela 6, which are grown in a super-intensive cultivation system in the north of the Republic of Moldova. The orchard was planted in 2018 with a distance between trees of 4x1. The orchard is drip irrigated and protected with an anti-hail netting; the trees have slender spindle-shaped crowns; the soil between the rows is kept grassy, and the soil in the rows is cultivated. During the years 2023-2024, the yield of the Summit, Sharetta and Sweet Stefanny varieties significantly increased (18.38-19.59 t/ha) as compared to the Kordia and Regina varieties (12.71-13.22 t/ha). The diameter, the average weight, the quantity of soluble dry matter and the firmness of the fruit depend on the biology of the variety.

Analysis of Physiological and Biochemical Parameters in the Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Obtained in Different Cultivation Systems

This paper presents the results obtained from the analysis of physiological and biochemical parameters in the radish, species Raphanus sativus L., variety Rond Ecarlate, which was grown in three different systems (in the field, in the solarium and in the climate chamber). Several parameters necessary for the evaluation of biomass, physiological processes and nutritional values were determined. Regarding the biometric parameters, it was noticed that in the field cultivation the plants formed 11-12 leaves, in the solarium average 12-13 leaves, and in the climatic chamber the analyzed plants formed 7-9 leaves, on an average. The total biomass of the plant was recorded with the following average values: in the field 70.05 grams, in the solarium 92.3 grams and in the climate chamber 32.9 grams. Regarding the circumference of the tuberous hypocotyl axis, the values are higher in plants grown in solarium (16.9 cm), with the smallest dimensions being recorded in plants grown in the climate chamber (7.2 cm). The highest average pulp firmness value was observed in plants grown in the solarium (0.27 kg force), and the lowest values were seen in plants grown in the climate chamber (0.14 kg force). Regarding the amount of water lost through perspiration by the leaves of radish plants, the highest average values were recorded at plants grown in the solarium, and the lowest at plants grown in the climatic chamber. The average soluble dry matter content was higher (over 4%) in plants grown in the climate chamber compared to other harvesting systems. The analysis of the average carbohydrate content shows that the total soluble carbohydrates were present only in the hypocotyl axis and glucose was found both in the hypocotyl axis of the studied plants and in the leaves. Vitamin C was present in variable amounts, both in the hypocotyl axis and in the leaves. The average amino acid content (expressed in amino nitrogen) was between 0.003% and 0.006%. The anthocyanin was present with highest values (54.5 mg) in field-grown plants, and catalase activity was present both in the hypocotyl axis and in the leaves and roots. Air humidity and temperature had a high influence on the development of plant biomass, on the content of dry matter and on the loss of water through transpiration. The biometric, physiological and biochemical parameters varied depending on the cultivation system.

Description of The Phenotypic Characteristics of Some Tomato Genotypes

This study was carried out in order to determine some morphological characteristics of 240 tomato genotypes at S2 level and to demonstrate the usability of these materials in breeding programs. Accordingly, the average fruit weight was between 553.11 gr and 74.83 gr. The mean pericarp thickness, carpel number, and soluble dry matter content of the genotypes were 7.38 mm, 3.6 pieces and 4.04% brix, respectively. Based on these measurements and observations, tomato genotypes were also investigated using the Cluster and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods. According to the PCA results, the first component explained 24.1% of the total variance, and the number of fruit carpels, average fruit weight, and fruit width were the most highly explained parameters. The second and third main components constituted 13.06% and 11.16% of the total. Based on the results of fruit characterization studies, genotypes 233, 447, 126, 22, 391, 118, 71, 100, 340, 102 were determined as superior. Overall, A high degree of morphological variation was detected among the characterized tomato genotypes.

