Solids In Groundwater Research Articles

Estimation of Hardness Level and Total Dissolved Solids in Ground Water at Shendi Town, River Nile State, Sudan

Water is life but hardness in water is harmful to human health. This descriptive and analytical study was conducted to determine the levels of hardness and concentration of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in drinking water in Shendi town of Sudan. The drinking water samples of 150 (50 samples for each season) were collected from wells, distribution channels and storage facilities and tested per season. The analysis of these samples was done using photometer device to determine the water hardness and result is displayed as mg/l CaCO3, while for estimation of TDS Conductivity / TDS meter and results were noted in parts per million (PPM). The results of this study found that water hardness is found in 48%, 56% and 50% of tested samples during Summer, Autumn and Winter seasons respectively. While Water Quality Index (WQI) base on TDS showed that water quality is excellent and good in autumn and winter seasons, but unacceptable for drinking during the summer season. Based on the findings, the study recommends that Civil Water Corporation should improve the quality of drinking water by treating the water before supplying to the community.

Groundwater salinization in a subtropical region, Beihai, southern China: Insights from hydrochemistry and multiple isotopes (H, O, S, Sr)

Groundwater salinization in coastal aquifers is frequently influenced by seawater intrusion, water-rock interaction, and human activities. We selected the Daguansha high productivity mariculture region and used hydrogeochemical, isotopic analysis methods, coupled with water level and quality monitoring, to identify the main groundwater recharging sources, salinization processes, and evolutionary mechanisms of groundwater in Beihai, China. Our conclusions are based on conventional groundwater chemical components and isotope data for hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and strontium. Groundwater levels display notable seasonal variations, and the intensity of anthropogenic exploitation is a major factor influencing fluctuations in groundwater level. The variations of total dissolved solids in groundwater correspond to patterns of spatiotemporal variation in deuterium, sulfur, and strontium isotopes. These results indicate groundwater salinization is influenced by a combination of seawater intrusion and infiltration of water from high-productivity mariculture ponds in the Daguansha area. Notably, interlayer leakage between various aquifers in this area was observed. Local anomalies in groundwater characteristics indicate that groundwater salinization is mainly influenced by water from high-productivity mariculture activities. Investigations of the sources and processes underlying groundwater salinization in the Beihai area can provide a scientific basis for groundwater resource management.

Retraction Note: Evolution of dissolved total solids in groundwater based on high resolution image processing and evaluation of urban English translation

In recent years, learning based super-high resolution image reconstruction technology has been rapidly applied. It also has good development and application effect in related fields. So in this paper, by combining the characteristics of SAR image, the learning based super-high resolution image reconstruction technology is added to the field of super-high resolution image reconstruction, and has been applied in reality. Image classification and ultra-high resolution technology are closely integrated. However, because the hardware facilities of some equipment are relatively expensive, and will inevitably be affected by other factors in the imaging process, in order to better study the influence of the increase of dissolved total solids in groundwater on the water level in the core of the funnel in the plain area, and the main components of the increase of dissolved total solids in groundwater. Every country in the world is carrying on a kind of propaganda to its national image, which is also a main manifestation of the overall level of the country. This paper studies the process of City English translation, makes corresponding analysis and preparation before city English translation, and pays attention to relevant reply and report after city English translation. This paper focuses on the construction system of City English translation and the improvement of the ways and methods of using English to publicize the city. Through the construction of City English translation system, this paper expounds the influence of Public English translation in City publicity construction, and changes the corresponding strategies for high-resolution image processing, so as to make English translation more accurate for the change process of total dissolved solids in groundwater, and improve the ability and level of City English translation.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Evolution of dissolved total solids in groundwater based on high resolution image processing and evaluation of urban English translation

In recent years, learning based super-high resolution image reconstruction technology has been rapidly applied. It also has good development and application effect in related fields. So in this paper, by combining the characteristics of SAR image, the learning based super-high resolution image reconstruction technology is added to the field of super-high resolution image reconstruction, and has been applied in reality. Image classification and ultra-high resolution technology are closely integrated. However, because the hardware facilities of some equipment are relatively expensive, and will inevitably be affected by other factors in the imaging process, in order to better study the influence of the increase of dissolved total solids in groundwater on the water level in the core of the funnel in the plain area, and the main components of the increase of dissolved total solids in groundwater. Every country in the world is carrying on a kind of propaganda to its national image, which is also a main manifestation of the overall level of the country. This paper studies the process of City English translation, makes corresponding analysis and preparation before city English translation, and pays attention to relevant reply and report after city English translation. This paper focuses on the construction system of City English translation and the improvement of the ways and methods of using English to publicize the city. Through the construction of City English translation system, this paper expounds the influence of Public English translation in City publicity construction, and changes the corresponding strategies for high-resolution image processing, so as to make English translation more accurate for the change process of total dissolved solids in groundwater, and improve the ability and level of City English translation.