THE THERMAL OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF KIRAZ AND FINDIK CHERRY LAUREL FRUITS STABILITY (LAUROCERASUS OFFICINALIS L.) AND THEIR MOLASSES

This study aimed to investigate the thermal stability of certain phytochemicals in molasses at temperatures of 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C throughout 6 to 168 hours. Additionally, the chemical makeup of Kiraz (KCLM) and Fındık (FCLM) cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis L.) fruits, as well as their molasses, was examined. The two molasses compositions were different due to the type of fruit used. The soluble dry matter (SDM) and dry matter (TDM) of the molasses ranged from 68.0-68.2% and 72.3-73.1%, respectively. The FCLM had higher values for titratable acidity (TA) (1.201%), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (22.72 mg/kg), Vitamin C (66.83 mg/100 g), phenolics (TP) (5359 mg GAE/100 g), anthocyanin (ACN) (45.27 mg/kg), DPPH-RSA (80%), antioxidant capacity (AC) (33.74 µg TE/g), Hunter L* (31.34), a* (0.96), b* (-0.59), and browning level (BL) (15.20) compared to KCLM. The ANOVA results showed that cultivars, temperature, and storing time significantly affected phytochemicals and physicochemical properties (P <0.05).

Morfološka i kemijska analiza introduciranih sorti nektarine u Hercegovini

A 2-year study was done to compare fruit morphological and chemical composition of three nectarine cultivars grown in south Hercegovinia conditions. A high variability among and within cultivars was found and significant differences were observed among them in all properties analyzed. On the basis of evaluated data, the best fruit performance was registered in ‘Caldesi 2000’ and ‘Venus’ grown in the condition of this part of the Mediteran. This evaluation may help to select a set of nectarine cultivars with better fruit quality attributes, which in our growing conditions might be indicated in ‘Caldesi 2000’ and somewhat in ‘Venus’. The highest average of fruit width (61.18 mm) and fruit weight (148.24 g) was found in cultivar Caldesi 2000. As for friut thickness, also cultivar Caldesi 2000 had the highest value (55.39 mm). The results for the highest fruit length (60.48 mm) had Venus cultivar also fruit stone weight length, width and thickness. The contents sugars (glucose, fructose) total soluble dry matter, and total acids in fruits were found in cultivar Venus, but pH and sucrose were found in cultivar Sun Grand.

Jerusalem artichoke diversity in Türkiye: comparative analysis of clone and organ-based biochemical composition

In this study, biochemical analyses were performed for the first time on 22 different Jerusalem artichokes clones collected from different regions of Türkiye and samples from three different organs of each clone, considering the interaction effects. As a result of the study, the interaction effect of clones and sampled organs was found significant for total flavonoids, ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll, pH, H2O2 removal capacity, total dry matter, water soluble dry matter and antioxidant capacity via FRAP. According to the correlation analysis, the highest coefficient among the parameters in the tuber was between titratable acidity and total phenolic matter (0,576). Principal component analysis was used to assess the degree to which the parameters explained the variation in the gene pool. Factors directly and indirectly affecting the amount of water-soluble dry matter in the tuber were examined by path analysis.

Unveiling Apple Diversity: The Quality of Juice Produced from Old vs. Commercial Apple Cultivars.

This research is focused on comparing the compositions of juice produced from old and commercially grown apple cultivars. We examined factors such as pH, total acids, soluble dry matter, polyphenol profile, and antioxidant activity, which impact the attributes, safety, shelf life, and nutritional value of the juice. Our analysis revealed differences between these two groups of cultivars. For instance, pH values ranged from 3.04 (in 'Bobovec') to 3.69 (in 'Fuji'). The proportions of acids varied from 0.07 g/100 mL (in 'Fuji') to 0.19 g/100 mL (in 'Wagener'). Soluble dry matter content ranged from 14.10% (in 'Fuji') to 18.50% (in 'Kraljevčica'). We also observed variations in sugar content and composition among cultivars; for example, sucrose levels varied from 16.11 g/L ('Fuji') to 39.36 g/L ('Golden Delicious). Glucose levels ranged from 4.95 g/L ('Jonagold') to 19.18 g/L ('Fuji'), while fructose levels spanned from 50.78 g/L ('Austrougarka') to 427.97 g/L ('Ilzer Rosenapfel'). Furthermore, old apple cultivars exhibited higher concentrations of phenols and flavonoids compared to commercial ones; we also noted significant variations in flavonol levels among different cultivars. The 'Wagener' and 'Božićnica' apple varieties had levels of myricetin measuring 0.53 and 0.52 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, 'Bobovec' stood out for its content of procyanidin B2 with a concentration of 422.61 µg/mL. When examining non-flavonoid compounds, it was found that old apple cultivars had higher concentrations of gallic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid. However, commercial cultivars showed dominance in caffeic and p-coumaric. Comparisons of antioxidant capacity using DPPH and ABTS assays clearly demonstrated the superiority of old apple cultivars. Overall, this study highlights the importance of utilizing apple cultivars for juice production. Their distinct compositions and higher antioxidant capacities contribute to potential health benefits. Preserving these cultivars for enhanced juice quality and nutritional value is encouraged. Further research could explore cultivation practices' impact on composition and health benefits.

Comprehensive evaluation of introduced cherry varieties cultivated in the submontane province of Dagestan

The study was conducted from 2019 to 2022 with sour cherry varieties cultivated in the conditions of the mountainous province of Dagestan. The research objects were 13 introduced acidic cherry varieties of different ecological and geographical origins. Productivity and assessing the fruit quality parameters were studied using standard methods of variety research and biochemical analysis. It was determined that the varieties Shaten Morel, Heyman Konservn, Vladimirskaia, and Basler Adler are characterised by the highest content of soluble dry matter (14.66–16.21%) and sugars (10.15–11.30%) in the fruits. The varieties Krasa Severa, Basler Adler, Shaten Morel, and Liubskaia proved to be the most valuable in terms of the mass concentration of vitamin C (8.95–10.43 mg%). Liubskaia, Shaten Morel, and Padus Maaki had a higher acid content than the reference variety Podbelskaia (1.24%). Varieties Krasa Severa, Chudo-vishnia, Heyman Konservn, and Basler Adler exhibited large fruit sizes (4.8–6.9 g). The sensory evaluation of the fruits was high (within the range of 4.8–5.0 points on a five-point scale) for the varieties Chudo-vishnia, Heyman Konservn, and Basler Adler. These same varieties demonstrated consistently high yields (5.21–7.66 t/ha) over the years of the study. The results of the comprehensive analysis of the cherry assortment allowed the identification of varieties that are most promising for cultivation on an industrial scale in the territory of Dagestan and use in breeding – Chudo-vishnia, Heyman Konservn, Basler Adler, Krasa Severa, and Shaten Morel.

Some properties of fruit juice produced by black raisins by traditional methods in Erbil region and changes during storage

Grape (Vitis vinifera) is one of the most grown fruits in Iraq and is evaluated in different ways. This study aimed to determine some properties of the fruit juice that is traditionally produced from dried black grapes in the Erbil region and consumed directly, to make it durable by various methods, as well as to examine the changes that may occur during storage. For this purpose, some of the grape juices were pasteurized and the other part was stored using Na-benzoate in 500 ml glass bottles, at room temperature, under dark and light conditions for 6 months. In the stored products, pH, acidity, total dry matter, soluble dry matter, ash, color, total antioxidant (DPPH), Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and browning reaction and total phenolic substance (folin-ciocalteu) analyzes as well as sensory evaluations were made periodically. As a result of the statistical evaluations, There is no difference between the applications in terms of color, but there is a slight decrease in the L value after the 4th month, depending on the storage period, while the pasteurized samples show higher values in terms of HMF and browning levels, the browning levels increase significantly in all samples after the 2nd month, and TFM values were decreased. It has been determined that all products are highly appreciated in terms of sensory properties, pasteurized samples are more appreciated, and the storage time does not have a significant effect on the sensory properties of the samples. In addition, it has been determined that beverages can be easily stored for a long time at room temperature with or without the addition of preservatives, only by pasteurization, and such a product will be in demand.