Investigating the relationship between the river flow and dissolved solids concentration

A systematic approach was used on monthly data from three hydrometric stations located on the Gheshlagh River (west of Iran) to investigate the flow–concentration relationship and for river base flow analysis. According to the results of this study, the water quality of the Gheshlagh River has been affected by changes in river flow as well as human activities. Using the analysis of flow–concentration relationships obtained for Khalife Tarkhan station, the higher concentration of dissolved solids in groundwater (with a base flow rate from 0.1 to 0.7 m3/s) rather than surface runoff was estimated. Also, in this station, with the increase of river flow and improvement of river self-purification capacity, water quality parameters showed a decreasing trend compared to the groundwater. In Hossein Abad's upstream station, due to low average river flow and discharge of saline drainage from agricultural lands, an increasing trend in the dissolved solids both for groundwater and surface runoff was shown. The trend of spatial changes in river water quality also indicates the high impact of human activities such as fish farms and wastewater discharge of Sanandaj wastewater treatment plant, on increasing the concentration of dissolved solids in Dareh Kolleh downstream station.

Evaluating the impact of flood irrigation on spatial variabilities of soil salinity and groundwater quality in an arid irrigated region

Abstract Soil salinization is a key problem limiting the sustainable development of agriculture in arid areas. To explore the quantitative influence of irrigation on soil salinity and groundwater quality, spatial variability of salt at different soil depths and total dissolved solids in groundwater before and after irrigation was analysed in the Hetao Irrigation District, China. The spatial variability of soil salinity before and after irrigation was moderate, with high coefficients of variation observed in shallow soil. After irrigation, amounts of salt were transferred into the groundwater, leading to the deterioration of groundwater quality, the average salt flux through each interface was −153.66, 169.12, 130.13 and 318.48 g/m2, for 20, 50, 100 and 150 cm soil depths, respectively. All salt moved downward vertically except for 0–20 cm soil layer, and the average soil salt flux of shallow layers was significantly lower than that of deep layers. Compared soils of different depths and land types, salt discharge occurred in cultivated land, while salt accumulation occurred in shallow soil in wasteland after irrigation. Irrigation could help remove salt from cultivated land and deeper soil; however, it had almost no effect on shallow soil of other land uses.

Characterization and analysis of inorganic foulants in RO membranes for groundwater treatment

Thousands of small community-based RO plants have been installed in Rajasthan in the last few years by Public Health Engineering Department in compliance with the national guidelines. Recent reports from plant managers have indicated substantial premature replacement of RO membrane modules due to accelerated fouling. This paper describes the performance analysis of community RO plants in Bharatpur having high total dissolved solids in groundwater and attempts an ion balance to understand the fouling problem through chemical analysis of raw, permeate and reject water samples. The analysis gives new insights to field operations of brackish water systems indicating that in the majority of these plants, CaCO3 was the main foulant as per SEM-EDS; attributed to high hardness, relatively lesser solubility of hardness causing substances over sodium chloride, and inverse solubility-temperature behavior of CaCO3; water temperature being higher in Rajasthan compared to that of coastal areas. Oxides of Fe and Mn were other major foulants as they are sparingly soluble in water; thus precipitate immediately and foul the membrane. Cleaning efficiencies of HCl and citric acid were also investigated. An optimum time of 9 h cleaning through citric acid was found best while use of HCl resulted in damaging polysulfone support layer.

Impacto de agua distribuida en tierra desalinizada y características hidroquímicas de aguas subterráneas: análisis temporal y espacial de un estudio de caso regional en China

The influence of water resources allocation patterns on root layers soil desalination and groundwater quality were investigated by monitoring different irrigation area from People’s Victory Canal irrigation district in Huang Huai Hai plain China that had been conducted well canal combined irrigation patterns from 1954. A typical area was chosen belong to the People’s Victory Canal irrigation district from 2013 to 2015. Precipitation of the area, surface water irrigation amount, groundwater consumption amount, salinity content in 0 to 100 cm soil layer and total dissolved solids in groundwater were monitored, the ratio of canal-well water (the ratio of surface water to groundwater irrigation amount, CWWR), soil salinity spatial dynamic, desalinization rate in 0 to 100 cm soil layer and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of groundwater were analyzed in the area. CWWR of 1st, 2nd, 3rd branch canals ranged from 0.72 to 1.03, 2.50 to 2.63, and 0.65 to 1.26 in 2013 to 2015, respectively. The soil salinity contents for the top 100 cm horizons in the 2nd branch canal irrigation area decreased slightly by 1.63% to 8.90% compared with the values in the 1st and 3rd branch canal irrigation districts while the water resources allocation patterns were conducted two years later. Compared with the area in the hydrological period in 2013, area of average soil salinity exceeded 0.32 mS/cm for the top 20 cm horizons has decreased notably in 2014 and 2015. Compared with the values in 2014, the average TDS concentration of groundwater increased by 18.66% in the study area in 2015, while the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values in the above-mentioned irrigation areas decreased by 23.58%, 36.82%, and 53.37% in the normal period in 2015. The combined well-canal irrigation pattern could represent a useful water allocation method mainly because of the temporal and spatial regulation of water resources and root layer soil desalination; however, possible increases of TDS in the groundwater may cause potential ecosystem degradation risks after long-term water allocation in semi-arid areas. Thus, water allocation should be emphasized to maintain a healthy groundwater environment and sustainable stable yields of grain in combined canal-well irrigation districts

Estimation of Vulnerability of Groundwater in a Granitic Aquifer to Pollution using Entropy Theory

Entropy theory was used to estimate the vulnerability of groundwater aquifer to pollution which could have a degree of uncertainty of liable different dynamic systems. Mainly three parameters such as precipitation, groundwater level, and total dissolved solids in groundwater in a granitic area from Peninsular India are considered and tested. Results show that interaction entropy is comparatively higher in high risk vulnerability zone, whereas it is lower to negligible in low risk vulnerability areas. Therefore, the risk areas of groundwater pollution could be demarcated by virtue of interaction entropy, which provided the same outcomes as achieved on the DRASTIC map. The significance of this work is in evaluating the degrees of aquifer vulnerability for groundwater pollution. An aquifer vulnerability map could be prepared for the whole country by selecting suitable sites for the development of industries.

An approach to estimate total dissolved solids in groundwater using electrical resistivity sounding and geochemical methods

Electrical resistivity method gives somewhat reliable results in hydrogeophysical deductions, in which the disposition of aquifers can be suitably deciphered. The present study was conducted to validate the use of geoelectric sounding in estimating total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater. Twenty (20) resistivity measurements obtained have been interpreted by curve matching and computer iteration and converted to formation resistivities and thicknesses. The resistivities of the aquifer delineated were subsequently used to estimate TDS in groundwater which was correlated with those derived from previous geochemical analyses of ten (10) groundwater samples taken near sounding locations. The result shows a strong correlation (R2 > 0.8) indicating that the TDS determined by geoelectric sounding and geochemical method give similar results.KEYWORDS: Total dissolved solid; groundwater; geoelectric; geochemical; aquifer

Estimation of water retention behaviour of MX-80 bentonite partially saturated with saline solution

The water retention behaviour of partially saturated MX-80 bentonite with pure water is relatively well investigated. However, in practical cases, the water contains a number of chemical compounds which affects the bentonite behaviour. In particular, bentonite is used in buffer applications of geological repositories for spent nuclear fuel, where the concentration of total dissolved solids in groundwater is expected to increase significantly with time. This paper investigates water retention behaviour of MX-80 type bentonite partially saturated with deionised water as well as 1M NaCl solution. In the experiments the specific volume of bentonite has been kept approximately constant.