Exhibiting of tomato breeding characteristics on different types of low-volume technology

The comparative test of experimental F1 tomato hybrids was conducted under conditions of two different types of low-volume technology (MPVI "Fitopiramida", technology of growing in mats with drip irrigation) in 2021. The conducted researches have shown that duration of interphase periods, level of yield and fruit quality depend on cultivation technology. According to the data obtained, in conditions of MPVI "Fitopiramida" all studied F1 tomato hybrids enter fruiting faster and provide higher yield compared to the technology of growing in mats, but are inferior in average fruit weight, soluble dry matter content and taste qualities. As perspective F1 tomato hybrids for "Fitopiramida" technology hybrids Ga62(2) and Ga21, submitted for registration to Gossortcommission, were identified. On low-volume technology in mats hybrid Ga27a showed the best result. A strong correlation was found between estimates of the signs "average fruit weight" (r = 0,93) and "soluble dry matter content" (r = 0,81). It is possible to conduct preliminary selections in conditions of low-volume technology in mats according to these signs. For the most reliable assessment and accurate selection of the most perspective tomato hybrids for "Fitopiramida" technology their testing on hydroponic installations is required.

The impact of cultivation system on nutritional quality of Jerusalem artichoke tubers cultivated in semiarid marginal areas

Jerusalem artichoke grows underground tubers that store fructans, primarily inulin, which are considered as prebiotics and functional dietary fibre with positive physiological benefits on human health. The aim of this study was to assess the yield and nutritional quality of Jerusalem artichoke tubers according to different cropping systems on dry sandy soils from Southern Romania. The experiments were carried out during 2018-2020 at the Research and Development Station for Plant Culture on Sands Dăbuleni, using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental combined factors applied were fertilization with plants density (5×2). After the tubers were harvested, their quality was evaluated using standard methods. The results suggest that Jerusalem artichoke crop has minimal requirements for fertilization and tolerates very well high plants density without affecting significantly the yield and the nutritional features analysed, respectively the contents in total dry matter, soluble dry matter, inulin, soluble carbo-hydrates and C vitamin. A significant positive correlation was determined between the soluble dry matter and soluble carbohydrates content. The assessed biochemical compounds displayed high values in both fertilized and unfertilized conditions and in both densities, showing that Jerusalem artichoke is a perennial crop with multifunctional high growing potential in marginal terrains usually improper for the conventional crops.

Determination of the Effect of Different Irrigation Regimes on Some Quality Properties of Cucumber

This study aimed to examine the effects of varying levels of deficit irrigation applied through partial root drying (PRD) and conventional deficit irrigation on some parameters of cucumber plant such as fresh and dried biomass, plant stem diameter, number of leaf, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, water soluble dry matter (WSDM). Seven irrigation treatments (DI75, APRD75, FPRD75, DI50, APRD50, FPRD50) were examined together with the control treatment (FULL). The irrigation water of the treatments DI75, APRD75 and FPRD75 are 25% less than the FULL treatment. The irrigation water of the DI50, APRD50 and FPRD50 treatments is 50% less than the FULL treatment. DI75 and DI50 are traditional deficit irrigation applications in which both sides of the plant root zone are wetted. In APRD75 and APRD50 treatments, one half of the plant root zone is wetted and the other half is left dry and the wet/dry parts are switched in each irrigation application. In FPRD75 and FPRD50 treatments, one half of the plant root zone is wetted and the other half is left dry for a fixed period during the entire season. It has been revealed that 25% and 50% water deficit levels affect the amount of biomass as a result of the application of conventional deficit irrigation and partial root drying (PRD) techniques when compared to the FULL treatment. However, it has been found that the parameters such as plant stem diameter, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight and WSDM are not affected. When the results obtained in the research are evaluated; it has been observed that water application techniques (DI, APRD, FPRD) have a significant effect on both plant development and yield when the same amount of water is given. As irrigation water constraint increases, the yield has been found to decrease. However, the decrease in the amount of irrigation water and the decrease in yield have not been the same. Research aiming to save irrigation water is increasingly important, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarce and expensive. In this regard, the fact that the decrease in yield remains smaller than the rate of decrease in irrigation water can be seen as an advantage of PRD treatments.