Modeling the impact of solute recycling on groundwater salinization under irrigated lands: A study of the Alto Piura aquifer, Peru

Summary Studies of groundwater quality in arid and semi-arid lands show that irrigation return flow is one of major factors contributing to aquifer salinization. Existing mathematical models do not account explicitly for solute recycling during irrigation on a daily scale, which is considered as an important salinization input. The main objective of this research was to develop a mathematical numerical model that can simulate impact of irrigation return flow by coupling water and solute fluxes at the soil surface with quality of water pumped from the aquifer. This was obtained with a Quasi-3D model representing flow in the vadose zone – aquifer system by series of 1D Richards’ equations in a variably-saturated zone and by a 3D flow equation in groundwater. The 3D advection-dispersion equation is solved in the entire domain. Concentration of irrigation water is calculated at each time step as a function of concentration of both surface water and groundwater extracted at specific locations. The model was applied to simulate the impact of irrigation on groundwater salinization of Alto Piura aquifer (Northern Peru) over thirty years. Three scenarios were considered: (i) use of flood irrigation and groundwater extraction (the present situation); (ii) increase of groundwater pumping by 50% compared to the first scenario; and (iii) transition from flood irrigation to drip irrigation, thus decreasing irrigation volume by around 60% compared to the first scenario. Results indicate that in different irrigation areas, the simulated increase rates of total dissolved solids in groundwater vary from 3–5 to 15–17 mg/L/year, depending on hydrogeological and hydrochemical conditions, volumes of water extracted, and proportion between surface water and groundwater applied. The transition from flood irrigation to drip irrigation decreases the negative impact of return flow on groundwater quality; however drip irrigation causes faster soil salinization compared to flood irrigation. Irrigation return coefficients were calculated in the order of 21–23% and 22–24% for the first and second scenarios, respectively.

Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Cihanbeyli basin, Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey

The Cihanbeyli basin is located in the northern part of Konya in the Central Anatolian region, Turkey and is characterized by semi-arid climatic conditions and scarcity in water resources. The suitability of groundwater quality for drinking and agricultural purposes in the Cihanbeyli basin was assessed by measuring physicochemical parameters, including major cation and anion compositions, pH, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, and total hardness. For this purpose, 54 samples were collected from different sources viz. deep wells, shallow wells, and springs. Results from hydrochemical analyses reveal that groundwater is mostly affected by salty and gypsiferous lithologies. Evaporite minerals such as gypsum, anhydrite, and chloride salts make high contributions from the recharge areas (west, northwest, and southwest parts) toward the discharge area (central and eastern parts). High values of total dissolved solids in groundwater are associated with high concentrations of all major ions. A comparison of groundwater quality in relation to drinking water standards showed that most of the water samples are not suitable for drinking. Based on sodium absorption ratio values and percent sodium, salinity appears to be responsible for the poor groundwater quality, rendering most of the samples unsuitable for irrigation usage. It is concluded that evaporation and mineral dissolution are the main processes that determine major ion compositions.

Assessing Selenium Contamination in the Irrigated Stream–Aquifer System of the Arkansas River, Colorado

Prudent interventions for reducing selenium (Se) in groundwater and streams within an irrigated river valley must be guided by a sound understanding of current field conditions. An emerging picture of the nature of Se contamination within the Lower Arkansas River Valley in Colorado is provided by data from a large number of groundwater and surface water sampling locations within two study regions along the river. Measurements show that dissolved Se concentrations in the river are about double the current Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) chronic standard of 4.6 microg L(-1) for aquatic habitat in the upstream region and exceed the standard by a factor of 2 to 4 in the downstream region. Groundwater concentrations average about 57.7 microg L(-1) upstream and 33.0 microg L(-1) downstream, indicating a large subsurface source for irrigation-induced dissolution and mobilization of Se loads to the river and its tributaries. Inverse correlation was found between Se concentration and the distance to the closest identified shale in the direction upstream along the principal groundwater flow gradient. The data also exhibited, among other relationships, a moderate to strong correlation between dissolved Se and total dissolved solids in groundwater and surface water, a strong correlation with uranium in groundwater, and power relationships with nitrate in groundwater. The relationship to nitrate, derived primarily from N fertilizers, reveals the degree to which dissolved Se depends on oxidation and inhibited reduction due to denitrification and suggests that there are prospects for reducing dissolved Se through nitrate control. Current and future results from these ongoing studies will help provide a foundation for modeling and for the discovery of best management practices (BMPs) in irrigated agriculture that can diminish Se contamination.