73 Comparison of fecal particle size of Thoroughbred broodmares and their yearlings

Fecal particle size (FPS) may be an indicator of chewing efficiency and digestive function in horses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of horse age on FPS by comparing FPS measured by wet sieving analysis between 6 mares (12.8 ± 2.8 y) and their yearlings (1.18 ± 0.06 y). Both groups were housed on pasture with access to alfalfa hay and fed 2.73–3.64 kg/d of concentrate feed formulated for breeding and growing horses. Feces were collected by free catch, and divided into subsamples. One subsample was used for dry matter (DM) determination and the remaining samples were frozen until analysis. Before analysis, samples were thawed and duplicate aliquots containing 3.8 g of DM were soaked overnight in 200 mL of water. The amount of sample needed to contain 3.8 g of DM was calculated using the predetermined sample DM. Samples were washed over a set of 203.2 mm stainless steel sieves (VWR, Radnor, PA) with sieve openings of 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.063 mm using a standardized water flow rate of 6 L/min for 5 min. Each sieve was rinsed clean into a beaker from which particles were filtered onto dried, pre-weighed filter paper for DM determination. Particles passing the smallest sieve were not collected but the amount was calculated by difference between total DM sieved and DM retained on all sieves.Weighted mean FPS and percent DM retained on each sieve as a percent of total DM sieved were analyzed using paired t-test procedure in SPSS V28. There was no difference in weighted mean FPS between mares (1.59 mm ± 0.09) and yearlings (1.47 mm ± 0.06) (P > 0.05). There was no difference in the percentage of DM retained on the 3 largest and 2 smallest sieves between mares and yearlings (P > 0.05). Compared with yearlings, there were trends for mares to have greater DM retained on sieves with diameter 0.5 mm (P = 0.096) and 0.25 mm (P = 0.08). Mean ± SE percent DM retained for mares and yearlings, respectively, was 9.6% ± 1.6 and 6.95% ± 1.2 (4 mm sieve), 12.70% ± 1.09 and 10.65% ± 1.08 (2 mm sieve), and 12.48% ± 0.89 and 12.19% ± 1.7 (1 mm sieve). Soluble DM calculated by difference as DM escaping the smallest sieve was greater in yearling samples compared with mare samples (37.02 vs 29.88%; P = 0.019). The small sample size of this study is a limitation but suggests there may be differences in fecal particle size distribution between mare and yearling pairs that warrant further investigation.

Cultivar and Harvest Stage Effects on Nutritive Value of Whole Crop Oat (Avena sativa L.) Silages

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of feed value and dry matter (DM) on rumen degradability properties of silages of oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars (Kahraman and Kırklar) at different harvest stages (pre-flowering, flowering, milk, soft dough). Field and digestibility trials were carried out in randomized blocks, in a 2x4 factorial trial design during the 2016-2017 vegetation period. For the rumen digestibility of silages, three heads of Karayaka rams with rumen cannulated, average 50±3 kg body weight and 3 years old were used. As a result of the experiment, It was observed that the crude protein (CP) level of Kahraman cultivar was higher than that of Kırklar cultivar, and the CP content of cultivars decreased from the pre-flowering period to the soft dough period. In addition, with the progress of the growing period, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of the varieties increased. Also, the net energy lactation (NEL) level of Kırklar cultivar was higher than Kahraman cultivar. However, the NEL levels of the cultivars decreased with the progression of the growing period. The water solubility of DM and CP of Kahraman cultivar was higher than that of Kırklar cultivar. In addition, effective dry matter degradability (EDMD) decreased with growth period in both cultivars. It was observed that the effective crude protein degradability (ECPD) rate of Kahraman cultivar was higher than that of Kırklar cultivar and ECPD rate of cultivars decreased with the progress of the growing period. As a result, Kahraman cultivar may be preferred more than Kırklar cultivar, since it has higher EDMD and ECPD in the rumen and also has higher RFV value.

Research on the Quality of Lettuce Production Grown in Protected Areas

Abstract Vegetables are especially important in human nutrition. Rational nutrition is unimaginable without the daily use of various varieties of vegetables. Green vegetable plants are important for every family that has a garden. This category includes several vegetables, such as: spinach, salad, green garlic, loboda, green onions, etc. Perennial greens should be grown in a marginal area, so as not to create problems when preparing the soil for other crops. From the salad category, Lettuce is the most widespread, it is cultivated for its heads and leaves, which can be eaten in salads, it is also eaten raw, especially when other vegetables on the market are missing. Lettuce is an annual plant with a main pivoting root, leaves full of fleshy and thin vitamins, but it is also a herbaceous plant. It is part of the Compositae family. Following the completion of research on the behavior of eight lettuce varieties grown in solarium on different vegetation cycles, at the Ulmi Variety Testing Center we performed the determination of parameters that influence the quality of lettuce production from which the following measurements are derived: plant height, average weight of plants at harvest, leaf embossing, dry substance, leaf thickness, plant diameter, the shape of the head and variety color. The present paper aims to determine some parameters that influence the quality of salad production. Eight lettuce varieties grown in the solarium were monitored at the Ulmi Variety Testing Center. The parameters followed in the study were: plant diameter (cm), plant weight (g), leaf thickness (mm), embossing size (cm), height of flowering plants (cm) and soluble dry matter.

The effect of storage conditions on some tomato varieties, during the postharvest period

In this study, an analysis was made of how the variety and storage conditions influence the keeping of tomatoes in the fresh conditions, in the post-harvest period. The fruits of three varieties of tomatoes were stored in different technological conditions: at ambient temperature (20-22 °C), with and without air ionization; at a temperature of 10-12 °C, with and without modified atmosphere; and at a temperature of 3-5 °C. The firmness of the pulp and some biochemical components were analysed, respectively the soluble dry matter, the total sugar, the acidity and vitamin C. For the studied varieties the mass losses were appreciated and losses due to rotten during the analysed period. The observations made during the storage of tomatoes in different conditions confirmed that, in general, tomatoes are relatively easily alterable products, the storage period being between 5 days and 15 days. The experimental research carried out showed the fact that the fresh storage time of tomatoes varies significantly depending on the storage conditions but also depending on the tomato variety investigated. The main problem was represented by the large volume of losses due to rotting recorded in one of the varieties regardless of the storage conditions and also the very large differences in losses due to rotting existing between the varieties within the same storage conditions.

The effect of carob, orange and carrot pulps on physical, chemical and microbiological properties of Turkish delight

In this study the possibility of using carob, orange and carrot pulps, food industry wastes rich in dietary fiber and healthy components which have superior advantages on human health, was investigated in Turkish delight production. For this purpose, Turkish delight was produced by replacing Turkish delight dough with dried and ground carob, orange and carrot pulps at 3%, 6% and 9% levels. The produced Turkish delight samples were examined in terms of physical, chemical and microbial properties at different storage periods (0, 15th and 30th days). Pulp type, addition level and storage time had a statistically significant (p˂0.01) effect on dry matter, water soluble dry matter, ash, pH, total acidity, total phenolic substance, antioxidant activity, L*, a*,b* color values and total color change (ΔE) of the Turkish delight samples. The increase in the pulp addition level was generally effective in decreasing the dry matter and water soluble dry matter values of the Turkish delight samples while it was effective in increasing the ash content, total phenolic substance and antioxidant activity values. It was determined that Turkish delight samples containing 9% carob pulp on day 0 exhibited higher values in terms of total phenolic substance (193.77mgGAE/100g) and antioxidant activity (77.88%). It has also been determined that all three pulp types can be used up to 9% in the Turkish delight production in terms of general quality criteria and sugar content of the Turkish delight can be reduced at the rate of 7.8%, 8.1% and 8.2% by using the orange, carob and carrot pulp at this level, respectively. In addition it was determined that the produced Turkish delight samples were generally within acceptable limits in terms of yeast and mold counts.