Assessment of groundwater quality of parts of Gwalior (India) for agricultural purposes

The groundwater of Gwalior region was assessed for its irrigational suitability. Fourteen water samples collected from dug-cum bored wells tapping shallow to deep aquifers from the clay with Kankar, silt, sandstone were used. The Groundwater samples were analyzed for major cations: Na + , Ca ++ , Mg ++ , K + ,and anions: Cl - ,HCO3 - , CO3 -- , SO4 - and NO3 - . The important constituents that influence the water quality for irrigation are total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (RSC), sodium percentages (Na%) and permeability index (PI). These parameters were compared with standard limits and were found to be within the safe limit suitable for irrigation purpose. In addition the total dissolved solids in ground water ranged between 256-1324 mg/l during the investigation period, revealed that irrigation using groundwater of the study area would not cause salinity hazards.

SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER FOR AGRICULTURE IN SAND DUNE AREA OF NORTHWEST HONSHU ISLAND, JAPAN

Groundwater quality is an inevitable factor for sustainable agriculture as a source of irrigation water. Therefore, the study was conducted in an irrigated sand dune area of northwest Honshu island in Japan to evaluate the groundwater quality for irrigation. Three observation wells were installed in the investigated field made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with three plastic tubes to collect groundwater of 2.0 m, 2.5 m and 3.0 m. The sampling was performed every month from January to November, 2005. Assessment of groundwater quality was performed on the basis of total dissolved solids (TDS), concentration of sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), total hardness (HT) and concentration of phosphate phosphorus (PO4-P). Total dissolved solids in groundwater was ranged between 145.5-249.4 mg l -1 during the investigation period, revealed that irrigation using groundwater of the study area would not cause salinity hazards. Concentrations of Na, Ca, and Mg were decreased with depth throughout the investigation period. The average concentration of Na and SAR value were 18.8 mg l -1 and 0.81, respectively. Since groundwater of the study area contained low concentration of Na with low SAR values, there would not be any possibility of sodium hazards from irrigation using groundwater. On average groundwater of the study area contained 27.5 mg l -1 Ca and 9.35

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Uptake of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) by groundwater solids.

Uptake of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) by groundwater solids.

Laboratory studies investigating contaminant removal from surface and groundwater soils at a CERCLA site

Abstract The study of soil flushing and pump and treat methodologies as remediation tools at a CERCLA site in New Jersey were investigated in laboratory studies at Rutgers University. Results indicate that, at this site, pump and treat methods may be viable for contaminant reduction in groundwater soils. Removal of the targeted compounds was swift and residual contamination of the groundwater solids was not evident. Heterogeneity between the soil cores which were extruded from roughly the same site suggest a conservative estimate when predicting time to cleanup. Further tests showed, however, that the use of soil flushing for contaminated surface soils is much less effective. The magnitude of contamination, most likely in the form of NAPLs, precludes the remediation process. Furthermore, pump and treat technology to remediate surface soil contamination could adversely affect the groundwater remediation efforts.

Aqueous Geochemistry of the Sand‐and‐Gravel Aquifer, Northwest Florida

AbstractThe aqueous geochemistry of the sand‐and‐gravel aquifer in northwest Florida was characterized as part of the Florida Ground‐Water Quality Monitoring Network Program, a multiagency cooperative study delineating baseline and/or background water quality for the major aquifer systems throughout the State. The aquifer is the principal source of water in northwest Florida and consists predominantly of quartz sand with smaller amounts of andesine, chlorite, calcite, kaolinite, and illite. Water from 42 wells in the sand‐and‐gravel aquifer sampled during 1986 and 1987 was characteristically low in dissolved solids (median value of 72 milligrams per liter) and of nondistinct water type, although relative concentrations of magnesium and sulfate tended to be lower than those of other major ions. Nonparametric statistical tests of major‐ion concentration variations with depth and relative distance along flow paths indicate that the water chemistry does not change significantly (0.05 significance level) as the water moves vertically and laterally through the aquifer. Mass‐balance calculations indicate that dissolved solids from rainfall and saline‐water sources each account for 13 percent of the concentration of dissolved solids in ground water. Incongruent dissolution of andesine, chlorite, and muscovite to form kaolinite accounts for 94 percent of the neutralization of the total hydrogen ion input from rainfall and from carbonic acid weathering in the subsurface. The remaining neutralization is accounted for by the dissolution of calcite.