Utjecaj vegetativnih podloga različite bujnosti na kvalitetu ploda trešnje sorte Lapins

In the experiment, the 'Lapins' cherry variety was grafted on six rootstocks of different vigour (F12 / 1, Maxma 14, PiKu 1, Gisela 5, Weiroot 13 and Weiroot 158). The orchard was in full production (8 years after planting) and was planted at a distance of 5 x 3.5 m. The orchard was not irrigated. Samples were analyzed at full maturity. The study showed a significant impact on almost all parameters of fruit quality. The largest fruits were on the rootstock F12 / 1 and Gisela 5. The color indicators of the skin and flesh depended relatively little on the rootstocks. In the chemical composition, greater differences were manifested in the soluble dry matter, on W13 and PiKu 1 being highest, in which the vitamin C content was also higher. The largest differences were found in the content of phenol (199.0 mg / kg on the rootstock PiKu 1, and 68.3 on the rootstock W158) and in the content of neflavanoids (231.7 mg / kg on the rootstock PiKu 1, and 119.5 mg / kg on F12 / 1).

Impact—Shredding Processing of Whole-Plant Corn: Machine Performance, Physical Properties, and In Situ Ruminant Digestion

An intensive processing mechanism that combined impact and shredding was applied to create physical disruption of whole-plant corn as a means to increase in situ dry matter (DM) digestion in lactating dairy cows. A ratio of treatment leachate conductivity relative to that of an ultimately processed treatment, defined as a processing level index, was used to quantify material physical disruption. Two processing levels were compared to a control treatment, which applied conventional chopping and kernel processing. The non-grain fraction was substantially size-reduced by processing such that only 28% to 51% by mass of this material remained greater than 6.4 mm length. After processing with the experimental processor, greater than 85% of kernels passed through a 4.75 mm screen, and the corn silage processing score (CSPS) was 18 to 27 percentage points greater than the control. The highly fiberized material was more compliant; thus, compacted density was 9% to 17% greater than the control. During in situ digestion experiments, processing significantly increased the rapidly soluble DM fraction by 10 percentage points and the extent of DM disappearance by 5 percentage points through 16 h incubation.

Some physiochemical properties of pomegranate jams enriched with black rosehip and black mulberry extracts

In this research, 5 different pomegranate jams were produced with the addition of anthocyanin-based extract obtained from black mulberry and black rose hips by classical and ultrasonic extraction methods and without the addition of anthocyanin-based extracts (control). The jams are stored at room temperature (20±2 ℃) for 60 days, ensuring that the storage is 0., 20., 40. and 60. color, total dry matter, water soluble dry matter, pH, titration acidity, reduced sugar, sucrose, total sugar, HMF. The total dry matter, water soluble dry matter, ash, reduce sugar and HMF were found to be higher compared to the control sample of pomegranate jams to which the extract was added. In addition, at the end of the storage period of all samples, there was a decrease in total dry matter, water soluble dry matter, sucrose and total sugar amounts compared to the beginning. L, a, b, C and H values increased. L, a, b, C and H values of pomegranate jams to which extracts obtained by ultrasonic method were added were found to be higher compared to pomegranate jams to which extracts obtained by classical method were added. HMF amount in pomegranate jams to which extracts obtained by ultrasonic method were added were found to be lower than in the control group and pomegranate jams to which extracts obtained by classical method were added. As a result, it can be said that black mulberry and black rosehip extracts can be used to improve the color of pomegranate jam and other foods.